



^°'*-. -1 






!> ' • " 







•1 o 


























^ 



''^ 



iy 



THE THREE YEARS' SERVICE 



Tliirti-TliM lass. iDfaitri Eegiment 



1862-1865 



AND THE OAMFAKiNS AND BATTLES OK 

CHANCELLORSVILLE, BEVERLEY'S FORD, 
GETTYSBURG, VV^AUHATCHIE, CHAT- 
TANOOGA, ATLANTA, THE MARCH 
TO^THE SEA AND THROUGH 
THE CAROLINAS 

IX WHICH IT TOOK PAKT. 






Bv ADIN Br UNDERWOOD. A. M. 

Formerly Colonel of the Regiment. Drw.-Gen. and Brevet Maj.-Gen. U. S. V. 




BOSTON: 
A. WILLIAMS & CO., Publishers. 

283 WASHINGTON STREET. 

1881. 



('opyrlgiit, 1880. 
liv AIMX BALLOU UNDERWOOD. 






PRINTED BY MARDEX AXD ROWELL. 
LOAVELL. 



To 

MY LIVING AND TO THK MEMORY OF MY DEAD COMRADES OF THE THIRTY-THIRD 
MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY', OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, AND 
PRIVATES, WHO IN THEIR LONG SERVICE, MARCHING AND FIGHTING 
THROUGH MOST OF THE STATES IN REBELLION, BY THEIR COM- 
MON SACRIFICES, GALLANTRY, AND FORTITUDE, MADE 
THE HONORABLE HISTORY' WHICH IS HEREIN 
SO INADEQUATELY RECORDED, 

THIS BOOK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED 

BY' THEIR FORMER COLONEL, 

ADIN B. UNDEEWOOD. 



ERRATA. 

On Title Page of the ••Record of the Thirty-'rhh-d Regiment,'" for 
•'tlie Records of tlie Mass. Volunteers." read ••the Recoi-d of the ^lass. 
Volunteers.'' 

Page 21, Chapter 2, Contents. ••Reviews by the President and (Jenei-al 
Hooker'' should have been omitted as it is included in Chapter 1. 

Page 58, for •■ four-horse battery," read "four-gun l)attery." 

Page 101). for ••conunanders of the Eleventh Corps," read •'connnander 
of the Eleventh Corps." 

Page 146, Contents, for ••Sherman and his Army arrive from Vieks- 
burg," read ••Shei-man and his Fifteenth Corps arrive from Vicksburg." 

Page 21G. for ••The Coi-ps' lost." read ••The Corps" loss.'' 

Page 221. for •• Sergeant Harodon." read ••Sergeant Ilaradon; and for 
"Keams," read ••Kearnes." 

Page 222, for ••in those strong lin(>s." read ••in tliree strong lin(\s." 

Page 242, for •'a serious circumstance in war." read ••a cui'ious cir- 
cumstance in war." 

Page 294, for ••second line."" read •■ sacred line." 



PKEFACE. 



At the Annual Reunion of the survivors of the Thirty-Third 
Massachusetts Regiment held at Lowell in 18G8, the author read a 
brief historical sketch, hastily prepared by him, of the early days of 
the regiment. At the Reunion held there in 1872, he read another 
sketch in continuation of the first. These were followed in succeed- 
ing years, at the request of man}- of his comrades, b}' several 
sketches briefly continuing the history of the regiment up to the time 
of its muster out. It was with a good deal of reluctance though, 
that he nndertook to write that portion which related to events that 
occurred after he ceased to lie with the regiment. 

The Regimental Association, by vote, requested the author to 
have this series of sketches published in complete form. Protracted 
illness compelled the postponement, by medical advice, of an 
attempt to fulfil this request for a long while, until about a year ago. 
While the first chapter was then going through the press, in final 
compliance with the request, General Hooker died. Some notices of 
events in his life, among others of the Battle of C'hancellorsville, 
revived former criticisms of the conduct of the P^leventh Corps in 
that battle. The Thirtj-'Thivd Massachusetts, as a part of the 
Eleventh Corps in that battle, has alwavs had to bear, in common 
with the rest of the Corps, these criticisims, always verj- severe, 
which it and the rest of the Corps alwaj's felt to be mosth*, if not 
wholl}-, unjust. 

The members of the regiment though, including the author, 
were so fond of General Hooker — he always treated them with such 
affectionate interest — that the writer had alwa3's been unwilling to 
publicly call attention to the real facts in that battle, and make the 



viii THE TniHTV-THIItl) MASSACHUSETTS INFAXTHY. 

necessary eiitieisnis in defenee of that Corps, which he feared would 
cause General Hooker pain. The lamented death of the general 
seemxl to th? author to make it an opportune time for him to care- 
fully collate all the important testimony from Federal and rebel 
sources which are now accessible, give an exhaustive account of 
the circumstances in whicli that Coi-ps was placed during that battle, 
and attempt to make a full defence, which long since should have 
been done, as it has not l)een l>y any one so far as known, of its 
conduct at (hancellorsville. The result of this determination was 
to expand a few pages of the original sketch into a lengthy 
chapter. 

The author at one time made a careful study of the Battle of 
Gettysburg ; i)repared and gave to the public a lecture on that 
subject. From the importance of the battle, as the turning of the 
tide in the war, he has felt that he was warranted in embodying the 
substance of this lecture in his book, not because he hopes to add 
anything to exhaustive accounts given by others, but because most 
of those are not accessible, probal)ly, to many members of the regi- 
ment and its friends ; and if they were, the account of a battle of 
such importance by one more writer, an eye witness to certain parts 
of it, would not seem to be out of place. 

Before the chapter descriptive of the battles around Chattanooga 
reached the press, the author had the opportunity afforded him by 
Gen. E. A. Carman, of New Jersey, of examining several letters 
and manuscript reports from rebel commanders in those battles, 
which he had gathered preparatory to a history of the Twentieth 
Corps. Some of these contained important statements which are 
quoted quite fully in the text, and have correspondingly added 
to the length of that chapter. 

The chapters on the Atlanta Campaign, the March to the Sea, 
and the March through the Caroliuas, were written after the author, 
in common with the public generally, had the opportunit}- to read 
General Sherman's most entertaining "Memoirs," written by himself, 
and he relies upon this semi-official account for brief statements in 
relation to the general movements of Sherman's armies, which he 
felt it necessary to make, filling in a narrative of the regiment's part 
in those campaigns fi-om statements made to him and contained in 



PHEFACE. IX 

diaries of some of the officers and men of the regiment. The 
"Memoirs" are so unique in character, and so full of authentic 
details as to the operations-of General Sherman's armies, that no one 
who has them at his command should fail to read them in studying 
his campaigns. 

Let the reader l>ear in mind besides, that in the latter portion of 
the book, the author attempts to describe events in which it was not 
his privilege to take part, and scenes which he himself did not see. 
The whole book, moreover, has been written in the midst of a bus}- 
life, in occasional leisure hours, snatched now and then from other 
occupations, and just as the last chapters were going through the 
press, he had the misfortune to meet with an accident which put him 
into the hospital again, and he had to trust to other hands the 
revising of the final proof. 

The circumstances attending the preparation of this account of 
the events which occurred in the long three 3'ears' service of the 
Thirty-Third Massachusetts are thus explicitly detailed in the hope 
that the reader will look with a lenient e3-e upon any incongruities 
that he may find in it. The author is indebted for important inform- 
ation and for valuaWe assistance in the preparation of the book to 
man}- worthy old soldiers and esteemed friends, some of whose 
names are mentioned in the text, including General Carman, and 
especially to Maj. Cyrus E. Graves, formerl}' of the Thirt}-- 
Third, who besides other valuable assistance in the work, had 
entire charge of the preparation of the Roster and the correction of 
some unavoidable errors that had crept into the original Record from 
which it was copied ; to the Adjutant-General of the State, Major- 
General Beny, for free access to his records, which in theriiselves 
furnished many corrections to the Roster ; and to the devoted, life- 
long companion, who in the last, as in former days of the author's 
confinement, served as amanuensis, and reader. 

ADIN B. UNDERWOOD. 

Newton, Mass., October 29, 1880. 



CONTEiNTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

Organization and Seasoning in the Field — Organization 
at L3'nnfiekl in 1862 — En route to Washington — 
Snggestive Sights and Sounds from the Second Battle 
of Bull Run — Provost Guarding Alexandria — Season- 
ing in the Field about Alexandria and Fairfax Court 
House — Going "to Figlit Mit Sigel" in the Army of 
the Potomac — March to the Sound of the Guns in 
the Battle of Fredericksburg — "Burnsidc Stuck in 
the Mud" — One Joseph Hooker Succeeds Burnside — 
Reviews bj' General Hooker and President Lincoln. 

Pages 1-20 



CHAPTER II. 

The Battles of Chancellorsville and Beverley's Ford — 
The Army of the Potomac Strategically ' ' at the Bottom 
of a Well" — Hooker Successfully gets it out and across 
the Rappahannock — First Day's Meeting of the Two 
Armies, May 1, near Chancellorsville — Jackson's Attack, 
Saturday, the 2d, on the Eleventh Corps — Its Situation 
and Conduct — Sunday's Battles at Chancellorsville and 
Fredericksburg — Who was to Blame for the Disaster? — 
Was the Eleventh Corps? — Hooker's and His Command- 
ers' Share of Blame — Back as We Were — A Secret 
March — The Cavalry Battle at Beverley's Ford, June 9 — 
The June March into Pennsylvania. Pages 21-110 



Xll THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

CHAPTER III. 

The Battle of Gettysburg — The Preliminary Movements 
of Both Armies — Change of Federal Commander on the 
Eve of Battle — Meade Succeeds Hooker — Numbers 
and Topographv — The First Da}' of the Battle — The 
Fighting of the Cavalry and of the First and Eleventh 
Corps — Reynolds Killed — The Retreat to Cemetery 
Hill — The Second Day — The Attack on Sickles and 
the Left — Cannonade — Bigelow's Ninth Massachusetts 
Battery in Action — The Arrival of Sedgwick — The 
Charge of the Pennsylvania Reserves — The Attack on 
Cemetery Hill— The Fight of the Thirty-Third— The 
Third Day — The Charge of the Second Massachusetts — 
The Great Cannonade — Pickett's Charge and Repulse — 
The Losses in the Regiment — The March Back into "Old 
Virginny" — Dog Days' Rest. Pages 111-145 



CHAPTER IV. 

The Battles ok Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountaix and 
Missionary Ridge, and Relief of Knoxville — 
Autumn Ride b}- Rail to Chattanooga — Enter Grant — 
Exit Rosecrans — The Battle of Wauhatchie — Midnight 
Attack on Geary — Fight of Tindale's and Smith's 
Brigades — Charge of the Seventy-Third Ohio and the 
Thirtv-Third — Casualties — Sherman and His Fifteenth 
Corps Arrive from Vicksburg — The Battles of Lookout 
Mountain and Missionaiy Ridge — The First Day's 
Spectacle and Advance — The Second Day — Hooker 
Fighting above the Clouds — The Third Day — Sherman 
Pounds His Way to Tunnel Hill — Thomas Carries Mis- 
sionary Ridge — Blanketless and Shoeless March for the 
Relief of Knoxville— Winter Quarters. Pages 146-200 



coN'rENTS. xni 



CHAPTKK 



The Campak^n to Atlanta — The Reorganization in the 
Spring of 1864 — Sherman's Preparations for His Grand 
Column — The Mareli to Buzzard's Roost and Attack of 
the Position — The Tuniing of Dalton — The Battle of 
Resaca — March to Cassville, Halt and (Jeneral Rest — 
Part of the Second Massachnsetts (tocs Home — Marcli 
into the Wilderness of Georgia — The Battle of New Hope 
Church — AUatoona Pass Flanked — Enemy's Artillery 
Throwing Old Junk — Lieutenant-General Bishop Polk 
Deceases — The Fight at Kulp's Farm, and Attack of 
the Intrenchraents of Kenesaw Mountain — Again 
" Coming 'Round on" the P^nemy's "Eends" — Atlanta 
in Sight — Great Right AVlieel Towards It — Exit 
Johnston — Enter Hood — The Battles of Peach Tree 
Creek and Atlanta — Good-Bye to Joe Hooker — Siege 
of Atlanta — Last Flank Movement vik "Lick Skillet" — 
The Mayor Siirrendere the City — General Jubilee — The 
Second and Thirty-Third jNIassachusetts and One Huu- 
dri'd and Eleventh Pennsylvania on Duty in Atlanta. 

Pages 2U1-'233 



CHAPTER VI. 

The March to the Sea — The Involuntary Exodus of the 
Inhabitants of Atlanta — Hood on the Road to Nash- 
ville — Corse "Holds the Fort" — Twentieth Corps, 
"Ga}- and Festive," in the City — Theatre Season 
Run b}^ the Thirty-Tliird Band — Railroad to the Rear 
"Wrecked — Burning of Atlanta — The March Begins — 
The Day of •' Jjibilo" Comes to the Negroes — Foraging 
on the Country S3'stematically — Campaign of the Bum- 
mers Opens — Valiant Governor Brown and His Legisla- 
ture Skedaddle — The Left Wing Eats a Thanksgiving 



Xiv THE THIKTY-THIHD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

liroakfast in Milledgeville, organizes a Yankee Legisla- 
ture, and Dines eti rou^e— Scientific Plundering by the 
Bummers— The Prison Pen of Milieu p:mpty — Augusta 
of No Account — The Lost Armies of Sherman Turn 
Up at the Sea — Fort McAllister Captured — Savannah 
in Possession of the Ruthless Invaders, a Christmas 
Present to President Lincoln — January, lH6o, the 
Thirty -Third, with Its Division, Crosses into South 
Carolina and Squats Among the Palmettoes and 
Oranges — In the Swamps. Pages '2M-2b^3 



CHAPTER VII. 

TiiK March Thuougii the Cauolinas — To Kichmond 
AT Last and Home — The March and South I arolina's 
Punishment Begin — Columbia in Possession of the 
•• Abolishionists" — Likewise on Fire — News of the 
Evacuation of Charleston and Wilmington — Wagon- 
Loads of Madeira for Rations — Ludicrous Trains of 
Refugees — Kilpatrick Barefoot Running for Dear Life — 
•'Fifty Mils to Fatville" — The Battles of Averysboro' 
and Bentonsville, the Last — Junction with Terry and 
Schotield at Goldsboro' — Style Again in Camp — The 
Maiden "Schoolmarm" — News of the Fall of Richmond 
and Lee's SiuTcnder — Antics of the Troops — Johnston 
Parleys — Painful News of the Assassination of President 
Lincoln — Johnston's Surrender Sure — The War Over ! — 
Series of Fourth of July Hilarities — The Homeward 
March — In Richmond at Last — On the Old Battlefield 
of Chancellorsville — The Great Reviews at W^ashing- 
ton — Mustered Out — Ovations on the Road to Boston^— 
In Faneuil Hall Again — Paid Oil' — Home Finally. 

Pages 260-299 



CHAPTER I. 



Organization at Lynnfleld in 1862. En-route to Washington. Suggestive Sights and 
Sounds from the Second Battle of Bull Run. Provost Guarding Alexandria. 
Seasoning in the tield about Alexandria and Fairfax C. H. Going "to fight niit 
Sigel " in the A rmy of the Potomac. March to the sound of the guns in the battle of 
Fredericksburg. 

On the fourth day of June, A. D., 18G2, Baldwin Peabody 
and seven other Lowell gentlemen took the morning train and 
Avent to Lynnfield. They put up at Whittemore's hotel like 
other travellers. The next day Benjamin F. Talbot arrived 
at the same hotel with a party from Boston, and the follow- 
ing day alsoCyrns E. Graves, with a few choice spirits, whose 
acquaintance he and Thomas B. Rand had recently made in 
the same city. They lodged at the hotel, and among the in- 
habitants of the village, which they found to be a very pretty 
little country place, ornamented with a lovely little pond — no 
prettier for being called a lake now — and where there w^as 
nothing moving all day long but an occasional railroad train 
that looked as if it had lost its way, and the depot master, 
Palmer, going to and returning from his meals. Albion W. 
Tebbetts, of Boston, Caleb Blood and Chas. B. Walker arrived 
on the ground the third day. These travellers were starting 
upon a popular trip, " on to Richmond," then extensively ad- 
vertised, at the round price, for most of the passengers, of 
thirteen dollars a month and fonnd, with opportunities for 
ont-door exercise on the way guaranteed. It turned out to 
be a long journey. Lynnfield, Avhere these adventurous trav- 
ellers met, was a rendezvous designated in Governor Andrew's 
general order of May 29, "Camp Edwin M. Stanton," though 
the depot master so far had failed to see that there was much 



2 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

of anything in a name. The same order had informed the 
citizens thereabouts that the Thirty-Third Regiment would 
there go into camp, but they had seen nothing of it as yet. 
They were on the lookout now for soldiers. The gentlemen 
from Lowell and from Boston, in frock coats and snuif-colored 
sacks and silk hats, caused some excitement, but they could 
not be what they were looking for. The depotmaster had 
his eye on them, though. More men arrived from Lowell ; 
B. Frank Rogers appeared ; Sibley tents arrived. Rogers 
got these visiting citizens together and actually ordered them 
to put up the tents. He seemed to know how, if they did not. 
Tebbetts gave orders. Gen. Schouler (then Adjutant-General 
of the state) gave his views on the subject of tents, and right 
before his depot, our old friend soon saw a camp sure enough. 
The next day Lieut. -Col. Albert C. Maggi, of New Bedford, 
formerly of the Twenty-First Regiment, took command of the 
few men and few tents thereabouts by virtue of general order 
aforesaid. So began the Thirty-Third Mass. Regiment. 

Another disaster had l)efallen the country. Banks's little 
army had been driven back by Jackson, on the 25th of May, 
to the Potomac, where it had started the year before. The 
government was anxious, and the President had immediately 
called for more men. Three more infantry regiments were 
required of Massachusetts. There had been no draft as yet, 
and the bounties, compared with the later ones, were small. 
But the men volunteered readily. They came from various 
towns and cities in Middlesex, some from Bristol, some from 
Boston. They began, after a time, to come so rapidly that 
the Colonel could be fastidious in his choice of men, and as 
commander of the camp and regiment, picked out the plump 
and hale and hearty, and left the chicken-breasted and weazen- 
faced and sorrowful men for the next Colonel, whoever he 
miffht be. Dr. Warren had been sent for, to come from the 
Twenty-First Mass. then in the field, to be surgeon, and was 



ORGANIZATION AT LYNNFIELD IN 18(52. 6 

commissioned June ytli, the first officer commissioned in the 
reiriment. Tebbetts was the second. He was commissioned 
as first lieutenant and adjutant, June 19th ; Wm. E. Rich- 
ardson of the Twenty-First, the third, commissioned on tiie 
20th, as first lieutenant and regimental quartermaster. The 
quartermaster found an empty building at hand, and opened 
a furnishing store ; gentlemen's under-garments and blue cloth- 
ing were supplied at short notice, and on long credit. 
Beavers and various rusty articles of dress were supplanted 
l)y the fashionable blue. A guard-house was early opened 
on the same premises, and did a stirring business. Two 
drummer boys and one Armstrong were always patrons of the 
establishment, if all else failed. Ordnance came more slowly 
than clothino'. Guard-mounting was at first a somewhat un- 
certain proceeding because no proper manual was laid down 
for the use of clubs, then emijloyed ; and whether a sentry 
on duty could enforce his orders with the "shillaly" was 
often then a question of legs. Rogers, an old Captain in the 
Twenty-First, was early made drill-master, and marched 
up and down the street the increasing platoons of unarmed 
men, that looked more like a body of policemen going to 
a riot, only less steady and more harmless. 

Things went on. W. Symington Brown, appointed Ass't 
Surgeon, opened an office and was bus}^ examining the re- 
ci'uits and sifting out the chicken-breasted. Some who pass- 
ed the doctor, began to pass the guard, and a few robust 
subjects hastily left to find more congenial pursuits or more 
boimty elsewhere. 

The village was picketed as if the foe were lurking about 
Lynufield. Sergeant Hill was taken into the secret service. 
The prohibitory law was not enforced in the village, and the 
Colonel thought it necessary to proclaim martial law as a 
substitute, and Adjutant Tebbetts was dh'ected, with a file of 
men, to clean out the place of a squatter from Salem, which he 



4 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

and they did then ;\nd there. On the 17th of June ii flag was 
permanently raised in camp, after .the pole had been dug up 
once or twice to get down the halliards. July 4th was cele- 
brated at the expense of the sutler with a ration of lager beer. 
The line formed to draw the "positively but one ration" 
being a circle, proved rather interminable, and somehow drank 
a good deal of beer, Init the beer was luckily not strong. 
Capt. Underwood of the Second Mass. Inftmtry, having a little 
leisure on his hands after Banks's retreat, appeared in camp as 
Major, July 11. Drilling became the principal business ; this 
was varied incidentally with other duties and pleasures. 
Bathing was performed by general order. Intellectual enter- 
tainment was often aiforded. Gen. Wm. Schouler, represent- 
in"- the fostering care of the Commonwealth, and other distin- 
suished visitors, with home talent in the ranks, from time to 
time, stimulated the soldiery by their appeals. Patrick Rafferty , 
Esq., descanted upon matters and things in general.. The 
regiment approached completion. Selectmen appeared every 
day, with files of men, and gladdened the heart of the land- 
lord of the hotel as they crowded his tables. The camp was 
busy, visitors attended the parades, and men wandered over 
into another regiment then beginning to form there — the 
Thirty-Fifth. 

Early in August, companies Avere mustered in, which were 
recruited as follows : Co. Aj Capt. Wyman, in Boston ; Co. B, 
Capt. Brown, in Taunton ; Co. C, Capt. Rand, in Boston and 
Framingham ; Co. D, Capt. Rider, in Stoneham and Reading ; 
Co. E, Capt. Hinds, in Groton ; Co. F, Capt. Prescott, and Co. 
G, Capt. Jones, in Lowell ; Co. H, Capt. Blasland, in Boston 
and Lowell ; Co. I, Capt. Doane, in New Bedford ; Co. K, 
Capt. Bunker, in Boston ; two flanking companies were added, 
a new feature — L, Capt. Farsons, of Lowell, and M, Capt. 
Rogers, of Boston and Sharon ; a band was organized under 
Israel Smith, of New Bedford. The field and staff" officers 



EN ROUTE TO WASHINGTON. 

were mustered in, the Major became Lieut. -Colonel, the 
majority remained vacant. Orders were received for starting, 
and muskets were put in the hands of the whole regiment for the 
first time. Various things had to be provided, and a selection 
made out of things on hand, for the march. Sundry accumu- 
lations of men and things were left behind for the succeeding 
regiment. O'Brien was prized as a representative soldier who 
had served untold years in the flower of British troops ; he 
pervaded every space where the eye could wander as a soldier 
constantly standing at attention. Armstrong had his quali- 
ties, but both were too much for one regiment, so the Scrip- 
ture Avas fulfilled! "The one was taken and the other left." 
Fate kept O'Brien with the regiment, Armstrong became a 
memory. The two drunnner boys saved the anxiety of a 
choice, for they both ran away beforehand. 

On the 14th of August, 1862, the Thirty-Third Mass. 
Regiment, twelve hundred men strong, including a private 
secretary to the colonel, a jolly anomaly, got into the cars, 
and with the band playing "Home , Sweet Home" and hand- 
kerchiefs waving, moved off and left friend Palmer and his 
patrons gazing after them ; Camp Stanton passed into mem- 
ory, and the long march "on to Richmond" began. They 
were hurried through Boston, marching through the back 
streets, as if an attack had been suddenly made on the 
Providence station, and left hundreds of friends who were 
waiting in the principal streets to see them — and whom they 
were lonoino; to see — to wait in vain. Some were never 
to see them again. How little it would have cost to 
have given them a little hour of farewell greetings on the 
eve of a three years' journey ! The city was travelled through 
so fast that one or two privates could not keep up, they lagged 
behind and were maligned in the papers as tight! Twelve 
hundred men, it was soon found was a "full house," even in a 
Stonington line steamboat ; and travelling on a railroad as 



6 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

freight, Mt freight train speed, iind with freight train stoppages 
day and night Avas not hixurioiis, certainly. The welcome at 
loyal Philadelphia and uncertain Baltimore made the stops 
there refreshing. 

Washington was reached on the evening of the 17th, and 
most of the regiment put np at the hotel near the station, 
where the names of the men were booked at great length ; (a 
choice of hotels was not habitually afforded later in the service ;) 
a few of the oifficers and some of the enlisted men came down 
to barracks. The next morning was spent in visiting ob- 
jects of interest in the neighborhood, and the much respected 
Capt. Hinds, with fatherly care, took his Groton men to view 
the Nation's Capitol and refreshed them with a rest upon the 
nation's grass. After the tender-hearted Colonel had pro- 
cured adequate transportation for the private baggage of the 
men, including knapsacks and articles of toilet, so that the 
regiment might move through the national streets as a band 
of freemen, and not as beasts of l^urden, the line of march 
was taken up, following after seventy odd wagons of the regi- 
ment's baggage, through Pennsylvania avenue, paying a salute 
to Colonel Corcoran and the various Brigadiers on duty at 
Willard's — not over thirty, a poor day for Brigadiers there — 
then the regiment crossed over Long Bridge, and arrived 
on the sacred soil ; it rested under the lee of Hunter's Chapel, 
that then was, and awoke in the morning after the first 
bivouac and found itself in the dominions of the venerable Gen. 
Case3s in whose honor the Colonel named this first camp, 
"Camp Casey," a name that was handed down to all the regi- 
ments which inherited the neighborhood. The old general 
himself, naturally enough, found it more comfortable to encamp 
in a brick house, and so he did, at the Washington end of the 
Long Bridge. 

The first day was wholly devoted to the pitching of tents, 
and as it was a somewhat difficult undertaking at that time, it 



ALEXANDRIA SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN. < 

lasted nearly into the second day. Capt. Wyman's experience 
during the day led him to express the opinion that the com- 
mand recorded in Scripture " To your tents, Oh Israel ! " was 
a more serious aft'air than hitherto represented. That evening, 
in accordance with numerical propriety, the Thirty-Fourth 
Mass. came to Camp Casey, and ranged itself beside the Thirty- 
Third. On the hill, in the lordly mansion of some fugitive 
F. F. v., a boarding house was opened for the officers. 
The mess was done up in a Frenchy way by the good 
natured Parisian sutler Rollins. Everybody in the Thirty- 
Third prepared for a comfortable stay of a month and 
more, promised for drill and preparation before it could be 
called upon to meet the enemy. The artist pictured the camp, 
and lithographs of it were sent to friends as a view of the 
permanent abode of the regiment. But who owns a month 
in the army? It was soon found a regiment did not. Within 
a week, peremptory orders were suddenly received for the 
Thirty-Third to liibve to the front, to fight as it would have 
proved in the retreating army of Gen. Pope, in search of a 
base, which, although abolished in general orders, was found 
on the whole a convenient thing to have. Colonel Maggi and 
Lieut. -Colonel Underwood made a pilgrimage to Washington, 
to prevent the sacrifice of such a beginning of a good regiment, 
and protested that their men had not fairly been introduced to 
a musket and did not know which end to load, (they load a 
different end now in the new kind) and scarcely knew front 
rank from rear, but were rather disconcerted by the gruff com- 
pliment from Mr. Stanton that Massachusetts men did not seem 
to need much schooling to make good soldiers. And so there 
was no help for it but to go to Alexandria to get transporta- 
tion for the front. On that second Sunday, in the field, the 
regiment made its first experiment in knapsacks and landed 
most of them safely at Alexandria, though they Aveighed more 
in that five miles than they ever seemed to afterwards in the 



8 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

lonsrest march. Luckily for the future usefuhiess of the reoi- 
meut, the old veteraus from the peninsula were passing 
through Alexandria on all the railroad cars that could be 
found for transportation, to assist Gen. Pope in his search for 
that which was lost, and which they did not tind at the Second 
Bull Run, though they fought bravely for it, and it was cer- 
tainly not their fault, if anyl)ody's, that they did not find it. 
So no transportation was found for the regiment, and it 
encamped beside the road, down Avhich it had marched, on 
the north end of the town. Everybody in the regiment 
rejoiced, that accident saved it from a terrible campaign 
and from untimely sacritice, if its superiors did not or could 
not. Here some got a first look at Joe Hooker, rosy and 
jolly, and ready for the fight, as he always appeared to them 
afterwards. By and by he was to come prominently into 
the history of the regiment. He and his dingy looking vet- 
erans and the peninsular men passed on to the front. 

All day long, the next Saturda}^ was heard the firing at 
Manassas, and Sunday morning trains of the wounded came into 
Alexandria, and churches were made hospitals, ambulances 
filled with clerks from the departments passed the camp of the 
regiment on their way to help, and some of the best surgeons 
arrived from Boston. That was all the regiment then knew 
of a battle. Soon our troops were returning, and as they 
marched by to the defences of the capitol, told about the defeat 
at the second Bull Run. How great was the contrast in looks 
between the Thirty-Third and those old peninsular regiments ! 
The full ranks and bright new clothes (two suits), great fat 
knapsacks, blacked boots and luxurious Sibley s of the one, 
and the skeleton companies, faded blouses, "holey" trowsers, 
dirty caps, and service worn equipments of the other, w^ith one 
poor blanket, and one piece of cotton cloth for a tent, for each 
of the bronzed men, if they were lucky enough to have any! 
It M as the mirror in which the resfiment w^as to see itself two 



PROVOST GUARDING ALEXANDRIA. 9 

years after. They came near sneering a little at the hundred, 
and three hundred dollar men ; they felt as these men did, 
doubtless, afterwards, towards the eight hnndred dollar chaps. 

The military governor of Alexandria, General Slough, in 
looking about one day, found the Thirty-Third lying within his 
jurisdiction, and as it seemed to be a savory looking regiment, 
laid hold of it for his purposes. Details from it were first in- 
troduced to greybacks at the cotton factory, where a goodly 
number of them were prisoners, and the first duty in the city 
was to guard them ; then the regiment Avas made provost-guard 
of the town, and required to keep it in order and well behaved. 
Clean it could not be, it was a specimen of Virginia civiliza- 
tion ; and while the peninsular men Avere passing through it, 
who had been so long without the "barrel" ration, and were 
many of them so frail Aviien the}' found it, it often took the 
strength of the regiment to keep the town quiet. It was luck- 
ily not held responsible for the town's morals. What varieties 
of ofienders, thottgh, passed in and out of the "slave pen" 
during its rule, no record noAV probably tells. Captain Wy- 
man, the provost marshal, and other officers on duty in the 
town, perhaps kept minutes of their duties, official and friend- 
ly. One night here occured the first "scare," and the regiment 
was called to arms and stealthily formed in line of l)attle, Avith 
repressed breathing iu the dead of night to defend itself — 
from our own troops doubtless, lying peacefully in several 
divisions in the neighborhood. 

Camp was changed three times. After getting comfortable 
on the Avest side of the town, orders came to go up to near 
Fairfax Seminar}^ into the brigade of Gen. GroA^er, doubtless 
to get a fine vieAv, for a couple of nights, of the Potomac and 
the fortified hills and valley camps that lay betAveen and form- 
ed the defences. Then orders came to 2:0 back asfain to 
the camp on the west side of Alexandria, Avhich was named 
" Camp Slough," after the post commander. At the camp, near 



10 THE TiriHTY-THIKO MASSACHUSETTS INFANTKY. 

Fairfax Seminary, James L. Bates reported for duty as major ; 
in a few days he was made colonel of the Twelfth Mass., in 
which he had been captain, and the Thirty-Third lost him. 
At the camp here, near Hunting creek, there were drills and 
parades, fine September days and moonlight nights, made 
pleasanter by the ever improving band, which often gladdened 
the hearts of older soldiers, as it went on friendly visits to 
the "paroled camp" near by, and played familiar, but long- 
unheard tunes to cheer the brave men, at one time returned 
prisoners of the Second Mass., comrades of some in the regi- 
ment, who found it hard to forget the rebel prisons from 
which they had just returned. 

On the evening of Octo])er lOth, a good-bye was said to 
Gen. Slough, who was next heard of b}^ members of the regi- 
ment long after the war, when news came of his murder in 
Utah, of which he was chief justice. A farewell was taken 
of the metropolitan pleasures and duties of camp life in Alex- 
andria, and the Thirty-Third started by rail for the field to 
" fight mit Sigel," who commanded the Eleventh Corps, soon 
after Avards made a part of the Army of the Potomac. It 
parted with Captain Wyman and Lieut. Talbot who could not 
be spared. The latter, by his skill in the branch of business 
to which he had been assigned, soon earned a captaincy. At 
Fairfax Station was experienced the first luvouac in the I'ain. 
Men shook their heads and doubted about this sort of life. 
AVhen Fairfax Court House was reached, the next day, the 
road was lined with Teuton faces who were watching to see 
what sort of thing was a regiment of twelve hundred men. 
It seemed a brigade, and all the way from Massachusetts ! 
General Sigel Avas out with full staff" to receive it — a little 
man whose Major-General's buttons seemed to overrun him. 
The Massachusetts men were led in a triumphal march by 
General Sigel and his Teutons to a camp on the Alexandria 
road east of the town — " Camp Stump " that was to be — and 



GOI\{; TO "fKJUT >IIT SI(!EL/' 11 

they proceeded to make it so, in tact, by clio[)piMg down the 
wilderness and leaving the trnnks as monuments of the de- 
parted oaks, and as ugly things to stumble over in the night. 
An attempt was made to call it "Camp Sigel," but it would 
l)e " Stump." 

The air about here was found to be rather Dutchy. Ger- 
man colonels, captains and lieutenants, barons and vons, hus- 
sars and dragoons, and foot otEcers, in some little Grand Ducal 
establishment at home, on leave of absence, or formerly in the 
service of some mighty Grossherzog, monarch of five square 
nn'les, seeking their fortune on the statF or in the line in our 
army, were seen galloping about, leaping fences and ditches in 
a most astonishing manner. Here was the debris of Blenker's 
pride and glory, mixed in with real Yankee and Western regi- 
ments. German generals believed apparently in Americans. 
Three of them here wanted to have the solid Massachusetts 
Thirty-Third in their divisions. It was allotted to General 
\"on Steinwehr,— a brave, careful, kind-hearted, thoughtful 
soldier, who in time earned its grateful respect. A new bri- 
gade was made up. of Yankee regiments, of which this was 
one, for the command of C-olonel Orland Smith of the Seventy- 
Third Ohio, whom from th;it hour the Thirty-Third loved and 
admired. 

Those were pleasant Octolier days. Life outdoors in that 
delightful season, when everything in nature was so attractive, 
was a new and Melcoine experience to most in the regiment. 
The woods all about where they drilled and paraded and pick- 
eted, were ablaze and shining with the autumnal tints, which 
were not brighter, but more lasting, than our own of New 
England. 

As the chilly nights crept on, experiments began with 
underground fires, patent stoves and honest old fashioned com- 
forta1)le chimneys, which looked queer in cotton houses. "Bella" 
and "Hero," the Colonel's and Lieut. -ColoneVs horses, the chap- 



12 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Iain's mustang and the medical horses, bivouacked. Tlie camp 
and headquarters at Fairfax C. H. were enlivened by the band. 
Regimental headquarters was made glad by the "jolly dra- 
goon" and Georges — "ooe" and "tAvo," servants of the field 
officers. When the tents were floored, the chimneys all built, 
and comfort prevailed, the men in the regiment were suddenly 
taught the usual lessen of army life that "Here we have no 
abiding city." So they packed up the few traps they could 
carry, and left behind the mass they had accunuilated and could 
not carry — their first loss, and moved to Thoroughtare Gap. 
The march on the 2d of November, was through Centreville 
and on to Bull Run, the road of the Grand Army and the bri- 
gade of M. C's. on that eventful Sunday the year before. All 
was still along the road over the stone bridge, and through 
the dull, wide fields ; and as the acres of little mounds with 
white boards were passed, and here and there scattered shot and 
shell, while the autumn leaves were falling around, and the 
wind was whistlino- through the trees — that regiment became 
for the time a ver}" thoughtful one. The first loose skull was 
kicked around as a foot4)all in fun, l)ut the men kept up their 
thinking still. 

At Carter's Switch some of the men were attacked by the 
fattest of pigs, but the instinct of self defence made them 
brave, and the unclean beasts of Israel became " a sacrifice 
of sweet savor" to Yanks. At New Baltimore, Avhere the 
march one day took the regiment in the first snow storm of 
the season, the sheep and hens of the secesh natives were sus- 
pected of the same hostile intentions, and a voracious attack 
was made on them which soon left nothing of them but their 
skins and feathers, as a w\arning to other fowls and mutton. 
Here the donkey joined for duty. He was the stay and stall' 
of "Hero." His musical voice often beguiled the regiment, 
and recalled to it a familiar name, "Ratferty." 

After McClellan's army, no longer his now, however, but 



IN THE FIELD NEAR FAIKtAX V. II. 13 

Biirnsule's, marched by on its way froin Aiitietam to the Kap- 
pahannock, the Thirty-Third was moved hack nearer to 
Thoroughfare Gap. From the new base it made a recon- 
uoissanee in force one day to White IMains where gallant 
Capt. Brown was seen in the distance, as a solitary horseman, 
winding up the hill in the proper manner of heroes in James's 
novels, to assault the rebel stronghold, come weal or woe, 
whence he bore away as a prize of war, a guilty piece of home- 
spun. This camp was enlivened with discussions, in the town 
meeting style, touching the departure ^)f two companies of 
the twelve to l)e detached for the Forty-First Mass. regiment. 
A good-l)ye was said to Capt. W'yman's and Capt Bunker's 
companies, sorrowfully, though the regimental life in which 
they had shared had been comparatively short and uneventful. 
One night it having been discovered that no enemy was near, 
and that there was no further need of guarding the gap, the 
regiment was ordered suddenly to march away in the darkness 
and rain as if it w^i'e in imminent danger of being cut to pieces. 
So it came back to near Fairfax C. H., i):issing tirst a row of 
chimneys called Haymarket, then again over the same old 
road and battlelield and made a new camp two miles short of 
the town at Germantown. The town consisted of a few lone- 
some houses, but what there was of it was made prettv 
thoroughly German Avhile Sigel's Corps staid there. Camp 
"Stump" was far away through Fairfax. Al)out this time officers 
who had previously received promotions were mustered into 
their respective positions. Capt. James Brown as Major 
vice Bates; Adjutant Tebbetts as Captain, vice BroAvn ; Lieut. 
C. E. Graves as Captain, vice Rogers, resigned ; William Pres- 
cott Mudge had been made Adjutant. Here the men of the 
Thirty-Third found out how it seemed to have Thanksi>ivino- 
away from home in the woods. Such as could draw turkeys from 
the commissary or buy such luxuries from the sutlers, those 
who were lucky enough to be on picket in the reoions of hen 



14 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

roosts, or had boxes from thoughtful ones at home, tried to 
feast after the manner of our fathers. Various successful 
dishes were improvised, and the leaked beans Avere a marvel, 
but there was not one, doubtless, who did not wish himself 
with the folks at home. At Germantown occurred the famous 
trial drill of six regiments, and the raw Thirty-Third Mass. 
had the honor of being selected as one contestant and "beat 
the Dutch" in the manual and in the only thing they had 
never before practised — the firings — and exhibited new 
movements not laid down in tactics in compliance with novel 
orders, demonstrating to the astonished foreigners, that it was 
possible to inspect the rear rank, at close order, by a simple 
"about face," of course. They looked upon the regiment with 
awe ever afterwards. 

As everybody was going into winter quarters, according to 
the best data attainable, the camp of the regiment was changed 
into the warm pines, the tents were nicely logged up and 
floored, tire places were built, and when the new quarters 
were nicely ready to bid defiance to the wintry elements, after 
there Mere four inches of snow on the ground, orders came, as 
an old regiment would have expected, to leave them and 
inarch. Like good soldiers, the men of the Thirty-Third, now, 
as ever afterwards, obeyed orders, but never relinquished the 
right to their private opinions. Then and there ended the ro- 
mance of Sibley tents, and the reality of shelter tents began. 
The first experience Avith them Avas on the snow at the end of 
that first day's December march towards Fredericksburg Avhere 
the corps was ordered to march to on the eve of the battle there. 
Tt did not make out-door life attractive. On the regiment 
marched, and camped or bivouacked by the Wolf river shoals 
and its Avild scenery, passing through the great Virginia city 
of Dumfries. Frozen ground succeeded siioav, and then came 
mud, such as the}' do have on (Virginia) mud roads down 
"thar," waves and tides of mud. sudden as the soa, and about 



MARCH TO THE (UJNS AT FIJEDEKICKSBURG . 15 

as deep in spots. Virginia is "facile princeps" in the mud line. 
From Dumfries down were heard dull, distant sounds, that 
made the men of the Thirty-Third think. As they drew 
nearer and neai'er, and the sounds came quicker and louder, 
they looked in each other's faces, and knew they were bound 
for a battle, if it lasted long enough. Their new comrades of 
the Army of the Potomac, better known to them afterwards, 
were tighting, as it proved, hopelessly at Fredericksburg, a 
brave battle that was to end as a disaster. When the Thirty- 
Third arrived at Falmouth, orders awaited it to cross over and 
help : but there was no need of it at that hour. That night 
the brave but defeated army of Burnside recrossed the river, 
and left behind only its dead. Alas ! there were too many 
of them, and they were of the Hower of that army ! Some of 
the officers of the regiment rode down to see the battered town 
that had cost the expensive struggle, and how defiant the rebel 
rag looked on the frowning height of St. Marye, after all the 
blood that had been spent to tear it down ! The veteran of 
other wars who commanded the Thirty-Third, and did oc- 
casionally criticise, quoted Garibaldi, and finished the subject 
with the characteristic remark "our poppycorn Generals kill 
men as ITerod killed the innocents." From the first camp here, 
one dark, gloomy night, a long march in time, short in dis- 
tance, was made to the right of the line two miles, from 8 till 
2 o'clock in the night, and a colder, more desolate, more 
Aveary bivouac than the rest of that morning, the regiment 
providentially never knew. A mile beyond this bivouac, that 
will never be forgotten, on a desolate plain, in full sight of 
the rebels across the Rappahannock, where they could nightly 
watch its parades and hear its band, the Thirty-Third logged 
up its shelter tents, and here Christmas and New Year's day 
found it. 

The opening of the year 1863 gave no hint of anything seri- 
ous. All was "quiet along the Rappahannock,'' even dull. The 



16 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

regiment lay at Falmouth, basking in the sun of a Virginia Jan- 
uary, and in the few stormy and sleety days was snug in its log 
huts, all finished. The evening parades for the inspection of 
the rebels, across the river, had lost their novelty, and the 
trade in coffee for tobacco, along the neutral picket line had 
glutted the market with the weed. The headquarters horses 
had eaten up all the young and tender hemlock about the 
camp (there was no other forage or shelter for them,) and 
even they longed for a change of base. So, when, at after- 
noon drill, on the 20th of January, came an order to strike 
camp and march immediately, men and animals welcomed the 
move. Serious business was meant, for the commanders of 
reiriments were ordered to address their men, as on the eve 
of a battle. The Colonel being absent, the duty of haran- 
guing, commanded in general orders, devolved by seniority on 
the Lieut. -Colonel.' 'i'he regiment rarely, if ever, needed 
speeches, and, doubtless, never enjoyed them. It marched 
with promptness and alacrity those five miles down the river 
to meet whatever was coming, past hostile Fredericksburg, 
until it turned into some rebel's woods for the night's bivouac. 
At (5 o'clock, in the morning, the artillery was ordered to 
open along the whole line. But the heavens opened instead, 
opened all the gates and sluiceways that dam up the celestial 
reservoirs, and down poured the water, torrent upon torrent, 
until the fields thereabouts were deluged, and the inevitable 
Virginia mud rose in tides over the earth's surface. Men wal- 
lowed and horses floundered in the treacherous mire. It re- 
quired sixteen horses to move one piece of artillery. Who 
could fioht the elements, and such elements? So gallant a 
leader as Burnside surrendered to them. In a day or two 
the windows above were shut. The sky became serene, and 
the birds sang in the woods as if the spring had come. They 
knew better. And there, in spite of sky and birds, was the 
nmd. The army imitated the prudence of that great sover- 



"burnside stuck in the mud." 17 

eign of France, who made the impracticable march up the 
hill — and marched back again. The heartless rebels made 
liaht of the misfortunes of our army, and shouted across the 
river to the artillery, " We'll lend you mules to drag off your 
guns," and hung out for their editication a placard in staring 
great letters, "Burnside stuck in the mud." "The mud 
campaign," has passed into history. The hero of South 
Mountain and the Antietam Bridge deserved a better fate. 

So then the regiment was soon back again in its old camp 
on the right flank of Falmouth, looking toward the rebels, 
and they enjoyed again its band. Just as the Thirty-Third 
was fairly comfortable once more, one afternoon in February, 
when the thermometer reached zero, it was ordered to march 
the next morning. As the march was to be to the rear, six 
miles, for a change of camp, it w^as planned w-ith great 
secrecy, and w^as to be executed with great promptness ; as if 
the objective point were the heights of St; Marye opposite. 
The reo-iniental cmiimander was not intrusted with the secret. 
So the men shouldered their earthly etJ'ects, and marched away 
in a snow storm, that ended in a rain as they approached their 
bivouac, which was of course in slush and water, while the 
mud lay in wait for them by the next day's march. The cheer- 
ful trip ended in the wilderness called Staftbrd Court House, 
or not far from that great county seat. 

They had shed one set of winter huts at Falmouth. It is 
said that in Jamaica, where the rats have their holes turned 
wrong side out several times a day by the earthquakes, the 
rats finally get discouraged and give up digging. In the army 
it seemed as though some regiments had their winter quarters 
changed almost as many times, and had their patience and faith 
tried as much as the Jamaica rats. The necessities of the season, 
however, left the men of the Thirty-Third no comfortable 
alternative but to do the w^ork over again. That was what 
had to be done, for it was still winter; and their trial was 



18 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

trivial in comparison Avith the trials of some others. The 
*rovernment furnished the leisure for building, and the county 
of Stafford, the lumber. What'a rare viUage that was which 
was built by the Thirty-Third on the southern slope of the 
place of its night's bivouac there ! The roofs were thin, it is 
true, for they were only cotton ; but the walls Avere as stable 
and imposing as those of the mansions of Kansas farmers ; 
solid floors and spacious fireplaces, and even such extremes of 
eleo-ance as mouldings, mantle pieces and book cases. As for 
the Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonel, they rejoiced in a palatial 
aftair, with a chimney constructed out of the fossil remains of 
several millions of bivalves, the accumulation of a trifling 
myriad or two of centuries. There happened to be such stone 
there, which necessity discovered, not science, for geology 
was at an awful discount in the army. 

How cheerful it was in that winter's camp ! How sunny 
in the warm days ! On St. Valentine's day, the birds around 
the place fairly laughed to see how cosy the Massachusetts 
Yankees had made it. The snows made no impression, ex- 
cept as they clothed with winter beauty the graceful evergreens 
about. Drills and parades, and picket, made up the public 
life of the camp; but the private transactions off duty will, 
doubtless, never appear in any veritable story. 

Burnside having retired from the post he had never covet- 
ed, one "Joe Hooker" took the reins. Ah! the furloughs 
and vegetables he gave ! Hoav he did understand the road to 
the soldier's heart! How he made out of defeated, discour- 
aged and demoralized men, a cheerful, plucky and defiant 
army, ready to follow him anywhere ! That problem he had 
before him, and he did it well. However the world may 
criticize him, the soldiers of the old army of the Potomac 
will always be jealous of his fame. He came to see the 
Eleventh Corps, and reviewed it. Handsome and erect, rosy 
and jolly, and blunt and fearless as the Thirty-Third was to 



ONE JOSEPH HOOKER SUCCEEDS BURNSIDE. 19 

know him, and so much better, afterwards. At this camp, in 
early spring, Colonel Maggi resigned and left. He never had 
the opportnnity he so much sought, to show how one of Gar- 
ribaldi's soldiers could tight : and was never to have his blood 
stirred by seeing the gallantry of his own Massachusetts men. 
Kind Dr. Warren, the surgeon, went with him. But then the 
regiment had Symington Brown for a short time, and was soon 
presented with McGregor. The regiment was left in command 
of Lieutenant-Colonel Underwood, who was soon commis- 
sioned by Governor Andrew Colonel, vice Maggi, Captain 
Godfrey Rider, jr., Lieutenant-Colonel, First-Lieutenant James 
F. Chipman, Captain. Promotion was made from the ranks to 
till the vacant second-lieutenantcy. 

About this time, while the corps was busy corduroying 
the vile secesh roads of the neighborhood, it was relieved 
from that delectable duty one day to be reviewed, together 
with the Twelfth Corps, by the Commander-in-Chief of the 
Armies, good President Lincoln. And how the soldiers did 
reverence that taTl citizen, as he rode along the lines on the 
little mustang, with that beaver, the like of rAvhich some in 
the lines had not seen for two years ! While he was at General 
Hooker's headquarters, the band of the Thirty-Third was sent 
for, to go up by special train, to play for the President's enter- 
tainment during his visit there. On its arrival, the live other 
bands that had been ordered there also, including some excel- 
lent ones, were informed that their services were no longer 
required, as the band of the Thirty-Third Massachusetts Avould 
be sutiicient. It is said, on competent authority, that Israel 
Smith, the leader, Amasa Glover, "the irrepressible," (as he 
came to be called) the managing man, and the other members 
of the band, felt rather "stuck np " for some time at this 
great compliment. They must have realized some contrast 
between this occasion, when they travelled in state in a special 
car on the railroad, and enjoyed the delicacies which they 



20 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

managed somehow to have at army headquarters — and a 
certain other occasion, when they went to visit and pUiy for 
the Second Massachusetts, when they were treated, doubtless 
by necessity, on army rations, inchiding " army commissary," 
that cheers, and does certainly inebriate, if the thirsty soldier 
does not practise rigid self-denial. The band had to foot it 
home, hiaging their instruments with them. The hour of 
departure was after taps ; the road, a mixture of Virginia 
mud and snow to the depth of three feet ; the distance, seven 
miles : with these conditions given, and some knowledge of 
the personnel of the band, and the imagination can easily supply 
the rest. The load became, in some cases, too heavy, and it 
is asserted that the devious way of the band could be easily 
traced next morning, or, rather that morning (of arrival), 
by the brass instruments sticking out of the snow, strung along 
like a skirmish line, where they had been thrown away. The 
amount of frozen music temporarily buried that night will 
probably never be known. At this "Camp Smith," by a 
throw of the army dice, the Thirty-Third lost for a while the 
namesake of the camp, as brigade commander, and drew 
instead, General Barlow. The members of the regiment had 
grown so fond of Colonel Smith that they did not rejoice much 
at their luck ; and night after night, in derision, there floated on 
the evening air, from unknown voices in the camp, the melo- 
dious refrain "Billy Barlow," from the old song. All of 
Avhich he heard and doubtless enjoyed. The regiment did not 
know him. No cooler or braver man ever drew a sword. 

General Howard w^as assigned by the President to the com- 
mand of the Corps, in place of Sigel. All this time the 
Thirty-Third had done no fighting. It was seasoning against 
the time it should be needed for it. 



CHAPTER II. 



THE BATTLES OF CHANCELLOESVILLE AND BEVERLY FORD. 

The Army of the Potomac stragetically "at the bottom of a well." Hooker success- 
fully gets it out and across the Kappahanuock. First day's meeting of the two 
armies, May 1, near Chaiicellorsville. Jackson's attack Saturday, the 2d, on the 
Eleventh Corps, its situation and conduct. Sunday's battles at Chancellorsville 
and Fredericksburg. Back as we were. Reviews by the President and General 
Hooker. A Secret March. The Cavalry Battle at Beverly Ford, June 9. The 
June March into Pennsylvania. 

Just as the trailing arbutus was in blossom in the woods, 
orders came to be ready to march with eight days' rations. 
With the knapsack and the cartridge-box full, it turned every 
man into a ])aggage wagon. These rations had time to get 
stale and had to I)e replenished before the march was under- 
taken. Heavy rains caused the delay. Finally the march was 
begun which ended at Chancellorsville. The position of the 
Army of the Potomac at Falmouth, with the enemy in Fred- 
ericksburg holding the opposite banks of the Kappahanuock, 
which were high and had been fortiiied, for miles up and down, 
was, in the opinion of General Hooker, as stated in his testi- 
mony before "the Committee on the Conduct of the War," see 
its Report on the "Army of the Potomac," beginning at p. Ill, 
veiy much like being "at the bottom of a well'' with the ene- 
my holding the top. He determined to extricate it and assume 
the offensive. The Cavalry Corps under Major-General Stone- 
man was sent off, except one brigade, to cut the enemy's com- 
munications to the rear, destroy bridges, tear up railroads, etc. 
Then, after they had a good start, according to his well devised 
plan, the Eleventh Corps, under Major-General Howard ; 



22 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY'. 

Twelfth, under Major-Gencml Slocum ; unci then the Fifth, un- 
der Major-General Meade, were ordered to march as secretly 
as possible up the river, cross it above its junction with the 
Rapidan at Kelly's ford, then the latter river at Germanna and 
Ely's ford, while the Second Corps, under Major-General 
Couch, was to move to Banks and U. S. fords, this side of 
the junction of the rivers. The sevei-al corps were to uncover 
the fords, one after the other, marching down so as to strike 
any attacking force in flank. Before the movement was de- 
veloped, the Sixth Corps, Major-General Sedgwick, and First 
Corps, Major-General Reynolds, were ordered to cross the 
river below Fredericksburg, with the Third Corps, Major- 
General Sickles, in support, and demonstrate as if to renew 
the battle of December before. 

The Thirty-Third marched with its corps, the Eleventh, 
which at first had the lead, bivouacked at Hart wood Church, 
then by Kelly's ford and Germanna ford. It was hot march- 
in o- and the baggage was heavy, for overcoats and blankets 
bef^an, very early, to load the roadsides. Between the rivers 
the enemy made himself felt, for he tossed a few shells into 
the regiment while it was rear guard, and a fast friend of the 
regiment. Dr. Lawrence, of Lowell, who came down to do a 
o-ood turn for the Lowell men and others, and see what army 
life was like, had the new sensation of being under fire, and 
narrated for a long time around the fire-side at home, the nar- 
row escapes of everybody in the regiment, from the Colonel 
conmianding down. The regiment met the troops of the other 
corps on the roads : saw the star badge of the Twelfth, and 
the Maltese cross of the Fifth. The enemy at the fords, one 
or two brigades, were completely taken by surprise, and made 
very little trouble. The Second Massachusetts and Third Wis- 
consin, (the twin regiments, always together), had a skirmish, 
captured a hundred or two prisoners, across the Rapidan, and 
made them ford it to see if it was fordable. The Thirty-Third 



FIRST day's meeting OF THE ARMIES. 23 

with the rest struck the plank road, and arrived near Chancel- 
lorsville. The whole movement, ineluding that of the left Avinir, 
had been as skillfully executed as it had been phiimed. The 
strategical operations of Hooker before this battle, will always 
redound to his praise, as a strategist, as did the famous move- 
ment on Ulm, — not unlike this movement in some respects, — 
to the gloiT of Napoleon. Hooker announced the success thus 
far, justly enough, "with heartfelt satisfaction," in a general 
order, which was, perhaps, a little over-confident — in which, 
beside other matters of congratulation, he said, "The opera- 
tions of the Fifth, Eleventh and Twelfth Coi'ps have been a 
succession of splendid achievemerits." General Hooker had 
got out of his well handsomely, and everything gave promise 
of his getting Lee into one. The Second Corps came up from 
U. S. ford, and likewise the Third, ordered from the left wing, 
April 30th. and that night General Hooker's head-quarters 
were at Chancellorsville. 

May 1st, about noon, the Thirty-Third moved with its 
Corps down the plank road into the thick woods, two or three 
miles towards Fredericksburg, following the Twelfth Corps, 
but had no adventures. Hooker had ordered the army to 
move in three columns down in that direction, hoping to take 
the en-emy, who were now marching up from Fredericksburg, 
by surprise. But Major-General Buttertield, his chief of staff, 
telegraphed from Falmouth that they were moving up in great 
force. They were met, engaged for a while^ sharply, and found 
prepared, and Hooker says, in his testimony in the Report of 
the Committee, referred to, "As the passage-way through the 
forest was narrow, I Avas satisfied that I could not throw troops 
through it fast enough to resist the advance of General Lee, 
and was apprehensive of being Avhipped in detail." Major- 
Generals Hancock and Humphreys give their opinion before 
the Committee, that Hooker made a mistake in countermand- 
ing the order for attack at that time. Major-General Warren 



24 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

testifies before the Committee, that he thought the battle should 
have been fought by attacking Lee in that direction. Here 
Hooker experienced his first difficulty in the hideous nature of 
the country into which he had brought his army to fight a battle. 
The whole country, for miles around, is appropriately desig- 
nated "the Wilderness," and only about four miles beyond 
Hooker's head-quarters in this battle, General Grant fought his 
battle, a year, almost to a day, later. For the most part it is 
the primeval forest, undisturbed by civilization. Here and there 
some clearings along the few roads. All the rest, as General 
Warren, then chief of engineers on Hooker's staft', describes 
it, in his testimony before the Committee — beginning Report, 
p. 43, — "Very dense woods, not very large trees, but very 
difficult to get through,' mainly of scrubby oak, what they call 
'black jack' there ; so that a man could hardly ride through it, 
and a man could not march through it very well with a musket 
in his hand, unless he trailed it. * * No one can conceive a 
more unfavorable field for the movements of a grand army." 
"I do not think General Hooker had examined the ground him- 
self." General Hooker himself testifies : "I could not find out 
anything about that country, except I knew that it was called 
the Wilderness. I could not find out anything about roads 
there, * * even the people who lived there could not tell 
me where roads were to be found. Much of that region * * 
is impenetrable, even to infantry. " 

The several Corps fell back from this advance. May 1, into 
positions about Avhere they halted and bivouacked the night 
before. Two roads, a turnpike and plank road, come up from 
Frederickslmrg, join near the Chancellor House, about three 
miles from the river, where there is ;i large clearing, form one 
road for about two miles west to just beyond DowdaU's tavern, 
otherwise called Melzi Chancellor's, where there is also a clear- 
ing ; there the two roads again separate, the pike continuing on 
westerly, while the plank road runs oft' more southerly, to 



THE POSITION OF THE ELEVENTH AND OTHER CORPS. 20 

Orange C. H. The reader can easily make a plan of the line of 
battle assumed by Hooker, by drawing a straight line, to rep- 
resent a road running east and west, and making forks at either 
end, where are clearings ; on the road near the western fork, 
Dowdall's tavern ; near the eastern fork, the Chancellor House. 
Fill up the rest with woods, except a clearing a half mile to 
the south of the road. The right of the line was at the west- 
ern fork, where was placed the Eleventh Corps, its right be- 
ginning on the pike, the northerly branch, or tine of the 
fork ; then running along the pike to where the branrhes meet 
and onto the one road, was the line of this corps. Then along 
the plank road, just south of it, to cover it, was the Twelfth 
Corps ; then the Second Corps to the eastern fork, where the 
line was swung back almost by a right-tuigle to the river, part 
ofthe Second Corps following this line, then the Fifth Corps 
to the river, i'he Thiixl Corps was in reserve at the Chancellor 
House. The left of the line rested on the i-iver, was along 
rocky i-avines and was very strong. The right, held by the 
Eleventh Corps, "was "in air," as it is called, with no natural 
or artificial defences near it, and no troops between it and the 
river, from three to four miles distant. 

That afternoon, Friday, May 1, according to the testimony 
of General Birney, commanding 1st division. Third Corps, be- 
fore the Committee referred to, beginning Report, p. 33, by 
order of General Hooker, through General Sickles, he sent 
Graham's brigade and a battery to Dowdall's tavern "to 
strengthen the Eleventh Corps," "General Howard," as he 
says, "met General Graham and seemed surprised that he had 
been sent there ; stated that his position was very strong, and 
the Eleventh Corps fully able to hold it. He told him to halt 
and not take position until he, (Major-General Howard), 
could advise Major-General Hooker of the situation of affairs. 
* * Soon after, I received an order countermanding the 
previous one, and Graham, with brigade and battery, rejoined 



26 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

the division tit Chaucellorsville House * * at night I massed 
my division on the extreme right of the Twelfth Corps," (there 
had been an artillery attack, and the order was from Hooker — 
says Sickles), "and at the request of Brigadier-Generals Wil- 
liams and Knipe, relieved three of their regiments that were 
in front line. Major-General Howard consented, early Satur- 
day morning, to give me the position in line occupied by his 
left regiments, so that I occupied almost a brigade front be- 
tween the Twelfth and Eleventh Corps." General Warren says, 
"There was a great deal of discussion that night about what was 
best to be done. General Hooker, himself, I think, was de- 
cidedly in favor of receiving the enemy's attack on the ground, 
and for drawing back the line so as to make it stronger, but 
through the assurances of others " — he did not. In his report, 
read before the Committee, Warren says it was the General's 
"design to contract our line and throw back the right to a bet- 
ter position, our left being secure. On the assurance of the 
commander on the right that they were abundantly able to hold 
their position against any force the nature of the ground in 
their front would enable the enemy to bring against them, and 
becj^use they thought to fall back would have some of the de- 
moralizing influence of a retreat, it M'as decided to make no 
change in the line, but to strengthen it Avith breast-works and 
abbatis." Accordingly the troops on the right were occupied 
that night Avith the axe, the spade, and tin-pan, in hastily 
throwing up breast- Avorks. After Avhich they bivouacked in 
position. Towards morning the First Corps was sent for. 

Jackson's ATTACK, Saturday, on the elea^enth corps, 

AND ITS conduct. 

Saturday, A. M., soon after daybreak. General Hooker 
and staflf, accompanied by General Sickles, rode along to the 
extreme right of the line. The AA'hole line sent up cheers and 
hurrahs as they passed. Some of the staff stopped a moment at 



Jackson's attack on the eleventh corps. 27 

the line of the Thirty-Third Massachusetts to speak to friends. 
Brii^adier-General Devens, then commanding 1st division Elev- 
enth Corps, on the extreme right, testifies before the Commit- 
tee — see Report, beginning p. 178 — that General Hooker visi- 
ted his division at that time. His left brigade, McLean's, was 
in line along the turnpike, facing to the front or south, as were 
substantially the two other divisions of the Corps. Of his 
risht brigade, (each division in the Corps had but two), Von 
Gilsa's, one-third was in the same line, the remaining portion 
"thrown back across the turnpike, facing westwardly." — Two 
regiments were in reserve.— r" These dispositions were ordered 
by Major-General Howard, commanding the Corps, and were 
examined by him after they were made." He continues, " Gen- 
eral Hooker, after having carefully examined the line, was in- 
quired of by General Howard if the dispositions w^ere satis- 
factory, and replied that they were." Hooker says, "Having 
pointed out to the Corps commanders, where" I found their 
lines weak, and told them what dispositions to make to render 
them stronger."" 

"About 8 o'clock, Saturday morning," testifies Major-Gen- 
eral'Birney, "I first saw the enemy's column moving continu- 
ously across our front towards the right. It was in plain sight, 
with trains, ambulances, etc. Superior headquarters were im- 
mediately advised of this." At nine o'clock, testifies Sickles, 
— Report of Committee, p. 'A, — and that he received soon 
afterwards other reports "showing it to be a movement in 
considerable force." He conveyed the information to General 
Hooker, and went in person to investigate. General Warren 
says in his report that a few prisoners were taken that morning 
"who reported that they had missed the road, and that they 
were marching towards our right." He testifies also, "We 
caught a view of a portion of the enemy's column passing on 
towards our right." Hooker states that at 9.30, A. M., it had 
Ijeen reported to him "that the enemy had been mtdving a flank 
movement to our right,'" and he sent the following order. 



28 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFAKTRY. 

[Circular.] 

Headquarters Army of the Potomac, i 
Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863—9.30, A. M. > 

Major-General Slocum and Major-General Hoiccad: 

I am directed by tlie Major-General, commanding, to say, tliat the disposi- 
tion you have made of your Corps has been with a view to a front attack by the 
enemy. If lie shouUl tiirow himself upon your flank, he wishes you to examine 
the ground and determint! upon the jjositions you will take in that event, in order 
that you may he prepared for him in whatever direction he advances. He sug- 
gests that you have heavy reserves, well in hand, to meet this contingency. The 
right of your line does not appear to be strong enough. No artificial defences 
worth naming have been thrown up, and there appears to be a scarcity of troops 
at that point, and not, in the General's opinion, as favorably posted as might be. 

We have good reason to sui)pose that the enemy is moving to our rigiit. 

Please advance your pickets, for purposes of observation, as far as may be 
safe, in order to obtain timely information of their approach. 

James H. Van Allen, 

Brigadier-General and Aide-de-camp. 

About a mile and a half due south from the Chancellor 
House, upon a hill, was an opening in the woods running quite 
a stretch nearly in the line of vision southerly, a little west of 
south. That opening was a road over the hill. As early as 
nine o'clock, that morning, a column of moving troops was dis- 
tinctly seen by the officei's and men of the Thirty-Third Mass., 
and soon after, or probably as soon as attention was called to 
it, by all the troops on the right who were near any opening, 
of which there were but few. The writer remembers distinctly 
seeing it, and watching it from time to time for hours. Gen- 
eral attention was called to it. From the direction the column 
took — for it was marching away from our line — it certainly had 
the appearance of retreating. And that was the current opin- 
ion of the troops about the Thirty-Third. As the plank road 
beyond Dowdall's curved around southwesterly towards 
Orange C. H., the road followed by the column seemed 
apparently to lead into that. 

General Devens says in his testimony, "At about ten or 
eleven o'clock, on Saturday morning, a large force was 



JACKSON'S COLUMN SEEN ON THE MARCH. 29 

observed coinins: across our front and towards our risfht. When 
observed by me it was on quite high ground, and apparently 
opposite Chancellorsville. * * It was evident either that the 
enemy were endeavoring to retreat towards Gordonsville, or 
were moving so as to turn our right flank, as it was clearly 
a movement in force." He immediately reported it, he says, 
to General Howard, who replied "That he had already ob- 
served it, and that it was observed at the general headquarters 
at Chancellorsville." After this movement of the enemy Avas 
observed and generally known, and after the circular of Gen- 
eral Hooker, referred to, was issued, General Devens does not 
indicate that any new orders were received from the Corps com- 
mander, and the only change made in the disposition of his 
men, -was in having his skirmish line along his front "pushed 
out beyond the main line to the distance of from half to three- 
quarters of a mile," which "was smartly attajcked hy the ene- 
my's skirmishers * * several times within the next few hours," 
once when General Howard visited him, and in General Devens' 
opinion these attacks were intended to feel our line, and "were 
most strong indications of an intention to move upon this por- 
tion of the line." Some changes were made durins: the fore- 
noon in the disposition of the troops of Brigadier-General Yon 
.Steinwehr, comniaiulinir 2d division. On the rather hiah 
ground at Dowdall's some breast-works were thrown up in a 
direction perpendicular to the general line ; one or two regi- 
ments of Colonel Buschbeck's brigade were put in them, — thus 
fronting on the right flank ; and Brigadier-General Barlow's 
brigade, to which the Thirty-Third belonged, was in reserve and 
was formed in columns of battalions in mass, fronting in the 
same direction. It does not appear whether Major-General 
Shurz, commanding the 3d division — in line between the 1st 
and 2d divisions — made any changes in the disposition of his 
men. 

The result of General Sickles' personal investigation of the 



30 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

movement of the enemy was, in his own words, "I satisfied 
myself that it was a m(jvement in great force. The direction 
which the enemy's columns took, judging from what informa- 
tion we had of the country, and from maps we had, was sus- 
ceptible of two interpretations. It wiia, perhaps, a movement 
in retreat ; for they had a large train with them, a great many 
wagons, and all arms, except cavalry, M'ere in large force. I 
pushed a battery forward, with a sufficient support, and shelled 
this column of the enemy * * moving a mile or a mile and a 
half from the position of the battery. * * I forced the column 
to abandon the road which they were taking, and, seeing no 
further movement of the enemy's troops, we supposed for a 
time that they had, perhaps, abandoned the operation, if it 
was a movement of a cohmm for the purpose of attack, or if 
it was a movement for retreat, that they had taken a more 
available route. A reconnoisance was then pushed out, which 
resulted in ascertaining that the movement of the enemy still 
contmued. Upon reporting these facts to General Hooker, he 
directed me to strengthen the reconnoisance, and to ascertain 
all I could of the strength of the enemy's column, and the di- 
rection in which it was moving, which was done. I reported 
to the General, that if he would allow me to advance the 
whole of Birney's division, and support it with another divis- 
ion of infantry, I thought I would be able to get possession of 
the road upon which the enemy Avas moving, at all events ; if 
it was a retreat, cut them off; and if it was a demonstration on 
our right flank, which was the other interpretation, it would 
prevent any more force being sent in that direction, and, in 
effect, divide Lee's army. The General authorized me to do 
so, enjoining upon me, however, great caution, lest I should 
find myself overwhelmed by a force Avith which I might be un- 
able to compete. General Birney's division was immediately 
advanced a mile and a half; it took some time to do it, be- 
cause he had to push his division across two or three marshes 



SICKLES MOVES OUT AFTER JACKSON, 31 

and streams that could not be forded, and he had to make 
bridges for them." 

General Birney fixes the time. He testifies, "At about 1 
o'clock, on Saturday, General Sickles ordered me to attack 
the passing column with my division, and that my flanks would 
be protected. Whipple's division, of the Third Corps, and a di- 
vision from the Twelfth Corps, were ordered to cover my left, 
and Barlow's Brigade, from Eleventh Corps, my right flank." 
Sickles says of Birney, "With great enei'gy and activity he cut 
his way through," (the "Wilderness" here)" and got possession 
of the road. From prisoners, of which we took a large number, 
we ascertained that the column of the enemy consisted of Stone- 
wall Jackson's Corps, with the addition of other troops, mak- 
ing a force which was estimated by the prisoners that we took 
at some forty thousand men. I reported the result of this 
operation to General Hooker, or despatched the report to him ; 
and General Pleasonton's cavalry was sent to me, by my re- 
quest, for the purpose of co-operatiug in a flank attack on 
Jackson, which I asked permission to make. I also requested 
that the 3d division of my corps should be sent to me, in 
order that I should have my full command available for that 
purpose. We were continually taking prisoners, and every- 
thing seemed to indicate the most brilb'ant success as certain 
to follow from throwing this force upon Jackson's rear and 
flank. I was holding General Pleasonton's cavalry in hand, 
desiring lo make the attack with my infantry first. I had ad- 
vanced my 2d division to support the 1st; and General 
Hooker had sent directions to General Howard on my right, 
and General Slocum on my left, to support my movement. 
General Slocum sent General Williamson's brigade," (Williams' 
division) "to report to me for that purpose, and General 
Howard sent Barlow's brigade. They were in position, and I 
was about to open my attack in full force — had got all ready 
for that purpose," — when something happened to change his 
mind. 



32 THE THIHTY-THIED MASSSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Geiienil Hooker in his testimony, after quoting his Circu- 
lar of 9.30 a. m. to Generals Sloeum and Howard, and telling 
his directions to them, says, "As a still further precaution, I 
directed two divisions of the Third Corps to follow up the move- 
ment," (of the enemy). "This order was promptly executed, 
but the two divisions did not reach the line of the enemy's 
flank movement until after the main colunm had passed, (still 
in season to capture nearly a regiment of its rear guard), and 
they were ordered to follow up the enemy's colunm that had 
passed off to our right. I learned from the prisoners that this 
column was Jackson's Corps, numbering about 25,000 men. 
His route had been over a ]>y-road through the forest, diago- 
nally across my front and approaching within two or three 
miles of the right of the Twenty-First Corps." 

Major-General Pleasonton testifies — see Report C. C. W., 
p. 26. "About 4 o'clock, I think, General Hooker sent for 
me and said that the enem}^ were moving off in the direction 
of Gordonsville ; that General Sickles had moved out with his 
corps on the plank road and had taken the road to the south 
of them, and that he wished me to take what force I had, and, 
as soon as I could get through, follow them up, and do them 
all the damage possible. I asked him if I was under General 
Sickles' orders ; * * he said no : you will find Sickles, 
however, a very pleasant, agreeable man ; you will have no 
diflaculty with him, and I Avant an ofiicer of experience in that 
part of the field." He says he found Sickles, and "his corps 
* * was probably a mile in front, and there Avas pretty 
sharp skirmishing." 

General Warren testifies, "We caught a view of a portion 
of the enemy's column passing on towards our right, and 
General Sickles went out with two of his divisions and what 
cavalry we had, under General Pleasonton, for the purpose of 
harrassing it. * * At that hour of the day there was a 
general feeling in the army that Lee's army was running away." 



THE ENEMY SUPPOSED TO BE RETREATING. 33 

The testimony given before "the Joint Committee, on the 
Conduct of the War," of Congress relating to this battle, is 
contained in its "Report on the Army of the Potomac," 
published in 1865, in one vol., to which the reader is 
referred, whenever it is cited. Maj.-Gen. Hancock testifies ; 
"It was supposed that that command of the enemy was 
retreating to Orange C. H. With that belief, Gen. Hooker 
ordered Gen. Sickles in pursuit." Hooker and others testify 
that he sent a despatch dated 4.10 p. m.. May 2, to Gen. 
Sedgwick, saying: "We know the enemy is flying, trying 
to save his trains ; two of Sickles divisions are among them." 
Hooker testifies about it : "It Avas based on a report sent in 
from Gen. Sickles that the enemy was flying at the time that 
he was sent out to follow up Jackson's column. At the time 
this news was received by me, I was of the impression that 
the general was mistaken ; but, nevertheless, felt that no 
harm could come from its transmission to Gen. Sedgwick." 
Col. Thomson, aid to Gen. Pleasonton, quoted by Gen. 
DePeyster, in his review of the battle, says. Sickles told 
Pleasonton that afternoon that the enemy were retreating. 
The report from the Second Mass., of the Twelfth Corps, 
published in Mass. Adj. -Gen. 's Report, 18(53, says: "The 
division was ordered out towards the front to capture a wagon 
train, the enemy being reported in full retreat." 

Meanwhile on the right, as stated by JNIajor Freuauff, 
acting ass't. insp.-gen., on the staff of Gen. Devens, in a 
letter published in Moore's Rebellion Record, vol. 6. "The 
thirty-five men of cavalry, allowed for the protection of the 
extreme right of the Avhole Army of the Potomac had here- 
tofore not been able to discover" any rebels in force there. 
He explains the formation of that part of V. Gilsa's brigade, 
the extreme right of the Corps, which was "thrown back 
across the turnpike, facing westwardly," (according to Devens' 
testimony.) The Fifty-Fourth N. Y. and One Hundred and 



34 THE THIRTY-THIKD :^[ASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Fifty-Third Penn. were in this ijositiou, "more as a close 
line of skirmishers, than a regular line of battle, being ordered 
to stand three feet apart." The}' remained in this formation. 
Capt. J. C. Hall, of the Fifty-Fifth Mass., who was a sergeant 
at this time in the Seventy-Fifth O., in ^McLean's brigade, in 
a letter to the writer, sa^^s that he was informed positivel}' by 
the lieut.-col. and major of his regiment, one of whom suc- 
ceeded the other as division officer of the day, that "there was 
no picket stationed north of the turnpike road, along which 
our line of battle extended." General Howard had, 
however, stationed two companies of infantry where the 
Ely's Ford road crosses Hunting creek in the rear. Capt. 
Hall says; "One company of Col. Lee's regiment," (Fifty- 
Fifth O., in same In-igade), ''was on the picket line. * * 
Col. Lee received three messengers between two and four 
()"cloe-k, p. M." (from this company). "They reported 
that a heavy force of both infantry and artillery was moving 
to our right. * * On receiving the messenger the second 
and third time. Gen. McLean, Colonel Lee and messenger, 
Avent to Gen. Devens, Avho examined the messenger, and 
then sent a staff officer to Corps headquarters. Gen. 
Devens doubted the correctness of the information thus 
furnished, and told Col. Lee that he had received no 
notice of it from Corps headquarters. Col. Lee was 
I)ersistent in the opinion that the information Avas thorougjily 
reliable," and was replied to by Gen. Devens to the effect 
that he Avas too much alarmed about it. Hall states that he 
received this information from Col. Lee himself. DcA^ens soon 
became convinced as he testifies as folio aa's : "About tAvo or 
three in the afternoon, two soldiers AA'ho had been sent out to 
obserA'e the enemy's lines, as spies, from one of the other com- 
mands, came in and reported that the enemy were massing 
heavily on our right. As this information was of importance, 
and fully confirmed my OAvn strong opinion of the intention 



INFORMATION FROM THE SCOUTS. 35 

indicated by the movements of the enemy, I sent these men at 
once to the headquarters of Gen. Howard, with direction 
to the officer in charge to see that they went at once, after 
communicating with Gen. Howard, to the headquarters 
of Gen. Hooker. Whether this information reached 
Gen. Hooker I cannot say, but have been informed by 
Gen. Howard that all information sent by me was commu- 
nicated to the general headquarters. Xo direction having 
been received by me to make any change, my troops remained 
in substantially the position heretofore stated." The- distance 
to Howard's headquarters was much less than a mile, and to 
Hooker's, down the Plank road, less than three. Brig. 
Gen. Schimmelfennig, commanding 1st brigade, 3d divi- 
sion, says in a letter published in Moore's Reb. Record, 
\o\. ('). ''The only recoinioisances undertaken were made 
l>y my brigade, and the hostile movements were reported by 
me full two hours l)efore the opening of the engagement." 
Scouts and patrojs, on dilfereut roads, it is known, frequently 
reported that afternoon to HoAvard that the enemy was 
moving across the Plank road towards Culpepper, which was 
not in the direction of Orange C. H., or Gordonsville, but 
our right and rear. Schurz, it is said, recommended to 
Howard contracting the line and forming the Corps on the 
right flank, at right angles with the Plank road. The 
suggestion Avas not adopted. After information was brought 
in by one of the reconnoisances of Schimmelfennig that they 
heard noises indicating a large body of rebels, Schurz placed 
tAvo of his regiments in line in this direction, quite in his 
rear and made other dispositions. After all this information 
came in from the outposts, Barlow-'s brigade was sent tAvo 
and a half miles away to Sickles. "Weir," of Howard's staff, 
in the "Portland Daily Press" account styles it "the best of 
his Corps, consisting partly of Ohio and Mass. troops, 
under a most brave and thorough officer." In it the Seventy- 



36 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Third Ohio, Thirty-Third Mass., One Hundred and 
Thirty-Fourth, and One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth N. 
y. Yon Steinwehr states in his report of the battle to 
the Adjt.-Gen. of Eleventh Corps, published in Moore's 
Reb. Rec, vol. 6. "About four o'clock p.m., on the second 
instant, you ordered me to send the second brigade. Gen. 
F. Barlow commanding, to support the right wing of Gen. 
Sickles' Corps, then engaged Avith the enemy. The 
brigade immediately started, and, accompanied by yourself 
and myself, reached the right wing of Gen. Birney's division 
(of Gen. Sickles' Corps), in about an hour's time. We found 
Gen. Birney's sharp shooters skirmishing with the enemy ; 
and as no enoao-ement was imminent I returned to the first 
brigade, near Dowdall's." 

Before it started, the men of the Thirty-Third, and 
doubtless those of the other regiments in Barlow's brigade, 
were ordered to leave behind their knapsacks. Two compa- 
nies of the Thirty-Third, D and H, under Lieut. -Col. 
Rider, were left behind, being out on picket somewhere in 
the wilderness. The march of the brigade was through 
the clearing, then through an undergrowth by a stream, 
striking into a road through the forest. The march was by 
route-step in no particular hurry. Howard accompanied the 
brigade ; rode a part of the way by the side of the colonel 
of the Thirty-Third, and talked with him. After marching 
a mile or more, and arriving at some buildings in a clearing, 
a halt was made, the men were allowed to rest, and Howard 
spent a few minutes there in conversation. At tliat time the 
Twenty-Third Georgia regiment, which had been captured by 
Sickles' command, passed the Thirty-Third. Birney's division 
was seen, at first, in line to the left. After a while Howard 
left and the brigade pushed on over the Furnace road, or some 
other, in support of Birney, from whom it soon got separated. 
It pushed on for miles into the woods and into the night, to 



ELEVENTH CORPS STACKS ARMS AND AMUSES ITSELF. 37 

find liiin, and did not find him, or anybody in particular. In 
fact it got lost. 

After the brigade left its position at Dowdall's tavern, no 
other changes apparently were made in the disposition of 
the remaining regiments of the Eleventh Corps, which were 
still in line to cover a front attack. Lieut. -Col. Salomon, 
commanding Eighty-Second Illinois regiment, Schimmel- 
fennig's brigade, in his report, published in Moore's Reb. 
Rec, vol. (), says: "Between five and six o'clock p. m., 
the colonel received the order that his men should make 
themselves comfortable." Hooker, speaking of the Eleventh 
Corps at this time, says in his testimony, ''Their arms were 
stacked, and the men were away from them, and scattered 
about for the purpose of cooking their suppers, and for other 
purposes. No disposition had been made to receive an attack, 
and there were no pickets on the alert to advise of the 
approach of an enemy." John Esten Cooke, in his Life of 
sStone wall Jackson, and Major Leigh, who was on the staff 
of A. P. Hill, in a letter published in the "Southern Historical 
Society Papers," both state, as a fact, that the men of the 
Eleventh Corps, at the time they were attacked, were 
cooking their suppers. 

Caj)t. Hall in his letter says of McLean's brigade : 
"About 4.30 p. 31., of the 2d, the troops stacked arms, and 
proceeded to get supper. The bands were on the line, 
playing their most lively airs. The road was full of good 
natured, jovial, and happy soldiers, freed for the time being 
from the mental and physical strain of the past live or six 
davs. The word had been passed amoni>' them that all dana'er 
of an attack that day had passed. They, as well as their 
general officers, were profoundly ignorant of the storm so 
soon to burst upon them." 

Meanwhile, Jackson had the entire day, from six o'clock, 
A. M., according to rebel accounts, until tive, p. m. to march. 



38 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

substantially undisturbecl, his three divisions deliberately 
along our front, by the Furnace road, over the hill in plain 
view to the south, and then instead of retreating to Orange 
C. H. to march by the Brook or Brock road, north-west, 
across the plank road to the turnpike, and selecting a favor- 
able position, form his formidable column for attack. 
Substantially undisturbed, for Gen. Lee in his report tells 
how little Jackson ^vas delayed by Sickles. The reports 
of the rebel commanders on this battle are published in 
vol. 10, Moore's Reb. Rec. Lee says: ''As the rear of 
the train was passing the furnace, a large force of the enemy 
advanced from Chancellorsville and attempted its capture." 
The Twenty-Third Georgia had been left to guard the flank. 
A passing battery was put in position, two companies 
supported it. "The enemy was kept back by this small 
force until the train had passed, but his superior numbers" (a 
Corps) ! "enabled him subsequently to surround and capture 
the greater part of the Twenty-Third Georgia. Gen. 
Anderson," (not of Jackson's column), "was directed to 
send a brigade to resist the further progress of the column, 
and detached Gen. Posey for that purpose. Gen. Posey 
became warmly engaged w^ith a superior force, but being 
reinforced by Gen. Wright, the enemy's advance was 
arrested." According to Brig. -Gen. Archer, when the 
train was attacked, his brigade and Thomas', of Jackson's 
column, Avere sent back ; found the enemy already repulsed 
by the small force referred to, then resumed their march. 

"On reaching the plank road again," says Brig. -Gen. 
Rodes, in his report, "about two miles north-west of 
Chancellorsville, our cavalry was found skirmishing with that 
of the enemy, and a delay was caused by an endeavor on our 
part to entrap them," the poor little thirty-five ! The enemy's 
cavalry, being Brig. -Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's brigade, under Gen. 
Stuart in person. Cooke says this movement of Jackson 



Howard's right-rear as seen by jackson. 39 

had been "completely masked by the cavaliy, Avhich attacked 
and drove off the leconnoitering parties of the enemy — 
its destination undreamed of by the Federal army, now 
engrossed by Lee's attack in front." 

Fitzhugh Lee, in an address recently delivered, (in Octo- 
ber, 1879), published in "Southern Historical Society papers," 
furnishes us with Avhat may be appropriately called a remark- 
able piece of testimony as to the preparation of the Eleventh 
Corps for the impending attack, confirming the testimony of 
Hall and others. Pie says: "I made a personal reconnois- 
sance to locate the Federal riglit for Jackson's attack. With 
one staff officer, I rode across and beyond the Plank road, in 
the direction of the old turnpike, pursuing a path through the 
woods, momentaril}^ expecting to find evidence of the enemy's 
presence. Seeing a wooded hill in the distance, I determined, 
if possible, to get upon its top, as it promised a view of the 
adjacent country. Cautiously I ascended its side, reaching 
the open spot upon its summit, without molestation. What 
a sight presented itself before me ! Below, and but a /ew; 
hundred yards distant ran the Federal line of battle. I was 
in rear of Howard's right. There were tlie line of defence 
with abatis in front and long lines of stacked arms 
in rear. Two cannon were visible in the part of the 
line seen. The soldiers were in groups in the rear, laughing, 
chatting, smoking, probably engaged, here and there, in 
games of cards and other amusements indulged in while 
feeling safe and comfortable, awaiting orders. In i^ear of 
them were other parties driving up and butchering beeves. 
The remembrance of the scene is as clear as it Avas sixteen 
years ago. So impressed was I with my discovery, that I 
rode rapidly back to the point on the Plank road where I had 
left my cavalry, and back down the road the cavalry was 
moving, until I met 'Stonewall,' himself." (The italics are the 
author's). He told him if he would come with him, he would 



40 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

show him the enemy's right, and the advantage of attacking 
from the turnpike, instead of the Phink road, the "enemy's 
lines being taken in reverse." Jackson saw the sight. "His 
expression was one of intense interest, his face * * radiant 
at the success of his flank movement, * * his hps were 
moving * * praying in full view and in roar" of our flank. 
It was then, he says, only about 2 p. !M. At 5 p. m. he would 
have seen the same sight. Jackson ordered his column to 
cross to the turnpike. Jackson concentrated his forces not far 
from Devens' right, about half a mile or less, according to rebel 
accounts, promptly formed his three divisions, Early's being 
left at Fredericksburg, into a column of attack, in a line diag- 
onally across the turnpike. In front, D. H. Hill's division, 
commanded by Bi'ig.-Gen. Rodes — four brigades in line of 
battle — one in line in the rear — in all, twenty-two regiments. 
One or two hundred yards in rear of Rodes' division, was 
Trimlile's, commanded by Brig. Gen. Colston — three brigades 
in line of battle, fifteen regiments, nearly all on the left of 
the turnpike. In a third line, Maj.-Gen. A. P. Hill's division, 
four brigades, eighteen regiments, mostly in line, partly 
moving by the flank. Covering both flanks of Jackson, was 
Lee's brigade of cavalry and horse artillery, in all, twenty-two 
thousand five hundred infantry, according to rebel 
reports, besides Archer's and Thomas' brigades of about four 
thousand men, on the march to join the rest, and F. Lee's 
fifteen hundred cavalry, the number he states. The Eleventh 
corps consisted of not over eleven thousand men, and Barlow's 
brigade, about fifteen hundred men, being beyond reach, 
ninety-five hundred men, all told, were here and there along 
the thin line endeavoring to "make themselves comfortable" — 
in happy unconsciousness of the impending avalanche, and 
rejoicing over the enemy's reported retreat. Cooke saj-s : 
"Jackson had moved so skilfully and silently that up to the 
moment of attack, the enemy did not so much as suspect his 
presence." 



JACKSON HURLS AN AVALANCHE INTO THE REAR. 41 

At 5 1-4 o'clock, Jjicksoii gave the order. At 5 1-2, a 
rebel gun threw a shell, and the column started. The startled 
deer and rabbits fled before it, some into the federal lines. 
The line of twenty-two regiments pushed rapidly forward, 
fired volleys, then made a rush, closely followed by those in 
the rear, and by the batteries, with a rebel yell from the 
whole, that reverberated thro' the woods, and doubtless it 
sounded and seemed to the amazed Eleventh Corps as if the 
infernal hosts were coming up out of the bowels of the earth. 
Capt. Hall continues his account : "I was just before 6 o'clock, 
v. M., in the act of dipping my tin cup into a spring, about 
fifty feet from where our guns were stacked, (the 75th O.) 
and just in the rear of Von Gilsa's two deflected regiments, 
when I was astounded by the bursting of a shell, as it struck 
a tree standing almost on the edge of the spring. I am con- 
fldent that that was the very p'rst learning that we had. I 
was near enough (but a few feet ofl") to our extreme right, 
to have heard tjie discharge of a musket, had there been any 
discharired. Nor did I hear anv command or other note of 
w^arninof. The shell came from a gun stationed on the old 
turnpike, close up to our flank, so near, in fact, that the 
roar of the gun and the l)ursting of the shell seemed simulta- 
neous, as was also the rebel yell, as Jackson's force burst 
upon us, and the attack coming from the flank and rear, as it 
did, was the most complete surprise I ever experienced. 
Von Gilsa's brigade was crushed before it could hardly raise a 
hand. The enemy was into and over the two deflected regi- 
ments before a large part of this portion of our line could 
unstach their muskets.'' The Ohio Adjt.-Gen.'s history of the 
regiments in McLean's brigade states that the flrst thing heard 
was artillery and then volleys and yells — that one of the 
two right regiments left 350 guns in their stack. Writers on 
the battle have lingered pleasantly over their accounts of the 
"skedaddle" of the Eleventh Corps which ensued. Indeed 



42 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

the situation of that Corps at the time being understood, the 
result from the shock of this rebel tornado can easily be imag- 
ined without description. The accounts say that men ran 
away from their lines, regiments broke, guns and caissons 
started, trains of ambulances and ammunition wagons, pack 
nniles, and beef cattle were stampeded, and the whole mass, 
panic stricken, came tearing down the single road, sweeping 
everything before them, into the large field in front of the 
Chancellor house, which Avas soon tilled, as one writer says, 
with ""battery wagons, ambulances, horses, men, cannons, 
caissons, all jumbled and tumbled together in one inextricable 
mass" — the men "flying as ftist as their legs could carry them." 
Warren testifies: "The first drove of fugitives I saw was 
nothing but these ambulances and pack-mules, enough to run 
any man down who attempted to go in an opposite direction. 
And that, I think, together with the attack of the enemy in 
front shook the line, and they thought everything was going." 
Salomon says in his report, "horses, mules and ambulances of 
the 1st division came running in the greatest confusion and 
disorder from the right, and passed in rear of the regiment." 
Hooker testifies as to this stampede and what he did about it : 
" Fearing that the fugitives would stampede the whole army, I 
directed the cavalry with me, assisted by my staff, to charge 
them, sabre in hand, but no human power could arrest their 
flight. Seeing this, I double-quicked Berry's division of the 
3d Corps" (his old division, in it the First, Eleventh and 
Sixteenth Mass.) "a division that had never failed me, and a 
brigade of the 2d Corps, then near me, both in reserve" (and 
all there was left of his reserve) "to cover the rear of the 
Eleventh Corps." 

To the troops and generals who saw these sights it 
doubtless seemed as if the whole Eleventh Corps had run 
away without firing a shot, or facing the ememy for a minute, 
and as most of the published statements of the conduct of the 



THE FAMOUS SKEDADDLE. 43 

Corps have come from those officers, or Mrmy correspond- 
ents, who saw what happened from this part of the battle- 
field — such, up to this day, has been the generally received 
account of that Corps' conduct. Some of the regiments, and 
some of the artillery of the Corps, were undoubtedly over- 
come with a panic, and stampeded without striking a blow. Of 
how many this is true it cannot now be accurately known, on 
the testimony so far published, and accessible, certainly not 
the majority of the Corps. But it is certain from the testimony, 
that some of the infantry and the artillery of that Corps, in 
their hopeless position that night made a stubborn resistance, 
and did some gallant fighting, that deserved a better chance 
of success, and better mention than it has hitherto received. 
Devens testifies — "The skirmish line resisted the enemy 
with great determination, but as it was forced back, and the 
main line of the enemy came in sight, it was a question of 
time only, how soon he would overcome the resistance ofiered 
by the 1st division. * * Great determination was exhib- 
ited by the officers and most of the men." Freuauff says 
that his regiment, the One Hundred and Fifty-Third 
Penn., which was one of the two in line on the 
right flank, the men ''three feet apart" — after it was 
enveloped on three sides by the enemy, and two other 
regiments had fled, after the first volley, "still stood and 
gave, as a regiment, a parting volley, which rebel prisoners 
report to have fearfully mowed down the ranks of the 
advancing, first Virginia" (Alabama)? "brigade. Then the 
order to retreat was given." Nine regiments were in its 
particular front. "The Seventy-Fifth O.," says Hall, "the 
reserve just in the rear of these two regiments, snatched their 
muskets, changed front, deploying at the same time, and in 
deploying, pushed the right company fairly among the enemy. 
It stood up manfully, fired rapidly, fought bravely. What 
could it do to stay the rush of Jackson's force ? * * The 



44 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Twenty-Fifth O., in reserve, but a short distance away, also 
rapidly changed front and deployed. It, too, fought desper- 
ately. The 2d brigade " (the rest of it, McLean's) " which faced 
south, also endeavored to change front, but Jackon's troops 
were among them, while they were in the act of performing 
this evolution. Our little brigade of only 1500 men, bravely 
stood their ground too long, for Jackson's line was lapping 
both their flunks. * * It fought till it was crushed by the 
mere weight of numbers." Four of the five colonels were 
wounded, one mortally, the fifth had his horse shot under 
him, one lieut. -colonel was killed. The brigade lost 900 
men. A part of the brigade rallied near the intersection of 
the turnpike and Plank road. The Ohio brigade had fought 
hard on many a field. At the second Battle of Bull Run, the 
S(jventy-Fifth O., had ninety bullet holes through its flag. 
Capt. Hall concludes his account by saying: "I have submit- 
ted the statement I send you, to several ofiicers of McLean's 
brigade. They all have told me that it is perfectly accurate." 
The Ohio Adjt.-Gen.'s history says in its account of the 
Twenty-Fifth regiment: "One solid shot was followed by 
the thunder of twenty thousand muskets and the deafening 
roar of artillery. * * The Twenty-Fifth deployed, changed 
front, and moved forward one hundred yards, exposed to a 
merciless fire. * * The Fifty-Fifth and Seventy-Fifth, 
joined the ranks of the Twenty-Fifth and these three regi- 
ments held their position until the broken fragments of the 
1st brigade had passed to their rear, and the enemy had 
enveloped them on three sides, and then they too fell back." 
The rebel Brig.-Gen. Doles whose brigade, of D. H. Hill's 
division was in the front line, says in his report: "The 
brigade moved as rapidly as possible through a very thick 
wood, and skirmishers were immediately engaged by those of 
the enemy. Our forces marching rapidly forward, assisted in 
driving in the enemey's sharp-shooters, when we were sub- 



THE DEFENCE MADE HY DEVENS' DIVISION. 45 

jected to a very heavy musket tire, and grape, caniiister and 
shell. The command was ordered to attack the enemy in 
his intrenched position. * * After a resistance of about 
ten minutes, we drove him from his positions on the left, and 
carried his battery of two guns." This was undoubtedly 
Gen. Devens' position on the extreme right, and the guns 
were his, as he says of his artillery in his testimony, "a 
section (two pieces) was placed upon the turnpike road 
fticing westerly." So then, a fight was made here, by at least 
this section of artillery, the Penn. regiment and the Ohio 
brio-ade, for ten minutes a2:ainst the terrible odds. 

Gen. Howard was unable to arrive on the ground until the 
right was driven iji. Says the Portland "Daily Press" account, 
signed "Weir," one of Gen. Howard's staff, on the author- 
ity of Frank Moore, in whose Reb. Rec. it was published, 
vol. 6. "Gen Howard conducted the brigade" (Barlow's) 
"to its position in person, taking some prisoners on the way. 
Gen, Howard galloped back to his head-quarters with the 
greatest speed, and it was fortunate that he made no delay, 
for within five minutes after his return, a couple of shots 
from two of our ritled cannon h)cated on the right, upon the 
old turnpike, aimounced the enemy in that vicinity. Soon a 
terrific storm of musketry confirmed the belief that the rebels 
had attacked our right flank. The General and staff were in 
tlic saddle and galloping to the point of attack without a 
moments delay ; liut liefore the (xeneral got there the right 
brigade * * had given away and was pouring back in 
utter rout. As he went along. Gen. Howard changed the 
direction of a brigade, so that it would face the enemy coming 
from the right. He also sent directions to the artillery, 
which now opened a most destructive fire upon the impet- 
uous foe. Bat now he found it necessary to use every effort, 
both in person and by employing the staff officers to rallj^ 
the broken regiments. * * The overwhelmino- charsfe of 



46 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

the rebels, accompanied by their triumphant yells, the 
rushing back of the routed troops, all so sudden and bewil- 
dering, seemed to turn the heads of many of the officers as 
well as men." Gen. Devens says of the defence made by 
his division : "The fact that out of this division of less than 
4,000 men l,(iOO by name are included in the list of killed, 
wounded and missing, (nearly every regimental, brigade, and 
division, commander being on the list) shows that the utmost 
was done by it to prevent the disaster which threatened the 
army." Of his own gallant efforts to this end. Gen. Howard 
wrote in a letter to him — "More than an hour after the 
attack I saw you still rallying men ; forming lines to resist 
the enemy's attack, though suffering from a severe and pain- 
ful wound received early in the action." While this attack 
had fallen upon the regiments of Devens' division without 
the slightest warning to them, it is proper to say that a com- 
petent authority states that there was a picket line around the 
rio-ht flank, and that besides a small body of cavalry, the 
thirty-five probably, a full company, reporting to Devens 
after three or four o'clock, w\as sent out by him in that direc- 
tion, but they all failed to find any rebels there except 
cavalry, which was undoubtedly the screen to Jackson's 
movement. After the division fell back, one of McLean's 
regiments, the Seventeenth Conn, w^as rallied under its major, 
Brady the colonel being wounded and lieut.-col. killed, and 
bravely fought for a while in Schurz's line. 

Schurz was at the headquarters of Howard Avhen the attack 
commenced. He mounted and rode to his division. As the 
enemy's line of battle was coming on diagonally across that 
of the main pa?t of the Eleventh Corps, and thus in rear as 
well as in flank, it struck the Twenty-Sixth Wis. and 
Seventy-Fifth Penn., the two regiments which had been 
placed there by Schurz, almost at the same time that it did 
Devens' extreme right. The two companies of the Thirty- 



SCHURZ'« DIVISIOi\'y DEFENCE. 47 

Third on picket were near this division. Page, of Company 
D., who was on picket post, says that the first thing he saw 
or heard was a line of the enemy comino^ on in the rear, and 
that his squad laughed at him when he reported it. The 
arms of regiments of the 1st division were still in stack, 
he saw, and the fires still blazing under their camp kettles. 
Devens' force of cavalry had just been reconnoitering in the 
direction from which the enemy came, and reported nothing 
there but cavalry pickets. When the attack came, 8churz, 
as soon as he arrived, hastily put the One Hundred and 
Nineteenth N. Y. in line on the flank and in rear. The 
Seventy-Fifth Penn. was taken at a disadvantage and had to 
fall back. The account in the Wisconsin Adjt. -Gen's, history 
of the regiments of that state says : "here those two regiments, 
the One Hundred and Nineteenth N. Y. and the Twenty- 
Sixth Wis. both under fire for the first time, standing alone 
on a bare hill top, attacked by a largely superior number, 
who had the advantage of a screening forest, stood and 
fought unflinchingly until the enemy had largely doubled 
around their flanks, both right and left," and then did not 
retire until ordered. Another authority says that the Wiscon- 
sin regiment fought here twenty minutes, then retired in 
good order. There was scarcely an oflicer in it who was not 
either Avounded or had a Ijullet hole throuo^h his clothing. It 
gained precious time for preparing a defence at Dowdall's 
Tavern. The gallant and accomplished Col. Peissner of the 
One Hundred and Nineteenth N. Y., was shot dead at the 
head of his regiment. There was an embankment through 
which the turnpike was cut, and other difficulties of ground 
that prevented prompt changes of front, and proper manceu- 
vering, still attempts were instantly made to check the enemy. 
Brig. -Gen. Schimmelfennig, an old German officer 
Avho connnanded the 1st brigade in Schurz's division, in a 
letter to that general published in Moore's Reb. Rec. , vol. 6, 



48 THE THIKTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

says "it was the second line of your division which, although 
run down by the 1st division, changed front from south to 
west in less than two minutes time ; that it was the brigade 
battery, commanded by Capt. Dilger, on the left, which 
checked the heavy column of the enemy pouring into us 
from the front, and from both flanks, and that the first line 
of your division, in connection with Col. Bushbeck's brigade 
of Gen. Steinwehr's division, formed behind two of my regi- 
ments—the 82d 111., Col. Hecker and 157th N. Y., Col. 
Brown — and occupied the rifle pits." Lieut. -Col. Salomon, 
who succeeded Col. Hecker after he was wounded, says in his 
report that after forming line of battle facing to the w^est, 
"We then marched in line of battle and in good order, to the 
top of a little hill in our rear, and there faced the enemy. 
* * AVe commenced firing, and the regiment fired at least 
six rounds from this position. * * The regiment," (being 
then outflanked) "fell back fifteen yards in good order, 
leaving about seventy killed and wounded on the ground it 
had occupied. Col. Hecker then took the flag in his hand, 
cheering his men to make a charge as soon as the enemy 
should arrive at the proper distance." The regiment was 
ao-ain outflanked. The Colonel shot, and fell from his horse, 
and the regiment "retired in good order, keeping up a 
steady fire, Avhich considerably checked the advance of the 
enemy, to the edge of the woods." The men here fired a 
round, retreated a hundred yards, then "fired two more 
rounds, which were very efi"ective, * * making in all a 
loss of 156 killed, wounded and missing." Dilger's and 
Wiedrich's liatteries kept up a rapid fire with spherical case, 
grape and cannister, that did execution. Dilger only lim- 
bered up and took his battery to the rear when the enemy 
had got between his pieces, then ineffectually attempted to 
drag off" one of his guns with dead horses hanging in the har- 
ness. Under the great difiiculties that surrounded him, Schurz 



heckerVs regiment and dilgeu's battery. 41) 

made several attempts to reorganize his retreating regiments, 
and led them in person, with hnrrahs, to the charge ; but they 
were steadily outflanked, and had to fall l)ack. His division 
lost 117 killed, '368 wounded, 456 missing, many of these 
killed or wounded, probably. 

The rebel Gen. Doles, continuing his narrative says, 
"The command moved forward at the 'double quick' 
to assault the enemy who had taken up a strong posi- 
tion on the crest of a hill in the open tield. He was 
soon driven from this position, the command pursuing 
him. He made a stubborn resistance from behind a wattling 
fence, on a hill covered thickly with pine. The wdiole com- 
mand moved against this position, the 4th and 44th Georgia 
in front, and the 21st and 12th on his left flank and rear. 
Here we captured one gun (a rifled piece). We pursued 
his retreating forces about three hundred yards over an open 
field, receiving a very severe fire from musketry and a bat- 
tery of four pieces^on the crest of the hill that commanded 
the field below." One, and probably both of these second and 
third positions described by Doles, w^ere Schurz's, defended 
by Schimmelfennig's command in front, and part of Kryzanow- 
ki's brigade, and Col. Buschbeck's, in second line, and the bat- 
tery was Dilger's. The rebel Gen. Colston says his brigade 
helped to "capture the first line of intrenchments of the 
enemv which were in an open field, beyond the Wilderness 
church. This they did under a heavy fire of artillery and . 
musketry." 

After these two positions were carried by the enemy, 
the next one attacked, the fourth, according to Doles, 
althou<'h Col. O'Neal who succeeded him in command, men- 
tions l)ut two previous, was the position, at Dowdall's 
Tavern, or Melzi Chancellor's, held by the remaining brigade 
of Steinwehr's division. Col. "feu sch beck's. Steinwehr says in 
his report that while returning from Barlow's brigade to near 



50 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Dowdairs, '^1 heard lieuvy tiring in that direction, which 
showed that a strong attack was made upon our Corps. When I 
arrived upon the field, I found Col. Bushbeck Avith three reg- 
iments of his brigade (the 27th Penn., 73d Penn., and 154th 
N. Y. vols.) still occupying the same ground" (on the south 
side of the turnpike) "near the tavern, and defending this 
position with great firmness and gallantry ; the fourth regi- 
ment, (the 29th regt. N. Y. vols.) he had sent to the north 
side of the road to fill the place lately occupied by the sec- 
ond brigade, before its detachment. The attack of the 
enemv was very powerful. They emerged in close columns 
from the woods, and had thrown the first and second divi- 
sions, who retired towards Chancellorsville, in great confu- 
sion. Col. A. Buschbeck succeeded to check the progress of 
the enemy, and I directed him to hold his position as long as 
possible. The men fought with great determination and 
courage. Soon, however, the enemy gained both wings of 
the brio-ade, and the enfilading fire which was now opened 
upon this small force, and which killed and wounded nearly 
one-third of its whole strength, soon forced them to retire. 
Col. A. Buschbeck then withdrew his small brigade in per- 
fect order, towards the woods, the enemy closely pressing on. 
Twice he halted, fired a round, and at last reached the rear 
of Gen. Sickles' Corps, which had been drawn up in position 
near Chancellorsville. Here he formed his regiment in 
close column, and you will recollect, offered to advance 
ao-ain to a bayonet charge." The plucky old soldier! "The 
first brio-ade lost in killed and wounded four hundred and 
ninety-four men and officers ; among the latter, three regi- 
mental commanders. * * I must speak in high terms of 
Col. Adolph Buschbeck, for his gallantry and determination, 
and for the complete control he retained over his command 
durino- the whole engagement." Schimmelfennig continuing 
in his letter says, "Your two brigades, and those of Col. 



buschbeck's L'^ight i\ steinweiir's division. 51 

Busc'hheck, together, comprising not quite four thousand mus- 
kets, iilone received the entire shock of the liattle, and held 
the enemy in check for at least an hour. * * The three 
brigades above named, although l)oth thcnr thinks were 
turned, stood their ground until a sufficient time had elapsed 
for the Corps behind them to come to their assistance, and 
take a position in their rear. Your command did everything 
that could have been expected under the circumstances.' 
Another authority states that the Eighty-Second Ohio 
remained here tighting till the last, and when the rifle pits 
here were abandoned it was after seven o'clock. It is stated, 
also, that a part of Devens' division was rallied l)y him and 
fought on the left of Steinwehr's line. To resume Doles' 
account of the enemy's advance — iie says of the fourth 
position — "his infantry was in large force" (a respectable 
body that had not run away) "and well protected by rifle pits 
and intrenchments. The order was to 'take' the intrench- 
ments and the battery, which was done after a resistance of 
about twenty minutes." (the italics are not his). "The enemy 
fled in utter confusion, leaving his battery of four pieces, his 
wounded, and many prisoners," that is, fought till they were 
captured. Then he says, our force "pursued him through 
the pine forest, moving some five hundred yards to the front, 
and holding that position until after dark;" the engagement 
"lasted from about five and a half to nine o'clock p. m." and 
he speaks of no further 'fighting that night, neither does his 
division commander. Gen. Rodes. Col. O'Neal commanding 
Rodes' brigade says in his report that after capturing the 
third line of log works, "darkness coming on, the pursuit 
was discontinued. In this short space of time we drove the 
enemy before us about two miles, and from three breast- 
works and two abatis ; * * as soon as the night jDut an 
end to the pursuit, I formed the brigade." Capt. H. Osborn 
of the Fifty-Fifth Ohio, who was wounded and taken pris- 



52 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

oner at Chuiicellorsvillc, stated to the writer that after he was 
taken, he saw a battery rapidly tiring upon the enemy as 
they advanced upon it, and keep on iiring till they were 
upon the gnns ; and men and some of the gnns were captnred. 
He heard a rebel officer say before its captnre he would give 
a million of dollars for two hours of daylight, if that battery 
were away. It was without much doubt Dilger's battery. 
He said that Gen. Howard was about the last man tluit lie 
saw on our side, and he was in the midst of the tire, doing 
all that a man could do to rally his troops and to direct a 
plucky defence. Rodes in his report says of his losses 
durino- the l)attle — "The division sustained a heavv loss in 
killed and wounded, especially on the second day," when he 
was fighting the Eleventh Corps. He then gives a tal)le of 
casualties, amounting to about four hundred killed and nine- 
teen hundred wounded. 

The two companies of the Thirty-Third retreated by a 
circuitous route through the woods, passing in view of the 
open field and orchard south of the Plank road, called Hazel 
grove, across which Sickles had marched out. Saw no troops 
there then, and arrived in the field called Fairview, the sec- 
ond field from the Chancellor house, where some batteries 
were being got into position, in anticipation of the arrival of 
the enemy. Here the sounds of the battle became louder 
and louder, as it grew nearer. After the two companies had 
been there a half-hour or an hour, near the Plank road, 
Howard and others came galloping back. He inquired what 
squad that was, and being answered, "two companies of the 
Thirty-Third Mass.," said "for the Lord's sake rally and throw 
out a skirmish line." Company D volunteered and went into 
the woods. After a while the enemy's skirmish line was seen 
approaching. Page narrates that Corporal Allen, afterwards 
killed; who was near him said : "I am going to have the first 
man," fired and his man fell, the first shot, probably, from 



THE RALLY ON BEKRY'S LINE. 53 

this position. The batteries then opened from Fairvievv 
behind them. The skirmish line being found to be in range, was 
called in. As it came out, saAV Berrj^'s division forming on the 
other side of the road. The batteries only fired a few rounds 
then. An officer in the First Mass., Berry's division, informs 
the writer that he saw Gen. Steinwehr, Col. Buschbeck and 
their staffs, coming down the Plank road with what troops 
they had left, and Capt. Stowc, (son of Harriet Beechcr 
Stowe) of Steinwehr's staff, was heard to exclaim, "My God, 
here's Charley Mudge, and the old First Mass., we are all 
right." jNIudge Avas. the adjutant, brother of the adjutant 
of the Thirty-Third. Companies and parts of Steinwehr's 
regiments took their place in Berry's line with a will. It is 
stated that the Eighty-Second Ohio and Illinois, both, the 
Twenty-Sixth Wisconsin and One Hundred and Fitty-Seventh 
New York, of Schurz's division, formed in Berry's line and 
remained as long as needed, till near nine o'clock. 

Warren, after_ testifying that during the attack on the 
Eleventh Corps "their own artillery heroically served still to 
hold the enemy in check," certainly deserved praise, continues, 
" To the credit of the artillery of the Eleventh Corps that 
came off the field, it went into this line with the greatest alac- 
rity," that is, in rear of Berry's infantry, on the crest of 
Fairview, where the batteries of the J'welfth Corps, 
under Capt. Best, its chief of artillery, were in line. Thirty 
guns in all, were got into position here, and placed under 
Capt. Best. They fired a few rounds, but no more were 
needed now. Contrary to the generally received account, it 
is a fact proved by the concurrent testiinony of officers and 
men on the line that night, including men in the Thirty- 
Third companies, and by other authority, that Berry's 
infantry did no fighting that night, as a line did not fire a 
shot, though it was all ready and pluckily waiting. The 
rebel Brig-Gen. Heth, says of his brigade in his report, 



54 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFxVNTRY. 

"Passing Melzi Chancellor's * * on entering these woods 
the enemy opened upon my command a heavy tire of artil- 
lery, doing us some damage. It was now becoming quite 
dark. The undergrowth was so thick and entangled that it 
was impossible to advance in any order. 1 ordered the 
brio-ade to re-form on the Plank road." He does not allude 
to any infantry attack here. The enemy had halted for the 
night. The pickets were tiring at each other more or less 
durino- the nio-ht. Soon after the rebel line halted, the pickets 
of the First Mass. tired into a reconnoitering party of horse- 
men, one of wh<jm fell from his horse, and the survivors 
believe it was Stonewall Jackson, who, the accounts agree, 
was mortally wounded about this time. Warren thinks he 
was wounded by the fire of the batteries here. 

Meanwhile the enemy's right had been approaching 
Hazel grove, and Brig.-Gen., afterwards Maj.-Gen. Pleas- 
ontou, and his men, according to his testimony, had been doing 
deeds of skill and heroism in checking the rebels here. He 
testifies that on hearing of the attack on the Eleventh Corps, 
he hastened back from the flank of Sickles with two regi- 
ments of cavalry and his horse battery into the open field 
which he had left, and which was then, in his words, "filled 
with fugitives, caissons, ambulances, guns and everything. I 
saw the movement was critical, and I called on Maj. Keenan, 
of the Eighth Penn., and gave him his orders. I said to him, 
'Major, you must charge in these woods with your regiment 
and hold the rebels until I can get some of these guns into 
position'; says I, 'you must do it at all cost.' * * He 
started in with his whole regiment, and made one of the 
most gallant charoes in the war. He was killed at the head 
of his regiment, but he alarmed the rebels so much that I 
gained about ten minutes on the enemy. * * I immediately 
ran up this battery of mine at a gallop, put it into position, 



pleasonton's deeds in hazel guove. 55 

ordered it iiulimbercd and doul)le shotted Avitli eaniiister, and 
directed the men to aim at the ground-hne of the parapet 
that the Eleventh" (nui.st have been the Twelfth) "Corps had 
thrown up two hundred yards oti'. « * j then set to work 
with two squadrons of the remaining regiment to clear this 
tield of fugitives, and to stop what cannon and ammunition 
that we could, and put them in position ; and I managed to 
get twenty-two guns loaded, double-shotted, and aiming on this 
space in front of us for about a quarter or half a mile, 
when the whole woods appeared alive with large bodies of 
men. This Avas just dark. I was going to give the word 'lire.' 
* * There was an immense body of men, and I wanted 
the whole Aveight of metal to check them." The enemy then 
resorted to the ruse of waving a federal flag Avliich they had 
captured. His aid, Lieut. Thompson, was sent to see who 
they were. "Went to within about a hundred yards." In 
another account of his, quoted by Fitzhugh Lee, in his 
address, Pleasonton says, " He was induced to go lifty yards 
closer when the whole line in a most dastardly manner 
opened on him with musketry. * He escaped unhurt." Lee 
comments thus : " One of the most wonderful things of this 
most wonderful battle, is this statement that a mounted officer 
fifty yards from Kode's line should be fired at hy the whole 
line and live to tell it." He has told of it, and fixes the hour 
as between eight and nine o'clock. Quoth Pleasonton, "I 
immediately gave the order 'fire,' and the fire actually swept 
the men away. * * ^Ve had this fight bet^veen musketry 
and artillery there for nearly an hour. At one time they o-ot 
within fifty yards of the guns." His men, or somebody's 
must have done some pretty tall running, for, he says, "The 
great difliculty with me was to keep my people to fight the 
o-uns in the dark. The men were all the time cuttino- the 
traces and slipping off with the horses whenever they could, 
and I had to start all my aids and my escort to bring them 



56 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

back. In foct I was alone pretty much the whole time, 
working wherever I found anything going wrong. I Avould 
say, however, that there were two squadrons of the 17th Penn. 
reo-iment left. * * 1 had them formed in single line, with 
sabres drawn, with orders to charge in case the enemy came 
to the guns." He does not say what in the meantime had 
become of the rest of his two regiments. Had they sought 
the seclusion from the tumult and carnage which the rear 
afforded, hke a part of the much abused Eleventh Corps? 
Pleasonton never needed them more, for, he says, "I had no 
supports whatever for these guns, except probably one 
hundred and fifty mounted men, Avho would have been 
nothing." It would rather appear so, as against Jackson's 
Corps. "After the third heavy attack," he says, "the one I 
dreaded most, the enemy fell back, and I ordered the troops 
to cease firing." Then he ascertained from prisoners that 
Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded, he believes, by his 
o-uns. Pleasonton says after his repulse of the rebels, they 
were in a very disorganized state. "I knew they were from 
this fact. I brought in out of the woods that they held, three 
of our Napoleon guns, two caissons and a forge." He does 
not say whether he lugged them all out at once, but it would 
appear that nobody helped him. He explains why he made 
such superhuman efforts himself: "I saw that if somebody 
did not save that field at once, it was not going to be saved at 
that point. I considered it my duty to go in and do what- 
ever I could, and that we were all up and would be driven 
into the river if I did not do it. When I came to count the 
artillery I had there, I found that I had the artillery of three 
Corps in that line. I took it by the force of circumstances and 
necessity. * * I assumed command by virtue of being a 
general, and I fought as a genei'al of artillery." 

This heroic incident of Pleasonton and his cavalry, in the 
crisis of this battle, as narrated by him, has been very much 



PLEASONTON AND THE GUNS IN WAR-POETRY. 57 

W()rk(Ml lip in newspaper antl other accounts of the l)attle, and 
has become embodied in the most thrilling of war poetry. 
De Peyster gets it up in this style, "The intrepid Pleasonton, 
with comprehensive lightning-like glance, and a decision as 
instantaneous as the electric Hash, gathered up his cavalry, 
hurled them upon the foe, and with the sacriticc of as gallant 
a soldier, Maj. Keenan, Eighth Penn. cavalry, as ever drew^ 
sabre, checked them, until he could range his own rapidly 
collected guns upon a ridge, and then drove them 1)ack and 
saved the army," as Bessieres did at Aspern. "That this 
fearful disaster Avas averted, is due to a feat of generalship and 
an exhibition of heroism to both of which the world can be 
challenged to produce superiors," and similar climaxes. A 
Avriter quoted in the "Portsmouth, N. H., Weekly " neAvspaper 
of February, 1880, styles it "a tragedy worthier to live in epic 
verse than the famous charge of the Light Brigade at 
Balaklava" pictures Pleasonton towering above the confusion. 
"Suddenly out in front of our guns rose the familiar form of 
Gen. Pleasonton7 Above the din, rang his shrill voice, 'align 
those pieces !' * * Time, oh, for ten minutes time !" 
Quotes Pleasonton to Keenan, and Keenan goes in, and then 
the writer makes our hair stand on end thus : "Oh, what a 
sight was that ! Would to God some American Tennyson 
might see that sight, and lift those humble names into 
immortality 1 Three hundred troops with deep set spurs and 
flashing sabres, at the throats of twenty thousand men ; nobody 
had blundered, but somebody nmst die to save the army — that 
was all ! " So Jackson's whole Corps was thus suddenly 
stopped in its victorious march, like Xerxes' hosts, by 
the "three hundred!" It seems too bad to rob us 
of this poetic story of the war, in any particular, yet 
stubborn truth compels the historian to say there are two 
sides to it. Capt. James F. Huntington, of Boston, then 
commanding Battery H, First Ohio Artillery, in Whipple's divi- 
sion was that day its acting chief of artillery. He had under him 



58 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

tlirce batteries which were left in Hazel Grove Avhcn the 
division went out under Sickles. The field was small enough 
for it all to be visible from any point in it. A narrow dirt 
road ran from the plank road through the Avoods and crossed 
this lield in the direction of the furnace. His batteries were 
between this road and the woods on the west of the field — 
the enemy's direction, in column of half battery closed in 
mass. In a letter to the Avriter, he says, "when the firing 
opened in the Avoods, on our right," to the north-west, "as 
acting chief of artillery of the division, I desired to put the 
batteries in position to repel the attack. As I was about to do 
so, Pleasonton's cavalry, with a hors^e l)attery, rode into the 
field. The former halted on the ground I Avas obliged to 
occupy for that purpose, delaying the movement till [ 
became apprehensive that the enemy would find us unprepared. 
At last, to my great relief, his cavalry left in the direction of 
the rear. His battery remained, taking position some distance 
on our left. I thereupon placed the eighteen guns of Whip- 
ple's division in liattery on the ground vacated, and opened 
fire as soon as the enemy appeared. Gen. Pleasonton may have 
exercised command over his four-horse battery, but Avith that 
exception, I deny that he rallied, ordered or directed any 
artillery on that occasion. Where he found the demoralized 
batteries flying in confusion Avhich he claims to have arrested 
and held up to the Avork, in spite of the anxiety of the 
cannoneers to run aAvay, I do not know. * * The claim 
that he had anything to do directly or indirectly AAith the 
batteries on Avhich the brunt of eTackson's attack here fell, 
save to kindly take his command out of their AA^ay, of my 
OAvn personal knoAvledge I know to be false. I remained in 
this field all the afternoon and night. I saAA^ no more of 
Pleasonton's cavalry either 'charging' or otherw^ise. In fact, 
to those who kncAv the ground, the idea of a cavalry charge 
there is absurd. There Avere no batteries there except those to 



HUNTINGTON AND THE (UJNS, IN FACT. 59 

"which I have referred during that })eri()d." If Ph^asoiitoirs 
horse battery was a foiir-iiuii haltery, that with lluiitin_<>t()n'.s 
eighteen woukl make the twent>'-two that lu; speaks of. 
Gen. Sickles in a h'tter to the adjt.-gen. of the army dated 
June 2(), 1(S()(), recommending Capt. Jas. F. Huntington for 
promotion hy brevet, says of him that afternoon : "The 
batteries of the 3d (Whipple's division) of the Third Corps, 
were left in a tield between the position occupied by the 
Eleventh Corps and general-head-quarters, and through 
Avhicli I marched Avith two divisions to attack the enemy 
under flackson, then moving toward our right. When the 
Eleventh Coi-ps gave way. * * Capt. Huntington * * 
acting chief of artillery, notwithstanding the stream of 
fugitives from the Eleventh Corps, and unsupported by 
infantry, put the batteries in position in time to repel the 
further advance of the enemy at that point, and held the 
ground, an object of the greatest importance, till I arrived. 
On my arrival, I sent for the commanding officer , Capt. H. 
and thanked him for his timely and gallant conduct, and with 
hearty commendation, promised to recommend him for 
l)romotion." Capt. Huntington is authority for the stat-e 
meiit that if there was any charge of cavalry in the field 
where he was all the time, the troopers had to "charge over a 
pretty high rail fence, into a thick wood" and against "an 
enemy who were not then within rifle range." Capt. 
Huntington's statements are confirmed by the officers of his 
battery. Wm. E. Parmelee, a lieutenant in the battery, in 
a letter says, "the cavalry and Gen. Pleasonton had gone to 
the rear before we opened out on the rebs. * * The 
honors belong to Capt. Huntington and the men that stood 
by him." Col. Daniel Hall, of N. H., then a captain on 
Whipple's staff, states that while in charge of an ammunition 
train he had a narrow escape from the enemy in getting into 
the field. SaAV Pleasonton's cavalry there, but neither saw 
nor heard of any cavalry charge thereabouts. The enemy 
finally got onto Huntington's flank in the woods between him 
and the plank road. He had to change front with one battery 
and briskly opened on them from here. 



60 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

It would appear from Pleasoiiton's testimony and the 
accounts of others, as to his doings that night, that Jackson's 
whole three divisions were charging directly upon Hazel 
Grove, whereas that field was a half mile from the plank 
road, which was nearly the line of the rebel advance, rather 
away from Hazel Grove, than otherwise, for the larger body 
of the enemy was on the other side of the plank road ; and as 
they were in the thick woods, an attack on tiieir right flank 
by a small body would not afiect them a great deal in their 
advance on Chancellorsviile. Whatever was done in this 
orchard, and whoever did it, the rebel accounts do not allude 
to it. Neither Lee, Jackson's three division commanders, 
nor his brigade commanders on the risrht of Jackson's 
attacking column that night, all of whose reports are 
published in Moore's Reb. Record, make any mention of any 
attack on their fiank by ai'tillery, infantry or cavalry, except 
Sickles' attack at about midnight. Brig. -Gen. Colquitt, whose 
brigade was on the right of the leading division, says that 
after advancing a few hundred yards, intelligence was brought 
to him that the enemy was upon his right flank. He sent a 
regiment to see, and "the enemy's force proved to be a small 
body of cavalry, which galloped away as soon as the regiment 
advancing towards them was discovered, and a picket of 
infantry, which was captured by my skirmishers." Brig. -Gen. 
liamseur, whose brigade covered his, in second line, says Gen. 
Colquitt, sent him this information. He pressed on by the 
right flank "prosecuted the search for half a mile, perhaps, 
hut not a solitary yankee was to he seen.''' (The italics are 
his.) This is.the only mention that either of them make of any 
force on their flank where Pleasonton says the Penn. regiment 
charged and his guns opened fire. The "small body of 
cavalry," Pleasonton's, of course, does not appear to have 
been so full of fight, at this stage of the ^Ji'oceedings, as some 
of it is represented as being behind the twenty-two guns. 



\VHAT REALLY STOPPED THE KEliEL COLUMN. 61 

and uiidei- the "lightning-like glance" of their leader. The 
truth undoubtedly is, according to the rebel reports, and all 
the testimony, that by the time Pleasonton airived on the 
scene and got his cavalry ready, and Huntington's artillery 
was in position, the force of Jackson's attack had been 
broken, and it was substantially ended, and this before it had 
reached Hazel Grove — on the right, or Berry's line in front, 
for the enemy's line crossed the plank road diagonally, and 
the attack here on a disorganized portion of the right, after the 
main business was over, for Thompson says it was between 
eight and nine o'clock, had too little consequence to be men- 
tioned by the rebel commanders. A gallant charge may have 
been made by Maj. Keenan's regiment, somewhere, and he 
died doing his duty bravely — doubtless. If any consideraljle 
portion of Jackson's column had been in full tide of successful 
pursuit, it would not have stopped long for twenty-two guns, 
supported by only one hundred and fifty cavalrymen ; the 
latter would have hecn but a morsel, if they could have been 
cau<'iit, and the auns would have been in his men's clutches in 
short metre, if they had got within fifty yards of them, as 
Pleasonton states it. 

The condition of the attacking column after it had 
advanced through the ugly wilderness, for two miles and 
more, and the immediate causes of the attack's ending, are 
stated by Lee, and his commanders. Says Lee, "It Avas now 
dark. * * The troops of Rodes and Colston, * * were 
completely blended, and in such disorder, from their advance 
through intricate woods and over broken ground, that it was 
necessary to reform them." While this Avas attempted, Jackson, 
with his stafi" and escort, returning from the extreme front, 
"in the obscurity of the night, were mistaken for the enemy, 
and fired upon," Jackson being mortally wounded. Rodes, 
commanding the leading division, says, "the troops 
soon entered a second piece of woods thickly filled with 



»">2 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

undergrowth. The right becoming entangled in an abatis 
near the enemy's tirst line of fortitications, caused the line to 
halt, and such was the confusion and darkness, that it was 
not deemed advisal)Ie to make a further advance." Colston 
says "Darkness prevented our farther advance. * * Ditfer- 
ent regiments, brigades, and divisions were mixed up together." 
Heth's testimony and others', before cited, is important. Col. 
Brockenbrough says, "night alone giving them quarter," (i. e. 
Hooker's men). "We pursued them within three-fourths of a 
mile of Chancellorsville. The rapid fiight of the enemy, the 
eagerness of our pursuit, the tangled wilderness through 
which w^e had marched, and the dai'kness of the night, 
created much confusion in our ranks, which at this point was 
increased b}' a deadly fire poured into our ranks by friends 
and foes from our right, left and front. Artillery, with their 
caissons, occupied th(; road abreast of us, and, without 
drivers, dashed headlong through our ranks," (not Eleventh 
Corps artillery). "Under these circumstances our troops 
halted, and the chase ended for the night." No mention in any 
of these reports of any attack from Hazel Grove, Berry or 
Best, except in Heth's of an attack from Best, unless Col. 
Brockenbrough refer to one or all of them. And the just 
proportion of this tire to be allotted to each, and to Jackson's 
ow^n men, it is impossible to make from his single statement. 
From all these reports and the testimony, it is certain 
that Jackson's column was fought from position to position. 
It was so obstructed and delayed, that with the ditficulties of 
the ground added, it was from live and a half o'clock till 
about nine, three and a half hours, in reaching the position 
in front of the Chancellor house, from its starting point, 
about two miles. Fought and obstructed by what troo^DS? 
Evidently by none other than those of the Eleventh Corps. 
And when this formidable column did reach the troops of the 
Third Corps, and part of it Hazel Grove, the attack had 



SICKLES CONVINCED THE ENEMY IS NOT KETIIEATING. 63 

been checked, had spent itself, and darkness overtook the 
cohnnn before it couhl o-et ready for another. By that time 
missing troops Avere back, and fresh ones arrived. What 
more could have been expected from this Corps under the 
circumstances? What other Corps, would as a Corps, have 
done any better, against the overwhelming odds, and in the 
unfortunate comi)ination of difficulties which the Eleventh 
Corps was left alone to struggle with? 

Fresh troops arrived l)y the time Jackson's attack was 
over, for Doubleday's division (»f the First Corps, which was 
sent for that morning, arrived about dark at U. S. ford, three 
miles to the rear, and in the evening was pushed up to near 
Ely's ford, on the right rear. Sickles arrived back with his 
corps, according to Pleasonton's testimony, "between nine and 
ten o'clock in the evening." AMiy it came in appears from the 
testimony. We left Sickles with his command and supports, 
some two miles and more off — to the south, across a stream 
and marshes, wMch had been bridged. Birney testifies: "At 
dusk I found my division with Barlow's brigade, in the rebel 
army, and that the two divisions on my left had not advanced 
equally with me. I formed my division into a large square, 
with my artillery in the centre, holding the main road over 
which Jackson had passed" (the italics are not his). Jackson 
had gone to his right, Whipple's and William's divisions were 
still farther to Birney's left. "About this time several of the 
fugitives from the Eleventh Corps reached me, and informed 
me that the right of the army, held by the Eleventh Corps, 
had utterly given away, and that the enemy had the position 
that I had left in the morning to make the attack. I deter- 
mined to retrace my steps," that is, on his own responsibility. 
He did so. Found Sickles and Pleasonton on the open field 
with the artillery and cavalry. They, in his opinion, had 
stopped Jackson's Corps, and "saved the army from a great 
disaster." That opinion has been successfully promulgated. 



64 THE THIHTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Sickles, to recall his words, "was about to open my 
attack in full force. Had got already for that purpose," that 
is, according to Birney's testimony, to attack the road where 
Jackson had passed hours before, and when his column was 
miles away, with Birnei/s division formed into a square, 
artillery in the centre, the other divisions farther back. 
Sickles continues his testimony, "When an aid of Gen. 
Howard * * came to me and reported to me to be careful 
of my rear — that Stuart's cavalry was moving in my rear 

* * that a strong column of Jackson's infantry was also 
very near me, and that our troops were retreating." (All true). 
"I felt very indignant at this connnunication ; I utterly 
disbelieved it, for I felt assured that no such thing could 
have occurred without a serious engagement with Gen. 
Howard's force, and of coiu'se I would have heard the 
nuisketry and the noise of battle." (The attack began two 
miles away through the wilderness). "This officer left, having 
given his information, or, as I thought at the time, having 
failed in an absurd effort to stampede me." He could not be 
made to believe at first that the enemy had made an attack, 
although he said in his testimony that that was the object, in 
one of his theories, of the enemy's movement. After he was 
convinced, he "immediately scjit orders to Gen. Birney to 
fall back, he says," (without waiting himself for orders) "and 
about the same time received information from G(!n. Hooker 
that he could not send me the third division of my Corps. 

* * He had no other division to stop them," (the enemy), 
"and sent me word that I must innnediately withdraw my 
whole force and save as much of it as I could." He had now 
a force nearly as large as Jackson's. He testifies of the 
strength of his Corps, "My own Corps was about eighteen 
thousand." He had William's division in place of one of his 
own. Berry's, and Barlow's brigade, about fifteen hundred men 
besides, and a regiment of cavalry — in all, at least, twenty 



THE NIGHT ADVENTURES OF BARLOW'S BRIGADE. 05 

thousand men. Hooker testifies : "Directions were also mven 
for the two divisions of the Third Corps, under Gen. Sickles, 
then far in advance of the line which had been occupied by 
the Eleventh Corps, under Gen. Howard, to attack the enemy 
on his flank, in order, if possible, to check his further advance. 
The position of Gen. Sickles was extremely critical.'' Sickles 
says nothing of these orders, nothing, moreover, about 
any orders to Williams or Barlow. So he came in with 
his two divisions, and found Pleasonton with his and the 
Third Corps artillery, which, as he says, had been stampeded 
by the Eleventh Corps, "and Gen. Pleasonton, * * in 
connection with the services of Maj.-Gen. Berry, * * 
succeeded in checking Jackson." The Third Corps' theory of 
its and Pleasonton's critical interposition. It does not appear 
that Berry's men have made any such claim. They earned 
suiBcient credit by their fighting next day, so as not to need 
any that did not belong to them. Quint, in his "Eecord of the 
Second Mass. Iiif'y," says, "Gen. Slocum instantly ordered 
back Williams' Division," after Jackson's attack. "When it had 
returned, it found that the Eleventh had been utterly routed. 
Its own works were in the hands of the enemy." Slocum, 
like Sickles, ordered in his division without waiting to hear 
from Hooker. 

Barlow's brigade . marched by itself down the Furnace 
road for miles. Night overtook it ; it received no orders 
from anybody, and that it stopped before reaching Orange C. 
H. was due probably to good luck, as much as to anything. It 
marched back to see if it could find out anything, halted 
within a mile of Dowdall's tavern, and Gen. Barlow held a 
council with his colonels. It was determined to come back, 
and as the only road known was that on which it marched out, 
it was decided to take that back to camp. If it had, prol)ably 
most of the brigade would have been next day on its way 
to Andersonville, though it would have done some mischief to 



66 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

the enemy in the outset. While it was halting there, a cavalry 
man stumbled upon it, or found it. Steinwehr says, in his 
report, that Barlow "received from Gen. Birney a communica- 
tion advising him to close up to the Third Corps." If so, it 
was here. The cavalry man narrated facts that had occurred 
while the brigade was lost, and took it around a road that led 
in a totally diiferent direction. The Thirty-Third was 
leading, and as it came along in the thick darkness, the 
colonel and foremost officers and men of the regiment will 
probably never forget the startling challenge from a cavalry 
picket. "Who goes there?" "Friends with the countersign." 
"Friends of what?" and the carbine was cocked. Luckily 
the picket waited for the answer, and it was correct. The 
brigade came out of the woods into the clearing and on the 
knoll of Hazel Grove where Sickles had arrived with 
his corps. 

Soon after the regiment arrived it witnessed the fearful 
cannonade that night from Best's batteries near the 
Chancellor house. Rodes says in his report of that cannonade, 
and the cause of it: "Riding forward on the plank road, I 
satisfied myself that the enemy had no line of battle between 
our troops and the heights of Chancel lorsville, and on my 
return, informed Col. Crutchfield, chief of artillery of the 
Corps, of the fact, and he opened his batteries on that point. 
The enemy instantly responded by a most terrific fire, which 
silenced our guns, but did little execution on the infantry, as 
it was mainly directed down the plank road, which was 
micovered, except by our artillery." A. P. Hill reports : 
"The enemy during this time had concentrated a most terrible 
fire of artillery on the head of Hill's division from thirty-two 
pieces of artillery. Gen. Hill was disabled during this fire. 
Gen. Nichols, now Governor of La., was wounded by it." Lee 
says : "A furious fire of artillery was opened upon them by the 
enemy under cover of which his infantry advanced to the attack. 



THE NIGHT CANNONADE FROIM BEST's GUNS. 67 

They were handsomely repulsed by the Fifty-Fifth Virginia 
regiment." This must have been some portion of our picket 
line, as it Avas repulsed by a single regiment. Colston fixes 
the time: "The enemy opened, about ten o'clock, a furious 
fire of shot, shell and cannister, sweeping down the plank 
road and the woods on each side. A number of artillery 
horses, some of them w^ithout drivers, and a great many 
infantry soldiers, belonging to other commands, rushed down 
the road in wild disorder ; " another stampede among the 
enemy ! It was not to be wondered at. It did not seem to the 
Thirtj^-Third officers and men, as they watched that fearful 
fire in the darkness of the night, that any living thing could 
exist after it. The red track of shrieking shells and trace 
chains, for it is said they shot out these ugly things, seemed 
like so many torrents of fire from the cannons' mouths, rushing 
down into the hostile lines, and exploding in terrific noises. 
J. Esten Cooke says of this cannonade, "The fire of the 
enemy's artillery Jjecame frightful. The ridge in front of 
Chancellorsville reseml)led the crater of a volcano vomiting 
forth fire and iron. A hurricane of shell and cannister swept 
the road as with the besom of destruction ; and the broken 
ranks, riderless horses, and wild confusion, made up a scene 
of tumult which was enough to try the stoutest nerves. * * 
A storm of grape tore through the trees and along the road, 
mowing down the boughs, and striking fire from the stones 
of the turnpike ; and for a moment, the southern line was 
checked and thrown into the utmost disorder." It must have 
been a hot place in the enemy's lines, and there was 
considerable confusion, as on our side, at about that time in the 
night. For the rebel Gen. Lane says in his report, that after 
this artillery fire, as he was moving his brigade, one of his 
regiments fired into Gen. Hill's staft' and couriers by mistake, 
and then got information that a body of troops was moving 
on his riaht. He "sent out Lieutenant Emack and four men 



(t8 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

to reconnoitre, and they soon returned with a Penn. regiment, 
which had thrown down their arms, and surrendered 
themselves prisoners of war," — not of the Eleventh Corps. 
Sickles got permission from Hooker to make a night 
attack upon Jackson s force. As he describes it: "The attack 
was made precisely at midnight, by a brigade, or rather more 
than a brigade. Gen. Ward's brigade, with the remaining 
part of Gen. Birney's division in support. It was admirably 
conducted under Gen. Birney, and was in all respects 
successful. It was made entirely with the bayonet. We 
drove Jackson back to our original line, and reoccupied Gen. 
Howard's ritle pits," (a mile and a half to his left and rear), 
"and recovered some several pieces of artillery. * * It 
was in that night attack that Jackson fell" (for the fifth 
time), and so Birney. The attack as told by Lane, whose 
brio-ade was attacked : " Between twelve and one o'clock that 
night, the enemy could be heard marshalling their troops 
alono- our whole front. * * Soon after, their artillery opened 
rio-ht and left, and Sickles' command rushed upon us with 
loud and prolonged cheering. They were driven back on 
the left by our skirmishers, but their fight was more stubborn 
on the right, which was their main point of attack. The 
Eighteenth and Twenty-Eighth" (North Carolina) "and left 
wing of the Thirty-Third engaged them there, and gallantly 
drove them back, although they had outflanked us and 
encountered the two right companies of the Twenty-Eighth. 
* * A subsequent attack, made about half an hour later, 
was similarly repulsed. * * " Heth, his division commander 
says : "This attack was made by the enemy under cover of a 
heavy shelling. These regiments behaved with commendable 
courage and zeal in repelling at least five times their 
numbers." Birney's line started for the charge from near 
where the Thirty-Third now stood. The ofiicers and men of 
that regiment saw the start, and saw the return, and although 



sickles' midnight attack. 69 

most of the division undoubtedly fought galhintly, they saw 
a demoralized mass of men running to the rear as fast as 
their legs would carry them. They seemed to be whole 
regiments, and were apparently as much panic-stricken, and 
as much stampeded as any of Howard's men had been. The 
writer saw these demoralized and disorganized men with his 
own eyes. They behaved so badly and Chaplain Foster — 
an old Kansas fighter, after he had seen them, was so 
indignant that, as it was understood the Thirty-Third was to 
join in another charge, he came to him, as commander of the 
regiment, and begged ])crmission to take a musket and go 
with the line. And after he had got permission and his 
musket, he was the happiest of men. The regiment and 
Foster both, lost the privilege they were ready to accept. 
The regiment for some reason w^as not ordered in. The fact 
was, as every old officer and soldier knew, there were some 
regiments and companies in every corps, that were not 
reliable and could not be depended upon in a sharp 
emergency, as there were many officers and men of whom 
this was true — and the reliability of such regiments and 
companies depended more than anything else upon two things, 
— the motives of their enlistment, and the character of their 
officers. Probably the Eleventh Corps caught more of this 
class of regiments than any other from the heterogeneous 
character of its organization, yet there were officers and 
soldiers in these regiments, including old officers and soldiers 
of German armies, as brave and unflinching as any that 
ever drew sword or carried a musket. 

The attack of Sickles and his victory or repulse, 
whichever way it is accepted, ended the fighting that night, 
and no advantage of importance was gained. After the 
calamity had befallen the right, Hooker at nine p. m, sent down 
to Fredericksburg for Sedgwick to be at Chancellorsville at 
daylight. 



70 the thirty-third massachusetts infantry. 

Sunday's battle at chancellorsville. 

There is very little disagreement in the accounts as to the 
movements and fighting on Sunday. Very earl}^ as soon as 
daybreak, the writer saw Gen. Hooker with a few attendants, 
walking from the hill and opening occupied by Sickles and 
Barlow's brigade, down through the little gully into the 
field beyond and on towards the Chancellor house. 
Everybody made way for him. He was quite silent, and 
seemed very thoughtful. Soon after, Barlow's brigade 
received an order to move down to the left of the line, where 
it found the rest of the Corps which had taken the place of 
the Fifth. At the same time. Sickles was ordered to 
Avithdraw his two divisions, Birney's and Whipple's, to the 
field of Fairview, near where Berry's division of his Corps was 
still in line. As they were passing through the narrow 
opening betAveen the two fields, they were subjected to an 
irregular musketry fire from the enemy, which became more 
serious as the last brigade, Graham's, was moving ofi". 
Gen. Hancock testifies about this movement: "The force of 
Birney, which was in front, was engaged in forcing its way 
through, in the angle between Berry's division and a portion 
of the Twelfth Corps. I think one of th3 disadvantages of 
that fight was owing to this fact, that these men were 
fighting their way in, and it had the appearance as if there 
was a disaster in that portion of the field. The men were 
not running, but they were coming in very rapidly, but they 
came in in good order. I think that appearance of falling 
back had a bad efl'ect upon the troops." Capt. Huntington's 
battery was left as rear guard, supported by two infantry 
regiments, as a show of force in the field, till Sickles' troops 
had got into position. At daylight, the captain went 
with a team and volunteers and dragged out his forge, 
that had got disabled, from ground abandoned to 



STUART ATTACKS THE THIRD AND TWELFTH CORPS. 71 

the enemy. AVhetlier this is the forge that Pleasonton 
claims to have brought in himself does not appear. 
Huntington took the precaution to have some help. This 
battery made a gallant tight till it was outtlanked and the 
infantry supports had tied, when it retreated, saving all its 
ouns but one. The two divisions went into second line, 
behind the Twelfth Corps, and Berry, on the hill of Fairview, 
and its slopes. They were in supporting distance of Best's 
batteries. Graham's brigade of Birney's division at once 
relieved a brigade of the Twelfth Corps, whose right rested 
on the plank road, in line with Berry's division, and Ward's 
brigade went to suppout Berry's division. The rebel 
commanders, in their reports, state that two of their leading 
brigades on the right were swung back, the night previous, 
to prevent being taken in ilank by Sickles, and perhaps by 
Huntington's artillery, and this is probably the advantage 
gained, or claimed to have been gained, by Sickles in the 
midnight attacks Early in the morning, not far from sunrise, 
these were swung forward into line, and thus began the 
attack. Doubtless it was at this time the rear of Sickles was 
attacked. 

The attacking column of the eneniy started from where 
it had halted the night before, across the plank road. It was 
the same column now under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, which, 
under Jackson, had then attacked and driven back the Eleventh 
Corps. The two brigades which had not got back from 
the Furnace in season for the attack then, were in line now^ ; 
they probably about made up for the losses of the column in 
Saturday's battle, and no more. A. P. Hill's division, under 
Heth, having relieved Bodes the night before, was in the 
first line, Colston in the second, and Bodes the third. On 
our side the three divisions of the Third Corps, and the two 
divisions of the Twelfth Corps, about the size of the 
Eleventh, eleven thousand men, held the open slope and the 



72 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

edge of the woods on the south, and on the west, across the 
plank road, towards the enemy. At the right of Berry, of 
the Third Corps, was now placed the Fifth Corps, fourteen 
or fifteen thousand men, and on the right of that, the First 
Corps, three divisions, the first and second having arrived 
before morning. Authorities say this Corps had seventeen 
thousand men. This part of the line was substantially' at 
right angles with the plank road, and with the line held by 
the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, on Saturday. The left of 
the line was, as before, held by the two divisions of the 
Second Corps, twelve thousand men, and on the extreme 
left to the river, by the Eleventh Corps, after the losses, 
seven to eight thousand men. Total of Hooker's force now at 
Chancellorsville, about eighty thousand. In Lee's left wing 
opposed to them, as on Saturday, were McLaws' division, 
three brigades, and Anderson's four brigades, together fourteen 
thousand, Jackson's Corps twenty-two thousand, cavalry 
eighteen hundred. Total, about thirty-eight thousand. 
Our line now was in shape, a truncated cone, the sMes 
resting on the river. The Twelfth Corps was in the apex. 

The skirmish lines engaged each other, and then the rebel 
line advanced double quick. It was received by Berry's line 
with a steady and fearful fire, as Brockenburgh says, "The 
most deadly fire I have ever experienced." Best's thirty guns, 
and the artillery of the Third Corps opened on them. Says 
Birney, "I have never seen such terrible execution as it 
effected upon the hostile masses. The attack upon us was 
furious, and in masses." Berry's line and Williams' division 
of the Twelfth Corps received the brunt of the attack. They 
fought handsomely. Stuart soon had thirty pieces of 
artillery on the ridge, in the open field from which Sickes, 
had retired, bearing upon our lines. Their fire was effective. 
Stuart says the effect "upon the enemy's batteries was 
superb." Unfortunately the ammunition of our artillery 



HOOKER SEVERELY INJURED. 73 

began to give out, and its tire slackened. Both Sickles and 
Slocuni sent to Hooker to represent the situation, the severity 
of the attack, the scarcity of ammunition, and to urge that 
some other corps be swung in upon the enemy's left flank, 
or reinforcements be sent. The staff officers found that Hooker 
was unable to give any orders. At this critical moment in the 
battle, as it proved, he had been knocked down by the fall of 
a column of the Chancellor house through the explosion of a 
shell, and rendered for a while senseless. After the artillery 
fire slackened, the enemy made a vigorous push forward, no 
reinforcements came, part of Berry's division broke, the rest 
was taken in flank, and the whole of Sickles' front fell back to 
the second line, the gallant old First Mass. fighting as long as 
any. Two of the division commanders, Berry and Whipple 
■were killed. Stuart's assault now fell heavily upon Williams' 
division, but it did not budge an inch, aud for a while stood 
like a rock against nearly the whole of Stuart's column. 
Says Quint: "Tln-ee successive times, were new lines of the 
enemy brought up against them ; each time to be broken and 
repulsed. As they Avere broken, the line of the men of the 
division pressed gradually forward." The Second Mass. came 
against a South Carolina regiment, the First, as it would 
appear by the rebel Col. Hamilton's report. They fought 
each other pluckily. Three times the colors changed hands 
in each regiment, by the fall of the color bearers. The 
Second got out of ammunition, as did the brigade, Rugers', 
but it finally drove the Palmetto regiment. The South 
Carolina reo;iment jrot out of ammunition too, as well as 
other regiments of Stuart's, as appears by his and Hamilton's 
reports, and both sides faced each other with the cold steel. 
About this time. Col. Colgrove of the Twenty-Seventh 
Ind., in the same brigade, got hold of a gun, probably 
Huntington's, manned it with men from his regiment, and 
went to fighting it in his usual style, in his shirt sleeves, and 



74 THE TIIIIITY-THIIID MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

shouted to his son, the Major, "Here, boy, you run the 
regiment while I run this here gun !" During some part of 
the engagement, Tyler's brigade of the Fifth Corps was sent 
in to the support of the Third, and only fell back when 
driven with the rest. 

Meanwhile Hancock's and French's divisions, of the 
Second Corps, had been engaged with McLaws' and 
Anderson's divisions, on the south of the Chancellor house, 
and around on the left of the line, and forced back for awhile 
the enemy's line on this side. The rebel Gen. Wright says, 
his "command encountered the most terrible fire of artillery 
and musketry I have ever witnessed, and our farther 
advance was temporarily checked." But Anderson's brigades 
kept swinging around to the left, with the plank road as a 
pivot, drove back a part of our line, connected their left 
with Stuart's right, and Williams' division being taken in 
flank, had to retire. The Third Corps awaited the rebel 
advance, behind the works in second line, whither it had 
retired. There was a lull for a half hour. Likely enough 
because the enemy were out of ammunition. Then they 
gathered up their united lines and swept up towards the 
Chancellor house. The Third Corps was in need of 
ammunition. Says Sickles: "I was again attacked, 

and having no means of resistance except the bayo- 
net, having only one battery for which I had been 
able to obtain a supply of fresh ammunition, after 
repelling five successive attacks of the enemy with the 
bayonet, capturing eight of their colors from their second 
line, most of which were captured l)y the New Jersey brigade 
under Gen. Mott, I again fell back to Gen. Hooker's 
headquarters, which w^ere then within easy range of the 
enemy's cannon, and were rapidly becoming a pile of ruins. 
* * I had just taken up my third line, a little in the rear of 
his headquarters, when they were set in flames by the 



THE WHOLE ARMY DRIVEN BACK. 75 

enemy's fire and consumed." Lieut. Dunham, of the Eleventh 
Mass., in Berry's division, afterwards Brevet-Brig. -Gen., 
informs the writer that he was. wounded in Sunday's fight, 
and while lying near the Chancellor house saw a charge from 
there, led by Sickles, which was a handsome thing. The 
General was rushing up and down before his men, hatless, 
rallying them to the charge and then started with them, 
the line of different brigades of his Corps moving with the 
bayonet down upon the enemy with enthusiasm, and in 
magnificent style. The enemy were checked, and annoyed 
for a while, then the Third Corps passed out. The enemy 
were apparantly so disorganized that they were in no 
condition to follow up at once, and the last of the Corps 
retreated so deliberately, that Capt. Seeley, with that splendid 
veneration for the red tape in the quarter-master's department 
that obtained with regular officers, or the fear of the second 
auditor that afflicted volunteers, stripped the dead horses of 
his battery of all their old harnesses, loading himself down 
with all he could lug away. 

Only Hancock's division was left now. He was required 
to hold the position until a new line of battle was formed to 
the rear. He had to have one line of battle faced toward 
Fredericksburg, and another faced in the opposite direction, 
to the west, ready both ways. There was no attack from 
the east. In the direction from which the Third and 
Twelfth Corps had been driven in, he says, "I had a good 
deal of artillery, and although the enemy massed their 
infantry in the woods very near me, and attempted to 
advance, and always held a very threatening attitude, I 
judge they had exhausted their troops so much that they 
dared not attack me, although I remained there for some 
time alone in this position, very heavily engaged with 
artillery all the time. * * There was no forcible attack 
on me, and when the time came I marched off" to my new 



76 THE THIRTY-THIED MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

position," which was in the new line, formed less than a mile 
to the rear, in shape again like a truncated cone, covering 
the roads to U. S. and Ely's fords, and the plank road 
became wholly the enemy's. They say at ten o'clock a. m. 
Our commanders say the new line was formed at eleven. 

The rebel accounts testify to the good fighting of our 
men. Says Lee, "The breastworks, at which the attack was 
suspended the preceding evening, were carried by assault, 
under a terrible fire of musketry and artillery. In rear of 
these breastworks was a barricade, from which the enemy was 
quickly driven. The troops on the left of the plank road, 
pressing through the woods, attacked and broke the next line", 
(Berry's, doubtless), "while those on the right, bravely 
assailed the extensive earthworks behind which the enemy's 
artillery was posted. Three times were these works carried, 
and as often were the brave assailants compelled to abandon 
them, twice by the retirement of the troops on their left, who 
fell back after a gallant struggle Avith superior numbers," 
(the Twelfth Corps) "and once by a movement of the enemy 
on their right, caused by the advance of Gen. Anderson." 
Finally the left was reinforced, Anderson made a junction on 
the right, "and the whole line pressed irresistibly on. The 
enemy was driven from all his fortified positions, with heavy 
loss in killed, wounded and prisoners, and retreated towards 
the Rappahannock. By ten a. m. we were in full posessiou 
of the field." 

Stuart states that about eight o'clock a. m. the w^orks in 
front of his right were stormed, and his troops were twice 
driven from them. Fitzhugh Lee says, "the third time 
Stuart placed himself on horseback at the head of the troops, 
and ordering the charge, carried and held them, singing with a 
ringing voice : " Old Joe Hooker, ivonH you come out of the 
wilderness?'' Hill says they were only taken "after some 
tremendous fighting." Heth says a brigade and a half 



THE REBEL ACCOUNTS OF THE FIGHTING. 77 

"advanced and charged the enemy, behind his breast- 
works, who was supported by twenty-nine pieces of 
artillery. I cannot conceive of any body of men ever being 
subjected to a more galling fire than this force, * * not- 
withstanding, drove the enemy from his works and held them 
for some time, but were finally compelled to fall back." 
Brockenbrough says, "We were exposed to the most deadly 
fire I have ever experienced. Very soon the troops in 
advance were forced back through our lines," he was in rear 
of their first line. They made a second charge, he says, and 
"On gaining the works, we discovered the field literally 
crowded with men flying in every direction," (not Eleventh 
Corps) "and poured into them a deadly fire. Occupying this 
position about two minutes, we discovered troops advancing 
through the woods upon our left." They were compelled to 
retire before this force. This may have been a charge of 
Sickles from the Chancellor house. 

Our army^-etreated from the plank road, and fell back 
under the orders of Gen. Couch, the second in command, for 
all this while Hooker was incapacitated from commaixling, in 
consequence of his wound, lying at first in a senseless state, 
and then being for hours in a dazed and suff'ering condition. 
The blow which felled him, caused a contusion of his spine, 
and was a severer injury than a shot wound. He testifies 
before the Committee, "This rendered me insensible for half 
an hour or more. As soon as I had sufiiciently recovered to 
mount my horse, I did so, under the impression that I was 
all right. In the eflibrt of mounting, the acute pain returned, 
and after riding a few steps I became faint, was taken from 
my horse, and again placed in the hands of my medical 
director." Sickles says of him that afternoon, when he had 
resumed command, "He was then, I should say, in a condition 
from his injury that forbade his reassuming command ; he was 
evidently suffering great agony, and I suppose nothing but 



78 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

the highest sense of duty could have prompted him to 
resume command, under such circumstances." Hooker told 
the writer years after the war, that his physicians had often 
informed him that the injury he had received at Chancellors- 
ville was the cause of his subsequent paralysis, which as is 
known made a Avreck of his physical system. By a note in 
De Peysters "Chancellorsville," it appears that Surgeon-Gen. 
Hammond so certified in 1867. 

After our army had assumed the new line at eleven 
o'clock, Lee prepared to attack it, when he received intelli- 
gence that made his principal business in another direction. 
As he says, "Our preparations were just completed, when 
further operations were arrested by intelligence received from 
Fredericksl)urg." 

There were some noticeable things about the battle of 
Chancellorsville, Sunday morning, for this forenoon's fighting 
proved to be the end of the battle there. The same column, 
with substantially the same number of men, twenty-two 
thousand, which, under Jackson, the evening before, had driven 
in the Eleventh Corps, not ten thousand men, to its disgrace, 
in the generally accepted opinion, when it was completely 
surprised, in the worst of positions, now drove back in less 
than twice the length of time then taken, the Third Corps, 
eighteen thousand men, the Twelfth Corps, at least as large 
as the Eleventh, and Tyler's brigade, of the Fifth, more than 
thirty thousand men, drove them back from much more 
formidable positions, on the crests of hills, in open fields, 
with a line of batteries splendidly placed, and when they had 
all night to prepare for the battle. How long would it have 
taken Jackson's men to drive them, if they had kept on, and 
had daylight, directly after pushing back the Eleventh Corps ? 
For the two divisions of the Second Corps, had only the 
same force to contend against that morning, as the evening 
before, and Hotchkiss and Allen, who were on the strft' of 



NOTICEAliLE THINGS ABOUT THE liATTLE. 79 

Jackson, say that McLaws' and Anderson's divisions 
ninnbcred just sixteen thousand men, and two of their 
brigades were near Fredericks! )urg. 

It is noticeable also, that while the whole of Lee's force 
at Chancellorsville that morning, under forty thousand men, 
was engaged, three of the Union Corps, the First, Fifth, 
except one or two brigades, and the Eleventh, together a 
force as large as the enemy's at Chancellorsville, 
did not fire a shot, were waiting in line while the 
rest were driven in, and then went back and joined 
them. It is to be added that they were in the 
wilderness, where they could not see a rod ahead, and doubt- 
less knew less of the battle tlian the staff at Falmouth. This 
was certainly true where the Thirty-Third was. Its brigade, 
Barlow's, was marched np and down the road, at the left, all 
that forenoon, to be shoved in wherever rebel heads might 
show themselves through the jungle. But the brigade 
commander w^asjiot lucky enough to find any, and there was 
no opportunity to prove whether that American brigade, of 
the Eleventh Corps, would tight or not. It had to w^ait till 
some other occasion. There is no published evidence to 
show that either Birney's or Whipple's divisions did much 
lighting Sunday morning. It is the testimony of oiEcers and 
men in Haman's brigade, of Birney's division, in line, on the 
left of the line of batteries, that their infantry did not fire a 
shot. One regiment in Whipple's division was severely 
handled, fought most gallantly, and suffered noticeable 
losses, the Twelfth New Hampshire, which went in wdth 
three field officers, and came out in command of a lieutenant ; 
but its position was apparently an exceptional one, as it 
was ordered to reliev'e troops in the first line. There is no 
testimony to show what Gerry's division of the Twelfth 
Corps, did that morning, or the evening before. 

AVhy were not the unengaged and waiting corps and 



80 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

divisions put into the battle ? There is a tradition among 
Hooker's staff, that it was his plan to throw the First and 
Fifth Corps upon Stuart's flank. Warren testifies that when 
he left, Saturday night, "The intention was that Gen. Sickles, 
with all his force, was to meet him at once," (in the moraing) 
"and the First Corps was also to attack him, and envelop 
him, and if necessary, more forces were to be drawn from 
the left of our line." Gen. Doubleday, commanding a 
division in the First Corps, testifies before the Committee : 
"I thought that the single advance of our Corps would take 
the enemy in flank, and would be very beneficial in its result. 
Gen. Reynolds once or twice contemplated making this 
advance on his own responsibility." Quint says that Slocum 
saw Hooker in person and urged him to send another Corps 
on the flank. "Other Corps commanders were present and 
begged the privilege." But the old fire of "fighting Joe 
Hooker " had gone out of him, for a time, in this crisis of his 
fate, and the rebel shell had paralyzed his power to make new 
combinations, in the emergency that w\as upon him. While 
physically suffering from his blow, he seemed to be only 
thinking of Sedgwick, and Avaiting anxiously for the sound 
of his mms. Butterfield testifies: "Gen. Hooker subse- 
quently informed me that he had waited for the sound of 
Sedgwick's guns to make a vigorous and desperate attack." 
In Hooker's condition, Couch seems not to have assumed the 
responsibility of command. And where was Sedgwick? 

Sedgwick's battle at Fredericksburg, Sunday and monday. 

The order sent to Gen. Sedgwick, by Hooker dated May 
2d, 9. p. M. was as follows : — 

The Major-General Commanding, directs that you cross tlie Rappahannock 
at Frederickshurg, on the receipt of this order, and at once take up your line of 
march on the Chancellorsville road, until you connect with him, and will attack 
and destroy any force you may fall in with on the road. You will leave all 



hooker's orders to SEDGWICK. 81 

your trains beliiml except pack trains of 3"our ammunition, and niarcli to be 
in tiie vicinity of the General at dayligiit. You will probably fall upon tlie 
rear of the forces commanded by Gen. Lee, and between you and the Major- 
General commanding, he expects to use him up. Send word to General Gibbon 
to take possession of Fredericksburg. Be sure not to fail." 

Whether it was possible for Sedgwick to comply with the 
terms of this order, for it is well known in history that he did 
not, — whether he endeavored to, with the required prompt- 
ness, energy, and good faith, have been much disputed 
questions. Some of the testimony which will help to settle 
this question, a part of which was not accessible to our 
commanders, at the time, is as follows : Sedgwick testifies to 
the Committee ; " Just before dark that evening, I received 
directions as follows, 'The General commanding, directs that 
Gen. Sedgwick cross the river as soon as indications will 
permit, capture Fredericksburg, with everything in it, and 
vigorously pursue the enemy. We know tire enemy is flying, 
trying to save hi* trains ; two of Sickles' divisions are among 
them.' Immediately after this. * * at almost the same 
moment," this dispatch dated 7.05 p. m. in his report, he 
says sent at 6.30. "The Major-General commanding directs 
you to pursue the enemy on the Bowling Green road." "I 
immediately," he continues, "ordered my entire force across 
the river, one division being already across, and pushed 
forward, skirmishing sharply with the enemy, and driving 
him from the Bowling Green road. At eleven p. m. I received 
a despatch * * as follows," and gives the order dated 9 
p. M. So this order found him, with his Corps already across 
the river, under arms tmd advancing to, or on the road which 
he would have to take to Fredericksburg. The terms of the 
order itself, though he had not then heard how things had 
gone at Chancellorsville, showed the supreme importance of 
promptness and vigilance ; to be there at daylight, the 
purpose of his being there, and the closing words : "Be sure 



82 THE TIIHITY-TIIIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

not to fail." Sedgwick testifies that he was then about "three 
miles below Fi'edericksbiirg and fourteen miles i'vom Chancel- 
lorsville, which place I could not have reached before day- 
light, had there been no enemy to impede my progress. The 
entire army of the enemy was between me and Gen. Hooker, 
aside from a force in my immediate front, about equal to my 
own, and in a strong position." lie had said previously that his 
Corps consisted of twenty-two thousand men. Gibbon's 
division had two thousand to twenty-five hundred men, 
according to Warren, besides a brigade left at Bank's 
ford. Sedgwick said in his report: "I had been 
informed i-epeatedly by Maj.-Gen. Butterfield, chief of 
staff, that the force in front of me was very small," and given 
the impression that Butterfield underrated the enemy's force 
there. The latter had sent that day to Sedgwick this disjjatch 
from Hooker: "You are all right; you have but Early's 
division in your front, balance all up here." And states in 
his testimony, he believed that "the forces of the enemy in 
the vicinity did not exceed seven or eight thousand at the 
outside." Sedgwick continues his testimony : "I placed my 
command in column, and marched without any delay, with the 
exception of one division," left skirmishing. " * * Moving by 
the fl.ank, I was at once resisted by the enemy, and it was 
just daylight when the head of my column forced its way 
into the town, and to the front of the intrenchments." 
Further on in his testimony he says : " We started in fifteen 
minutes after receiving that order, * * and it took us 
from that time until daylight to make a little over three 
miles," in consequence of the enemy, "and the darkness 
together ; it was a very foggy night." Butterfield says of the 
night in his testimony: "A bright moonlight and clear, 
sufficiently light for staff officers to write dispatches by 
moonlight." Hooker says the same. By the almanac that 
niffht there was a full moon. 



THE MARCH TO FREDERICKSBUUG SLOWLY BEGUN. 83 

Brig.-Gen. Howe, Avho comniandccl a division in the Sixth 
Corps, in his testimony, tells how he eonstrned the order to 
Sedgwick : "That order was positive, peremptory and urgent. 

* * It stated that everything depended upon that move- 
ment. It was as urgent as any military order could be. 

* * Gen. Sedgwick, Gen. Newton, Gen. Brooks and 
myself were there," the division conniianders, meeting in a 
shanty. "Not long after the order was received, Gen. 
Sedgwick said to Gen. Newton : 'Newton, you move on, 
Howe will follow, and Brooks and I will take a little nap.' It 
was bright starlight, so that I could see what was in the 
advance." A most urgent order, no time to be lost, his 
colunm " at once resisted l)y the enemy ;" yet the commander, 
and a division general proceed to take a nap ! Howe gives 
his opinion, in answer to a question of the Committee, whether 
the order of Hooker could have been complied with : "I 
have never had any doubt but that we could have taken the 
heisrhts of Fredericksbura:, and moved out to Chancellors- 
ville, or on that road, until we had encountered a force there, 
in good time, or at a very much earlier hour than we attempted 
it. The unnecessary delay in the movement of the Sixth Corps, 
after starting, developed to the enemy our intention, and 
gave them time to make dispositions to embarrass our move- 
ments. * * We would have taken them," the heights, 
"by surprise, and then the way would have been open to 
have gone immediately on tow'ards Chancellorsville. * * 
It was a matter of astonishment and surprise to mc that the 
movement was so slowly made, and so long delayed after 
reaching: Fredericksburg, in the face of such orders as we 
had received. I can give no explanation of it, from any 
knowledije I have." Again he savs of the order to be at 
Chancellorsville at daylight: "I saw no reason then, and 
have discovered none since the fight, to have prevented our 
reachins: there. If we had moved under cover of night we 



84 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

should have taken the enemy by surprise, in a measure, and, 
in my judgment, would have had but little or no fight. 
Instead of that, we did not begin until after daylight." Gen. 
Howe was a graduate at the West Point Academy, and had 
been in the regular army twenty and odd years. 

Warren was sent by Hooker from Chancellorsville, after 
the order was sent Saturday night to Sedgwick, to tell him 
what had happened there, and to explain the importance of 
the movement ordered, and to tell him "there was but a 
small force in front of Gen. Sedgwick," as he testifies. He 
reached Sedgwick at three o'clock in the morning. He had not 
♦rot far from the crossing. He savs there was a little random 
fire until daylight, when the head of Sedgwick's troops had 
got into Fredericksburg. "I think some little attempts had 
been made to move forward a skirmish line, but that had 
been repulsed." This indicates with what energy the 
movement proceeded. "At fair daylight. Gen. Gibbon laid 
a pontoon bridge at Fredericksburg, and crossed over with 
his division. * * Made a very considerable demonstration, 
and acted very handsomely with the small force that he had, 
not more than two thousand men. But so much time was taken 
that the enemy got more troops in in front of him than he could 
master." Hooker sent a dispatch direct to Gibbon, May 2d, 
ordering him to cross the river that night. 

Col. Johns, of the Seventh Mass. regiment, who was in 
Newton's division, which had the lead into Fredericksburg, 
testifies before the Committee that his division crossed the 
river at ten o'clock, bivouacked a couple of hours. Shaler's 
brigade meanwhile, about midnight, advanced to Fredericks- 
burg, occupied it in a very short time, then the division had 
orders to move. "We moved along quite leisurely," he says, 
"and reached there probably about three o'clock in the morning, 
halting quite often along the road. As we were approaching 
Fredericksburg, passing along the plain south of Fredericks- 



JUST ENTEIflNG THE TOWN AT DAY LIGHT. 85 

l)iii"g, wc had orders from Gen. Sedgwick to be very careful 
and very quiet, because we were passing a dangerous position. 
Wc i)assed, however, in perfect safety. There Avas not a 
shot tired, nor an ahirm or noise of any kind, until we got 
into the streets of Fredericksburg. * * j think it was 
al»<)ut four o'clock in the morning, * that the tirst shot was 
tired by the enemy from the heights, that is, of artillery." 

The enemy held the avcU remembered heights back of the 
town made up of Lee's, Marye's, the Cemetery, and Taylor's 
hills. In front of Marye's was the famous stone Avail. 
After Newton's division entered the town, four regiments 
made an assault against the ritle pits at Cemetery hill, 
advancing to within twenty yards, but Avcre repulsed. 
Gibbon moved with his division through the town, about seven or 
eight o'clock, and across a canal to the right to turn the euemy's 
left. AVarren says he, himself, reconnoitred the heights in 
front, that not a man or gun Avas there. While the troops 
Avere moving, a iKn'seman came in sight, then a gun w\as sent 
at a run, on to the heights, then a regiment of infantry double 
quick, they opened upon Gibbon's men, and the opportunity 
for surprise Avas lost ; bridges would have had to be 
laid under tire, so an assault there Avas deemed then 
impracticable. HoAve found difBculties in Hazel run for 
turning the enemy's right. Warren says he advised Sedg- 
Avick that the only Avay to take the heights Avas by an assault 
Avith all his force. Sedgwick decided to assault it, and 
formed two storming columns for the purpose, on the right, 
Avith a supporting line of battle, from NcAvton's diA'ision. 
One of these columns, and the supporting line, consisted, 
each, of four regiments, the other column of the Seventh 
Mass. and Thirty-Sixth N. Y., under Col. Johns. Col. Johns 
testifies, that under orders, he selected a position behind the 
Cemetery Avail and says : " We took position there not 
far from five o'clock in the morninsf. I had orders to hold 



86 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

myself hi readiness at any moment. « We remained there 
lying behind the wall till ten o'clock in the day. We did not 
fire a gun, and made no movement until that time. In the 
mean time, however, there were other troops engaged both 
on our right and our left," Gibbon's and Howe's reconnoisance, 
already referred to. lie noticed that the enemy seemed to 
be short of artillery. The tiring ceased at half past nine o'clock, 
at half past ten o'clock he was informed that he was to make an 
assault with his regiment and the Thirty-Sixth N. Y. 
Sedgwick, he sa^s, "told me he thought I could get through 
there pretty eji^ily and not lose many men." It Avas through 
the famous stone wall, over the telegraph road. Johns 
moved, when directed, at ten minutes past eleven o'clock. The 
head of his column encountered the tire of a battery and 
then a tremendous musketry fire from the stone wall, and 
was driven back twice, but the third time went gallantly 
through, carried the heights of Marye, and took posession 
of the Avorks;"in twenty minutes," he testifies, "after we 
began the first assault, the brigade I had charge of carried 
the heights." The Colonel himself was carried oft" on a 
stretcher, severely wounded, and he lost one hundred and 
eleven men killed and wounded. Col. Spear was killed at 
the head of the other column. Maj. Fuller of the Sixth 
INIaine, which was in the line of battle, says in his report to 
the adj. -general of his state, about his regiment : "Soon after 
daylight it formed in line of battle in front of the heights of 
St. Mary's," (Marye), "and in a few minutes after ten a. m. 
the order to charge was given, and the regiment advanced on 
the double quick. * * The whole of the enemy's fire 
swept through the devoted ranks of the two regiments," 
Sixth Me. and Fifth Wis., "but Avith Avild cheers the men 
rushed on the fortifications and the victory was won in four 
minutes from the commencment of the attack. The flag of 
the Sixth Me. was the first to Avave from the battlements of 



THE HEIGI1T8 CAKIHED AT ELEVEN O'CLOCK. 87 

the enemy's works." Howe testifies: "I waited, * * 
without reeeiving any order, until I think, it was about eleven 
oVloek in the day.. I then received notice, through a staff 
officer from Gen. Sedgwick, that he was ffoinor to make an 
attack, * * on the heights, and wished me to assist in it. 
Gen. Brooks' division at that time, I think, was at, or near 
the crossing where we were the night before." He hurriedly 
formed his division into three columns of attack, and when 
h(; heard the tirst gun on the right, he started. He carried 
the heights on the left about the same time Marye's heights 
were carried. "In a little more than an hour from the tirst 
movement, all the works were carried," he says. By the 
carrying of the heights, two rebel regiments were captured, 
and the enemy's forces Avere divided and compelled to fall 
back, a portion retiring to the left, on the telegraph road, the 
other on the plank road, Sedgwick's road to Chancellorsville. 
This was the intelligence Avhich was carried by a statf officer 
to Gen. Lee. It was now, let it be borne in mind, past eleven 
o'clock, the battle at Chancellorsville was over. Hooker had 
been driven back to his last line, and the road over which he 
had hoped Sedgwick would have marched up to a junction 
with him was in the hands of the enemy. 

Col. Johns, who was a West Point graduate, was enquired 
of by the Committee, how long he thought it should have 
taken Sedgwick to reach Chancellorsville, after he first 
received the order from Hooker. He replied, six hours. 
It was his opinion there Avas not over a division of the 
enenw in the line of works, and stated it was the general 
impression that the force under Sedgwick "did not move 
with that celerity that the exigencies of the case required." 
Warren's testimony seems apropos. "It takes some men 
just as long to clear away a little force as it does a large one. 
It depends altogether upon the man, how long a certain force 
will stop him." Gibbon, who Avas also a regular officer, 



88 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

clifFers in his opinion from some of the other officers. He 
testifies: "I do not consider that an order sent to Gen. 
Sedgwick on Saturday night, to be at. Chancellorsville at 
daylight on Sunday morning was a practicable one." He 
gives as his i-easons, that it was impracticable to attack the 
heights in the night, that they were strong and well defended, 
and Lee's army was between Fredericksburg and Chancellors- 
ville. He recollects, however, being very impatient in 
waiting for Sedgwick, and believes the assault could have 
been made at an earlier hour than it was. 

The reports of the rebel commanders, which were not 
made public, at least on our side, when this testimony was 
taken, show what force Sedgwick had in front of him, and 
how it was disposed. Lee says in his report: "Early's 
division of Jackson's Corps, and Bai-ksdale's brigade, of 
McLaws' division, with part of the reserve artillery, under 
Gen. Pendleton, Avere intrusted Avith the defence of our 
position at Fredericksburg," and Wilcox's brigade of 
Anderson's division Avas left at Banks' ford, three or four 
miles off. The reports of Maj.-Gen. Early and others 
confirm this, and show that Early had in his own division 
four brigades. Hotchkiss and Allen give his strength as 
seventy-four hundred men ; Barksdale's brigade fourteen 
hundred men ; Wilcox's four regiments had probably about 
the same ; a total of ten thousand tAvo hundred, besides the 
artillery, to Sedgwick's force, Avith Gibbon's, twenty-four 
thousand and odd. Brig. -Gen. Barksdale says in his report : 
"With several batteries under the command of Gen. 
Pendleton, and a single brigade, I had a front of not less 
than three miles to defend, extending from Taylor's hill, on 
the left," to Lee's hill, on the right. "The Twenty-First" 
(Miss.) "regiment AA'as posted between the Marye house and 
the plank road, three companies of Avhich were afterwards 
sent to the support of the Eighteenth regiment, Avhich were 



THE REBEL ACCOUNTS OF THEIR FORCE HERE. 81) 

stationed behind the stone wall at the Marye house. The 
Seventeenth regiment was placed in front of Lee's hill, and 
the Thirteenth still farther to the right. * * Four pieces 
of artillery were placed on the right of Mary e's house, two 
on the left," so the formidable stone wall was held by 
thirteen companies, and Marye's heights by seven compa- 
nies, and six pieces of artillery. It w^as these two 
regiments which were captured in the assault. These 
dispositions were not changed, or his brigade reinforced from 
Saturda}^ night, till the heights w^ere taken, except that 
Early sent one regiment to his right, Sunday morning. Hays' 
brigade to his left, and Wilcox marched down his brigade, 
fioni Banks' ford, but such were the difficulties, he says, 
"that it was utterly impossible for either Gen. Wilcox or 
Gen. Hays to reach the scene of action in time to afford any 
assistance whatever," at Marye's hill. It certainly W'Ould 
have been true, also, it appears from this, if Barksdale had 
been surprised Tn the night. He says : " The enemy * * 
moved in three columns, and three lines of battle, twenty 
thousand strong, against the position held by my brigade." 
If so, Howe's attack Avas also against Barksdale. Early's 
division lay down at the right by the railroad crossing. As 
soon as the pontoon bridge was laid at Fredericksburg, 
Sedgwick did not need to leave much of a force in fi-ont of 
Early. Brig. -Gen. Wilcox says in his report that Sunday 
morning, on receiving word from his pickets, he left his 
brigade and hastened to Taylor's hill, that a force of the 
enemy, (Gibbon's) was moving up between the canal and 
the river, that he gathered in twenty men of his pickets and 
deployed them as skirmishers on Taylor's hill, and got two 
guns into position, and opened on the enemy, who sought 
shelter from the lire. Then he speaks of "the enemy being so 
easily checked by the displa}^ of such a small force on our 
side," so does Lee. That force prevented the laying of 
bridges across the canal. 



'JO THE TIIIKTY-TIIIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

By the rebel reports it appears that Early's whole division 
fell hack along the telegraph road to the left, and Lee says : 
"Gen. Wilcox fell hack slowly, until he reached Salem 
church on the plaid-^ road." By noon the heighrs were in 
possession of the Sixth Corps, the enemy had fallen back a 
mile or two, and only a single brigade was on the Chancel- 
lorsville road. Yet Sedgwick did not start according to the 
testimony of Howe and others, till three o'clock. Newton's 
division was not pushed right on, but "considerable time" 
was taken, says Warren, to have Brooks' division march up 
from the crossing, three miles below, to take the lead. It 
formed in lines of battle and advanced. Wilcox's four guns 
stopped and shelled them. Hotchkiss and Allen say: "The 
Federals were slow in moving, and this encouraged him to 
continue a spirited resistance." Again, "The slowness and 
caution with which the Union troops advanced, encouraged 
Wilcox * * to retard their movements until reinforce- 
ments could arrive." The whole Sixth Corps was now on 
the march, and Gibbon says he moved out a mile and a half 
in support of it, yet the one rebel brigade by its pluck and 
enterprise in skirmishing, and the use of artillery, delayed 
the whole force under Sedgwick which should have made 
short work with it, in getting to Salem church, not four 
miles from the works, till late in the afternoon, when rein- 
forcements arrived from Chancellorsville, sent down by 
Lee after the news reached him that the heights were taken 
by Sedgwick. And a staff officer had time to ride up there, 
and these reinforcements had time to march down the six 
miles, get into line, and be ready for battle. 

Lee and his subordinates tell what these reinforcements 
were : He says, "Gen. McLaws, with his three brigades and one 
of Gen. Anderson's was ordered to reinforce Gen. Wilcox. 
He arrived at Salem church early in the afternoon, where he 
found Gen. Wilcox in line of battle." Sedgwick fought these 



THE BATTLE AT 8ALEM CHUIUI. 1)1 

five brigades Avith his two divisions. Warren says the battle 
began about six o'clock p. m. It lasted into darkness. Some 
splendid fighting was done here by Brooks' division, especially 
l)y Bartlett's brigade, contested ground was taken, and the 
advance reached to Salem church ; but the ground was lost 
again, and night closed in with a repulse. Howe's division was 
not engaged. Howe criticises in his testimony the management 
of this battle pretty severely. He states that Brooks' division 
was taken by surprise in the fight, and says, "I have always 
believed that when they started to move out on the Chancellors- 
ville road, on the afternoon of the 3d, although behind time, if 
the Corps had been brought into action, with not even any great 
skill or judgment, we would have gone right on, * * the 
whole thing was badl}^ managed," at all events they did not 
get on. There was never any question as to Howe's fighting 
ability. Do Peyster styles him the Ney of the army. 
Warren says he ui'ged a difterent arrangment of the troops, 
and that by fighting ditfereutly the battle at Salem church 
might have been won. Gibbon's division remained in 
Fredericksburg to hold it and the bridges, and doubtless to 
watch Early. The Nineteenth Mass. was detailed to act as 
provost-guard of the town. The men in it congratulated 
themselves on getting "a soft thing," and looked forward 
Avith pride to the splendor of their shining l)rasses, polished 
boots and white gloves, possibly, also to paper collars. In 
the morning when they awoke, they saw Avith astonishment 
the rifle-pits on the heights filled with grey coats. Their 
tour of provost guard duty Avas brief. 

Early finding that the heights Avere abandoned, moved up 
from the telegraph road in the morning, and took 
posession of them. Gibbon had taken tAvo brigades across 
the river, leaving only one l)rigade in the toAvn, as the best 
disposition of his men. Warren rode to Chancellorsville 
at midnight of the 3d, reported to Hooker Sedgwick's 



02 THE TIIIRTY-THIKD 3f ASSACIIUSETTS INFANTKY. 

operations and sitnation, and sent him on the morning of the 
4th despatches from the commanding general in which he 
instructs him, "You need not try to force the position you 
attacked at five p. m. liook to the safety of yo\ir Corps. 
You can retire if necessary, by way of Fredericks1)urg or 
Bank's ford;" also, "You are too far away for him to direct." 
Thus twenty-four hours after he Avas required to be at 
Chancellorsvilie he is relieved from any further attempt to 
get there. The whole thing given up as a ])ad job. During 
the forenoon, he received orders directing him to remain, if 
possible, on the south side of the river. Early made a 
junction with McLaws, Sedgwick took a position and awaited 
their attack. Lee reconnoitred Hooker's new position at 
Chancellorsvilie on the morning of the 4th ; decided it was too 
strong to be attacked, without his whole force, and that the 
first thing to be done was to dispose of Sedgwick ; so he 
ordered Anderson to march down to Salem church Avith his 
three brigades, say fifty-seven hundred more men. Lee went 
down and took command in person. The attack on Sedgwick 
was not opened till six r. m. Again the battle, which was a 
severe one on both sides, lasted into the night, but Sedg- 
wick's lines were driven to Banks' ford, where bridges had 
been laid. Howe's division was left at one time to fight 
nearly the whole of Lee's forces, but it fought pluckily, and 
could have fought longer, said Howe. Sedgwick telegraphed 
his situation from time to time to Hooker, and received 
answers according to the tenor of his despatches. At 11.15 
A. M., he telegraphed, "The enemy threaten me strongly on 
two fronts. My position is bad for such attack." At 1.40 r. 
M., "I know no means of judging the enemy's force about 
me, deserters say forty thousand." At midnight. "My 
army is hemmed in upon the slope covered by the guns on 
the north side of Banks' ford. * * Do your operations 
require that I should jeopard by retaining it here?" An 



SEDGWICK DRIVEN ACROSS THE RIVER. 93 

answer was received at 1 a. m. "Withdraw, cover the 
river, prevent any force crossing." He did withdraw, and 
the Sixth Corps was soon across the river. When he was 
across, he received at 3.20 a. m. this despatch, "Yours 
received saying you could hold j)osition. Order to withdraw 
countermanded." But it was too late. So ended ingloriously 
the attempt to strike Lee in flank from the direction of 
Fredericksburg?. 

The general officers concurred in the opinion that it 
would have been a damaging blow if it could have been 
delivered as directed, and the fortunes of the battle of 
Chancellorsville would have beendiflerent, provided Hooker had 
cooperated by a simultaneous attack at his end. He evidently 
had planned to when he should hear Sedgwick's guns. That 
was of course before he was driven back, and before his 
injury. Hotchkiss and Allen say from the rebel stand point, 
"The delay at Frederickburg and Marye's Hill" (on the 3d), 
"had given Lee time to defeat and to dislodge Hooker, 
and when the advance, w4iich made in the morning, 
might have given a decisive advantage to the Federal army, 
was only pushed forward late in the afternoon, it was to 
meet a bloody repulse. * * The Federal commander was 
allowing his army to be beaten in detail." Again, "The 
plans of the Federal commander-in-chief had been rendered 
abortive by the failure of Sedgwick." Sedgwick said to 
the Committee that he had been censured for not being at 
Chancellorsville at daylight on the 3d, and uses this language : 
"I now affirm that it was impossil)le to have made the 
movement if there had not been a rebel soldier in front of 
me." He was not asked whether he could have been there 
before eleven a. m., which would have served Hooker 
apparently equally well. He would have said no, doubtless, 
yet fVom the testimony it hardly seems that the unprejudiced 
reader could agree with hira. In his testimony, Sedgwick 



94 THE THIUTr-THIRU MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

gives his opinion of tlie enemy's forces opposed to him, which, 
of conrse influenced his judgment und his movements, repeat- 
ing the estimate in his despatch to Hooker, "I think there 
were forty thousand men around me on the 4th." He very much 
over estimated their force. He says there were "two divisions 
of the enemy on the heights of Fredericksburg, which was 
in my rear." There was only Early's division, seventy-four 
hundred men. The rebel accounts concur in the statement 
that McLaws and Anderson, together, had seventeen 
thousand, making with artillery say two thousand, twenty-six 
thousand four hundred to his twenty-two thousand without 
Gibbon. Both sides had lost. Sedgwick says he lost near 
five thousand. Butterfield testified that in his opinion the 
order could have been executed "with a determined 
attack." Hooker says that Warren reported to him that 
''in his iudijment Gen. Sedofwick would not have moved at all 
^f he (Gen. Warren,) had not been there." Hooker said 
of Sedgwick also in his testimony which was given in 1865, 
a year after he had fallen, "I knew Gen. Sedgwick very well ; 
he was a classmate of mine, and I had been through a good 
deal of service with him. He was a perfectly brave man, 
and a good one ; but wdien it came to manoeuvreing troops, 
or judging of positions for them, in my judgment he was 
not able or expert. Had Gen. Reynolds been left with that 
independent command, I have no doubt the result w^ould 
have been different." It could well be added to Hookers 
estimate of Sedgwick, that he was a thoroughly patriotic 
man, a loyal soldier; but very cautious and constitutionally 
slow. 

Meanwhile at Chaucellorsville after eleven a. m., Sunday, 
there was no fighting. Nothing disturbed the stillness of 
the battle-field except the roaring of the flames, where the 
woods caught Are, as they swept through the undergrowth 
unextinguished, burning to a crisp, w^hat the rebel Col. 



Jackson's corps holds our six at chanckllorsville. 95 

Hamilton, describing the scene called, ""The dead, dying and 
roasted Yankees;" — and later towards night the roar of 
Sedgwick's gnns, distinctly heard Irom Salem chui-ch. At 
night, and at next day's dawn, the solemn silence was broken 
only by the whip-poor-wills, and their notes sounded as 
peaceful as in the woods about the quiet homes of Mass. 

It is not to be overlooked that when Lee reinforced Early 
at Fredericksburg he reduced his own numbers just so much 
at Chaneellorsville. On Monday Avhen he had sent away 
McLaws with four brigades, he was left with oidy Jackson's 
Corps and Anderson's three brigades, not twenty-eight 
thousand men to Hooker's near eighty thousand ; and oji 
Monday, when he went down with the rest of Anderson's 
division to finish Sedgwick, Stuart was left at Chaneellors- 
ville with only Jackson's Corps to hem in the entire army of 
the Potomac, there, the eighty thousand men. So that for 
twenty-four hours the First, Second, Third, Fifth, Eleventh 
and Twelfth Corps were kept paralyzed by that one Corps of 
Jackson's which had overwhelmed the Eleventh Corps and 
destroyed its good name because it did not successfully 
resist it. It may not be set down to the blame of all these 
Corps that they were kept paralyzed by this, as compared 
with theirs, small force, nevertheless it is true that not an effort 
was made to move out of the intrenchments and deal a blow 
at the weakened enemy. 

After the failure of Sedgwick was reported to Gen. 
Hooker, he called his Corps commanders to a council of war. 
The cavalry had accomplished little, the time of thirty-eight 
N. Y. regiments had expired, — he submitted the facts and the 
question of advance or withdrawal to them. Their opinions 
were about equally divided, Meade and Howard favored 
advance, but the preponderance was rather for withdrawal. 
Hooker who had not participated in the council, was inclined 
to that opinion. Doubtless, the words were ringing in his 



96 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS IXFANTRY. 

ears which Lincohi had written in his letter assigning him to 
the command, and twice repeated, "Beware of rashness, 
beware of rashness," and they made his bold soul timid 
under the responsibility. So he decided to withdraw his 
army to the other side of the river. A severe storm set in 
on Tuesday which delayed the operation, the river rose, and 
threatened to carry away the pontoon bridges., and prevent 
the operation entirely. 

Meanwhile the rebel chief had returned from driving 
Sedgwick across the river, determined with all his force to do 
the same thing to Hooker. He planned to attack his 
intrenchments Tuesday morning, but the storm equally 
interfered with him. Wednesday when he moved to attack, 
the army of the Potomac was gone. It was safe across the 
Ra})pahannock. 

WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE DISASTER? 

Who was to blame for the disastrous result of the cam- 
paign? And first for the disaster on Saturday? The Eleventh 
Corps, and how far? That Corps had not long belonged to 
the army of the Potomac, and had never fought with it ; as 
now constituted, it had never fought together at all. Most of 
it had belonged to the army of Virginia under Pope. It had 
last fought at the second Bull Run, and had fought well. 
It was then under Gen. Sigel. Nearly half of the Corps, 
forty-tive hundred men, were Germans, from the generals 
down. Sigel was their countryman, in whom they had 
unbounded confidence. But he was relieved, and an Ameri- 
can general, Howard, who had a good reputation, but whom 
they did not know, was ordered to command them. For one 
or both these reasons, the Corps was placed on the right at 
Chancellorsville, where it was evident Hooker expected the 
least fighting, for another Corps, new to this army, the 
Twelfth was also placed there, while the old seasoned Corps 



WAS THE ELEVENTH CORPS TO BLAME? 97 

that had been together years, were placed on the left, the 
direction of the enemy. 

Recall now the position of the Eleventh Corps as shown 
by the evidence. Of the ground it occupied. Hooker 
confessed he knew nothing, and could tind out nothing 
about it, or its roads. The point at which its right 
rested had no natural or artiticial defences, was exposed in 
front, tiank and rear. There was nothing between its rear 
and the river, three miles oft'. The Corps was strung along 
for a mile and a half in a thin line of battle, faced to the 
front, south, except two or three regiments on the flank, on a 
road through the wilderness which amounted to a defile to a 
great extent, capital for a front attack, but worst of all for an 
enfilading one, and for a change of front ; the right in a 
thick Avood where it could see nothing a few rods ahead. 
Hooker and other generals agreed the night before, that it 
was not a strong position, that the Corps' lines should be 
contracted, and be put on more defensible ground, and the 
right be more refused, but through the over confidence 
of Howard, Hooker, rather weakly, it must be said, allowed 
it to remain as it was. A whole Corps including the 
Eleventh's best brigade, as the correspondent called it, was 
taken bodily from its left out two miles oft", across a creek, 
leaving a Avide gap in the line, so that its left was now like 
its right and rear, utterly Avithout support. Then, so as to 
practically neutralize the eft'ect of their own numbers, and 
disarm them, the men in it Avere told by their superiors, 
(honestly enough) that the enemy Avas retreating, there Avas 
to be no fighting, they could stack arms and make themselves 
comfortable. Soldiers Avere ahvays ready to obey that order. 
So they Avent to eating and drinking (army rations) and 
making merry, when in a twinkling, tAventy-two thousand 
rebels sprang up out of the ground, Avith yells that rever- 
berated through the forest as if a million demons were coming, 



98 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

and in long lines closed in around the Corps' right flank so 
as to crumble it np, and the rear, so as to prevent deploying 
that way, and then instead of all running away from this 
rebel avalanche that had overtaken them without warning, 
we scarcely could have blamed them if they had, most of 
the Eleventh's men took their guns when they could get at 
them, turned to as a Corps, and fought the enemy with the 
odds against them, more than two to one, in numbers, and 
ten to one in situation, from position to position over two 
miles and for three hours, without any help, till the attack 
was protracted into the night, and the enemy was put into 
confusion and compelled to halt ! For the majority of the 
Corps which fought that night as well as any coiild, under the 
circumstances, the blame which has hitherto been heaped upon 
it, is gross injustice. To a part of it, not a large part, which 
was seized with a panic, and fled without suflicient eflfort to 
do their duty, some blame must ever attach. The writer 
does not acquit them. It is not good military policy to 
justify a panic. But if there ever was a situation in which 
troops were placed that justified a first-class panic, the 
situation of the Eleventh Corps that Saturday night was 
one. This much can also be said, for every old officer knows 
it to be true, that if soldiers, even the best of them, are put 
in a position where there is not a living chance for them, 
or for anybody, they will not fight. It certainly was true 
of our arm}^ for the men in the ranks reasoned as much 
as their ofiicers. 

Whatever may be the verdict as to the rank and file of 
the Corps, even should it be an unjust one, what as to their 
superior ofiicers who allowed them to be so completely sur- 
prised, and utterly unprepared? Is there any valid excuse? 
And who are they that are thus to be held responsible ? First 
as always, the commanding general, Hooker, himself. He 
would have had the glory of success, he must bear the blame 



hooker's share of the blame. yy 

of anything which cuused faiku-e. He had the choice of 
means and instruments. eTudged by the standard that rigidly 
requires of a commander to provide for any contingency that 
might have been reasonably anticipated, it must be admitted 
that in this case more than formal blame rests upon Hooker, 
faultless and magniticent as was the initiative of this cam- 
paign. As he was to blame for the faulty ground, so he took 
no adequate means to tind out what was going on around 
him, though he had them at his command. When the enemy 
was found to be moving in front of him, he formed the opin- 
ion, as did others around him, that there were two explana- 
tions of the movement ; either it was a retreat, or it was to 
attack his right flank, and he so advised Howard and Slocum 
at 9.30 A. M., yet he did not, all day long, order out any recon- 
noisance from his right flank, to find out if the enemy 
was moving against him there. He could have ordered 
Howard's entire_Corps out there, just as he let Sickles go off 
to the front, or he could have found useful employment to the 
right, for the only cavalry he had saved for this great battle, 
the brigade of Pleasonton, under "an officer of experience," 
in whom he reposed especial confidence, according to the 
cavalry general's testimony. He only ordered the pickets to 
be pushed out as far as w^ould be "safe." They could do 
nothing, of course, with any strong picket line of the enemy, 
and could not have been expected to by the order. He did 
not insist on having the right contracted, according to his 
judgment the night before, now that there was a reasonable 
chance of an attack there, and though he said in the 9.30 
order to How^ard, of his right, in anticipation of an attack, 
"there appears to be a scarcity of troops there," which seems 
a grim joke in light of subsequent events, he not only sent 
no more troops there, but allowed Sickles to carry off with 
him, two miles away, more than a corps, including nearly all 
the reserve force he had to send anywhere in an emergency, 



100 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

for the purpose, and this is the best that can be said of it, of 
finding out whether the enemy was really retreating, or moving 
to attack his right, which he was all the while weakening just 
so much. Hooker told the writer, though, once, that he 
never authorized Sickles to take Williams' division and 
Barlow's brigade, and no such order of his in words appears 
in the testimony. 

While the commander of an army is required to be all 
eyes and ears, we know that he must use those of others, and 
must rely upon others to furnish him information and to 
execute his orders, and so far as they fail him they must be 
held responsible as well. Whatever Hooker failed to do to 
prevent surprise, and to be properly prepared, his subordinate 
commanders who had the requisite authority failed equally, 
or rather more, for they had only their part of the field to 
look out for, and their duty was to get information for him as 
well as for their own commands. The commanders of the 
Eleventh Corps must come in for a large share of the blame 
for insufficiency of preparation and the weakness of his 
force, and position even. No excuse justifies extreme confi- 
dence and disregard of advice but success. And in adhering 
to his position and the formation of his troops, he certainly 
disregarded advice if he did not disregard positive instruc- 
tions. His thin extended line was his choosing, and though 
Hooker saw his line Saturday morning and substantially 
approved, yet after Hooker had received new information of the 
enemy's movements, and sent to Howard the 9.30 order, 
the latter was not only at liberty to change his dispositions, 
but commanded to, for he could not have "heavy reserves 
well in hand," without doing so ; yet he made scarcely a 
change. He did not ask for any more troops, or remonstrate 
when Barlow was sent ofi". It would appear that he did not 
even order that his line, such as it was, should be kept on 
the alert, for it can scarcely be supposed that the men in two 



Howard's and sickles' share of the blame. 101 

divisions would have been ordered to stack arms, and 
allowed to be away from them for getting their suppers, and 
otherwise off duty, against the positive orders of the corps 
commander. 

Whatever is said of the Corps commander applies as well 
to the division, and subordinate commanders, to whom was 
intrusted independently any of the duty which was so unfort- 
unately neglected. From the testimony of Gen. Devens Ave 
are informed that the disposition of the troops was in accord- 
ance with the orders of the Corps commander, and he did not 
feel authorized to make any changes himself, no matter what 
the information that came from the scouts. Yet after he became 
convinced that the enemy meant his right, and Schurz got the 
information he did, unless they afterwards changed their 
minds, it is hard to explain why they should have allowed 
their men to stack arms and be away from their lines, off 
duty, at the critical moment, unless too the Corps commander 
overruled their judgment ; it is hardly to be supposed he 
would have in such a particular. 

By the standard of criticism applied to the rest, the 
general who deserves not the least blame for the disaster on 
the right is Sickles. He states it as his juderment, in his 
testimony, "that if the Eleventh Corps had held its ground, 
the result of that day's operations would have been" more 
favorable, "entirely successful but for the giving way of the 
Eleventh Corps." It is safe to say the result would or should 
have been different if he had held his original ground. No one 
was more responsible than he for leaving that Corps utterly 
isolated, and beyond the power of help when the attack came. 
And if he was in a "critical position" when Jackson passed 
around his right and rear, what of the Eleventh Corps which 
he left alone with half his number of men? The movement 
which he made was of his planning. He persuaded Hooker 
to let him make it, begged for one division after another until 



102 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

he had three, and wanted another, and had sent to him all the 
cavalry which Hooker had, and dreadfully needed, too, 
elsewhere, and then he suffered himself to be amused the rest 
of the afternoon with a wagon train, and with capturing a few 
hundred prisoners, sending in bulletins of his success which 
deceived Hooker, while Jackson's column had got three miles 
aAvay from him, and was doing, what he had said was 
likely enough, dealing a blow at the Eleventh Corps, which 
he blames for not waiting till he got ready to come back from 
his afternoon's wild chase. His ill-timed movement away 
from the main body, on his own account, did as much as any 
one thing to produce the result, just as a similar one of his at 
Gettysburg came near being disastrous to the army of the 
Potomac there, when it took nearly the whole of it to save him 
and the left of the line. 

Such must be the criticism if the commanders referred to 
are to be held accountable for not doing what the 
circumstances, as they appear to us now, reasonably 
required of them. But history makes allowances. It is 
more human to put oneself in the place of others, and see 
how it appeared to them. It is impossible to resist the 
conclusion from the evidence, that on that Saturday 
afternoon, everybody from the commanding general down, 
knew that it was possible the enemy was moving to attack 
the right, and perhaps said so, but came to believ(! sooner or 
later, that he was not, and was really retreating. This 
conclusion explains everything ; upon any other it seems as if 
everybody had gone mad. It cannot be supposed that a 
regular oJaBcer of such reputation as Howard, who afterwards 
came to be commander of the Army of the Tennessee by Gen. 
Sherman's own selection, could have allowed his corps to be 
so completely surprised, and poorly prepared, if he had 
actually believed the enemy was about to attack his right ; or 
that Sickles, who knew what fighting meant, would for 



WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE COMMANDER'S CONDUCT. 103 

the sake of his own, or his corps' glory, have left 
the Eleventh in the critical position that he did, if he truly 
believed it was to be attacked by the force that he reported 
as forty thousand. That Hooker believed the enemy was 
"flying" is evident from his dispatch to Sedgwick, based as 
he says on Sickles' opinion ; and if such was not Sickles' 
honest opinion, then Hooker, in the language of the day was 
very badly "bulldozed." Hooker and others might well dis- 
believe that Lee in the presence of an enemy that vastly 
outnumbered him, would cut his army in two, and march a 
part of it where it could be beaten in detail. Nothing but 
success has prevented the movement from receiving the 
severest military criticism. At all events it is nearer the 
truth, and less harsh to say that Hooker and his commanders 
erred in their conclusions, than that they grossly neglected 
their duty. 

The want of success at Chancellorsville on Sunday was 
evidently due inihe iirst place to the fact that not hcilf of the 
army there was put into the battle. Whose fault that was, 
if any one's, it is difficult to discover. Certainly not Hooker's, 
for at the critical moment when the right should have been 
hurled upon Stuart, according to Hooker's plan, he lay sense- 
less through a severe injury. Why Gen. Couch did not at 
once assume command, or if he was notified and did, why 
he did not order the movement that was needed is not 
stated by any authority cited. In the next place want of 
success that day was due probably, though not certainly, 
to the failure of Sedgwick to carry out energetically 
and with proper enterprise, the spirit if not the letter, 
of Hooker's order to him. Probably, though not certainly, 
because if he had fought his way through to near Chancellors- 
ville before eleven a. m., as it must be decided that he could 
have, it is not sure that after Hooker was disabled the Army 
of the Potomac there would have been handled so as to 



104 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

co-operate vigorously with Sedgwick, and prevent Lee's 
hurling his whole force on him. 

A cause of the fiiilure of the whole campaign was, besides 
the want of sufficient cavalry in the battle, the utter want of 
success of that important arm where it was sent, a whole 
corps under Gen. Stoneman to do, as w\as promised, great 
thino-s towards compelling Lee to retreat. His orders, 
"fight, fight, FIGHT." But he divided his corps into 
picnic parties that scampered over the country, too insig- 
nificant in numbers to do any mischief, and they did precious 
little fighting. 

After the campaign thus ended in failure all around, and 
the Army of the Potomac was across the Kappahannock, it 
marched back again by the same muddy roads, to the same 
old camps. The Thirty-Third stretched its shelter tents over 
the same old log huts at Stafford C. H., that luckily it had 
not burned, and was once more in "Camp Smith," as if 
nothing unusual had happened. 

Drills, parades and picket again. Camp yarns, base ball, 
and other diversions in season, among them the classic game 
of "greased pig." Camp sells were in order again. Capt. 
McMichael, the brigade commissary who had opened his shop 
at the old stand, was the occasional recipient of bottles of 
temperance gin from an unknown admirer ; one of the sus- 
pected officers, it was said, was induced by him to dig for 
oysters in the neigboring hill. Major Brown left the regi- 
ment here to pursue his profession, amid the haunts of the 
peaceful ale-wife, and where the Taunton griddle, which he 
had taught the field and staff to love, abounds in its 
perfection. Capt. Lampson became major ; Lieut. Prescott, 
captain. 



THE BATTLE OF BEVERLEY's FORD. 105 

There being nothing doing, and it being the height of 
the ladies' season, (forty came dovm about this time on one 
boat,) the colonel Avas advised by officers high in command 
to take apartments in the Virginia mansion occupied by 
division headquarters, and send for his family. His wife and 
child arrived after proper army delays. Serenades and 
receptions were inaugurated, and the experiment promised to 
be highly successful, when in the inscrutable orderings of 
army affairs, a confidential communication came down from 
headquarters, only a day or two after the arrival of these 
visitors from Mass., announcing that Gen. Howard, having 
been ordered to detail from the Eleventh Corps "five hundred 
picked men, well disciplined and commanded by competent 
and efficient officers" for a secret expedition to start that 
night, had selected the Thirty-Third Massachusetts ! Such a 
very complimentary piece of information ! Even the men in 
the hospital responded to that summons, some who afterwards 
found their pluck was greater than their strength. Could 
an3^body find it in his heart to upbraid fate for such an order? 
It was an end of the family establishment, however. In the 
army everybody fully realized that this state is but a pilgrimage, 
and that he must keep moving on. That time the Thirty-Third 
moved on according to orders, towards "Spotted Tavern" 
wherever that might prove to be. 

It kept moving on all night, and in the small hours of the 
morning, in a thunder shoAver and through the darkness and 
the mud, Avith a guide, so called, and long after it had 
decided there was no such place in Virginia as "Spotted 
Tavern," found Avhat was claimed to be that favorite haunt, 
and found, too, the Second Mass. and other regiments 
"picked" by a similar order from their several corps ; and fell 
into a short bivouac with them. It moved on again that 
morning under Gen. Ames, who Avas in command of a tem- 
porary brigade of infantry in which the regiment now found 



106 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

itself, towards the Rappahannock, and soon began to see a 
long line of Buford's cavalry, and batteries of artillery. 
When it reached a bivouac at Bealton station, it had done 
forty-five miles in twenty-six hours. It seemed to be 
appropriately detailed to the cavalry. 

Information had reached Gen. Hooker that a large body of 
rebel cavalry was massing near Culpepper, under Stuart, 
preparatory to a raid into the north somewhere, and Pleason- 
ton, now in command of the cavalry of the Army of the 
Potomac, in place of Stoneman, relieved, was ordered to move 
with his corps against Stuart, and head off his raid. He was 
to move in two columns, one division under Buford across 
the Rappahannock at Beverley's ford, two divisions under 
Gregg across the river at Kelley's ford, these fords being 
about six miles apart. The two columns were to form a 
junction near Brandy station. Two brigades of infantry, one 
for each column, were to accompany the cavalry, made up of 
regiments selected from the several Corps, and commanded 
respectively by Gen. Ames of the Eleventh Corps, and Gen. 
Russell of the Sixth, both regular officers. A suitable 
number of efficient batteries of artillery were selected also. 
L. L. Crouse, an army correspondent, in an account written 
on the evening of the battle, and published in Vol. 7 Moore's 
Reb. Rec, says: "The infantry force selected challenged 
particular admiration. The regiments were small, but they 
Avere reliable — such, for instance, as the Second, Third and 
Seventh Wise, Second and Thirty-Third Mass., Sixth Me., 
Eighty-Sixth and One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth N. Y., 
and one or two others of like character." So the Thirty- 
Third found itself in good company. 

Hooker planned the expedition very quickly, preparatory 
movements were executed with great secrecy, and when the 
leading brigade of Buford's column. Col. Davis, in the dawn 
of June 9th crossed the river, over which the mists still 



A RARE SIGHT OF CAVALRY CHARGES. 107 

hung, the rebel pickets were completely surprised ; as the 
"Richmond Examiner" had it, "caught at breakfast, made 
prisoners on foot with guns empty and horses grazing," a 
"surprise * * the most complete that has occurred." The 
cavalry followed the rebel pickets that escaped into a 
patch of woods, the rest of their brigade was alarmed, 
mounted, and some of the squadrons came charging down on 
the road, through the timber, upon Davis' advance. A short 
fight ensued, and Davis was killed while gallantly rallying his 
brigade. Ames sent over the Second Mass. and Third 
Wise. After fording the river they went on the run, formed 
line and drove the enemy back. They won considerable 
praise for the steadiness and accuracy of their fire. The 
cavalry was ordered to charge the enemy in flank. As the 
Thirty-Third came onto the hill that overhung the river at 
the ford here, to support Graham's regular battery, it wit- 
nessed the fight of the infantry, and the charge of the 
cavalry. The Penn. Lancers, supported by the Fifth and 
Sixth regulars, dashed up onto the opposite slope, through a 
heavy storm of shell and cannister, went into the rebel lines 
in splendid style, almost to the muzzles of their guns. The 
rebel cavalry recoiled before the shock, then gathered, and 
charged back. The tussle lasted several minutes. It was a 
rare sight to see the lines of blue and gray in the ojjen fields, 
massing, wheeling and charging into each other, thousands of 
sabres flashing in the sun. Suddenly the Lancers and regulars 
were taken in flank, by rebel reinforcements that appeared on 
the right ; but they gallantly cut their way through. Buford 
now had two brigades against him. Both sides dismounted 
and went to fighting as infantry, while the artillery of both 
practised on each other. The Thirty-Third was ordered to 
the front. Down the hill it went, forded the stream, passed 
on through the patch of woods to*the left, by plenty of dead 
cavalry men, blue and gray, formed line under a heavy 



108 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

artillery fire, and sent out skirmishers. At once there was hot 
work. The Second Mass. in which the colonel had formerly 
served as captain, was now placed under his command as a 
support to his line. The skirmishers so annoyed a rebel 
battery in the edge of the woods beyond, that it paid them 
the rare compliment of opening on them with round shot. A 
formidable mass of cavalry on the flank moving about with its 
flutterino- Secesh colors did not care to trouble this line «)f 
infantry. 

The rebel cavalry, although in great numbers now, began 
to fall back. Approaching guns were heard from the direction 
of Brandy station. They were Gregg's guns. The rebels 
were between two fires and so fell back to escape being cut in 
two. Gregg met with no opposition at Kelley's ford, moved 
up to Brandy station which was held by the enemy in force. 
Col. Sir Percy Wyndham charged with his brigade, supported 
b}^ Kilpatrick's upon the station, surrounded a house in which 
it appeared afterwards that Gens. Stuart, Hampton and 
Jones were met to consult as to the intended raid. But rebel 
reinforcements drove Wyndham back. Stuart's ambulance 
was captured with all his papers, including the plan of the 
intended raid into Penn. and Md. At Brandy station, Gregg 
found that the trains were bringing up rebel infantry. Spies 
saw rebel infantry marching through Culpepper. Gregg fell 
back from here and marched up to join Buford. The prox- 
imity of rebel infantry in force was information for Pleasonton 
to report ; he now held a council with his commanders, and 
decided to fall back, which he did. It was the first cavalry 
battle of the war. Some brilliant and daring dashes were 
made on both sides. The "Richmond Sentinel" says of the 
fighting that day : "The hand to hand encounters of cavalry 
and the crossing of sabres were the principal features of the 
fight." The rebels claim thft Pleasonton had ten or twelve 
thousand men, while their only brigades engaged were 



THE JUNE MARCH INTO PENNSYLVANIA. 109 

Hampton's, Lee's and Jones', not over five thousantl men. 
The Thirty-Third was with Biiford's advance, and reached 
a point nearly three miles from the river. In falling back, 
and in crossing the river, it had the distinction of being rear 
guard to the whole column, but it was not sei'iously molested. 

A day or two was spent in picketing at Rappahannock 
station, and then the ofiicers and men of the regiment turned 
their faces homeward to the old camp, and the attractions left 
behind. But no such luck was in store for them. Gen. 
Hooker rightly divined that the presence of columns of rebel 
infantry in that neighborhood meant something more than a 
cavalry raid ; and so he put his whole army instantly in 
motion to follow up the rebel movement thus commenced 
and keep between Lee and Washington. 

The Thirty-Third met its Corps at Catlett's station, then 
marched with it that long, hot and dusty journey, often 
footsore and hungry and generally thirsty, into Pennsylvania, 
by the Bull Kun and Goose Creek route, halting a while 
"at camp near no one knows what," as it was known at 
regimental headquarters ; being about the hottest place that 
could be found anywhere about. Then over the river at 
Edward's ferry, by the way of Poolesville and mouth of 
the Monocacy into Jefferson, one awfully long day as rear 
guard to the mule trains. Then leading or following along 
the turnpikes of fertile and thrifty Marjdand, that blooming 
June, with waj'sides of roses and flowers, green fields and 
waving wheat, where all was peace. Over the Kittoctan 
range, through jDrosperous Middletown, up onto the South 
Mountain, looking down a day or two onto the sunny plains 
of the Cumberland valley and the field of Antietam. 
Back through Middletown, then, by one or two forced 
marches, which gave short time for cherries, through 
loyal Frederick and Emmittsburg. One march of forty odd 
miles in twenty-five hours ! beating the Beverley's Ford time. 



110 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

At Frederick the army awoke in the morning and found it 
had a new commander, Gen. Meade. "Good bye Fighting 
Joe," was sorrowfully said by the whole army, for every one 
in it loved him. He was lost forever to the Army of the 
Potomac. But the Thirty-Third was to have him again and 
be drawn to him more on other fields. 

From Emmittsburg the Thirty-Third marched on to the 
music of heavy guns. The men in it knew — the whole army 
knew, what was before them, a great battle — that Lee's Army 
must be driven from Pennsylvania at whatever cost of lives. 
That could be seen written in the determined faces of the 
men of the Army of the Potomac, as they heard those ominous 
guns July 1. The Thirty-Third, marching to their sound, 
followed its column double-quick into Gettysburg. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 

The Preliminary Movements of both Armies. Change of Federal Commander on 
the Eve of Battle. Meade succeeds Hooker. Numbers and Topography. The 
First Day of the Battle. The Fighting of the Cavalry and of the First and 
Eleventh Corps. Reynolds Killed. The Retreat to Cemetery Hill. The Second 
Day. The Attack on Sickles and the Left. Cannonade. Bigelow's Ninth 
Mass. Battery in action. The Arrival of Sedgvick. The Charge of the Penn. 
Reserves. The Attack on Cemetery Hill. The Fight of the Thirty-Third. The 
Third Day. The Charge of the Second Mass. The Great Cannonade. Pickett's 
Charge and Repulse. The Losses in the Regiment. The March back into "Old 
Virginny." Dog Days' Rest. 

During the progress of the rebel invasion of 1863, which 
the people of -Pennsylvania will remember a good while, 
doubtl(!SS, after Lee's Army had roamed along up the fertile 
Cumberland valley, in that state, from the Potomac to the 
Susquehannah river, feeding and clothing its starved, bare- 
footed and destitute men, by levying and stealing from the in- 
habitants all it could lay its hands on, and was about to cross 
that river to plunder Harrisburg, and visit other northern 
capitals, one morning the frightened people living along 
the Susquehannah awoke and found the rebels gone bag and 
baggage, none of them knew whither. Lee got intelligence 
from his scouts, that the Army of the Potomac had crossed 
over into Maryland after him, and was heading for the passes 
thro' the South Mountain, and the Cumberland valley to his 
rear. The conviction flashed on the rebel soldier, that 
Hooker was planning to strike his communications, a move 
he realized too dangerous to be disregarded. To counteract 
it he instantly determined to cross from his side of the South 
Mountain chain, over to the eastern side, to threaten Hooker's 



112 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

communications, and Washington, and to give battle if re- 
quired. The main bod}^ of his army was then at Chambers- 
burg, one cohimn at Carlisle, both in the Cumberland valley, 
another had reached York around to the northeast of it. 
These three places are on the arc of a circle, the centre of 
which is at the town of Gettysburg, east of the mountains. 
Three great roads run from these places to Gettj-sburg, just 
thirty miles distant from each. This town is a business centre 
from which other roads radiate, one of them was the shortest 
road to his base. So after reports from some of his com- 
manders, he ordered his army to concentrate there ; and thus 
it befell that this little known county capital, awoke one 
morning and found itself famous. 

In the meanwhile Hooker had Ijegged in vain for 
the troops at Harper's Ferry and for leave to "pitch into 
Lee's rear," as he expressed it, been relieved at his own 
request by Halleck, who was not over fond of him, and gal- 
lant "fighting Joe" went the way of all the Army of the Poto- 
mac's other commanders, and on the brink of battle it was 
made to take a new one, whom Hooker recommended but 
whom it little knew, Meade, It was used to change, however, 
and kept right on marching northward. From Frederick in 
Maryland, which it had reached under Hooker's marching 
orders, it moved on in three columns, each ten to twenty 
miles apart diverging from each other like the ribs of a fan, 
towards the Susquehannah, keeping between Lee and Wash- 
ington. The Federal movements and direction of march, 
Lee's cavalry commander Stuart failed to report to him, for he 
was away raiding around the right flank of the Army of the 
Potomac, and was a day or two behind hand. The rebel 
movements were changed so suddenly that Meade had not yet 
heard of their new ones. The roads on which the left column 
of his army, consisting of three corps, was moving, led through 
Gettysburg. On the night of June 30th, the hostile columns 



NUMBERS IN BOTH ARMIES, AND TOPOGRAPHY. 113 

had approached each other on the different roads so closely, 
that from fifty to sixty thousand rebels, and twenty-five 
thousand loyal infantry were sleepins^ within a dozen miles of 
each other, without either of them suspecting the proximity 
of the other force, tho' Buford's cavalry had heard of rebel 
infantry in the neighborhood. The next morning the hostile 
forces were nearing each other fast and a great battle was 
impending, unexpectedly to each ; in spite too of the Federal 
commander, for Meade that morning of July 1, having just 
heard that the enemy had disappeared from the Susquehan- 
nah, somewhere, was busy laying out a battlefield on the line 
of Pipe Creek, a day's march to the rear ; but the resistless 
tide of events willed otherwise, and the Battle of Pipe Creek 
was not to be. 

Of the numbers in the army of invasion, various estimates 
have been made from Hooker's and Meade's of ninety 
thousand infantry, to Longstreet's, of but fifty-five thousand 
infantry. It probably brought to the field nearly seventy 
thousand infantry, ten thousand cavalry, and five thousand in 
the artillery, and that army had the prestige of the last 
victory at Chancellors ville, which was worth thousands of 
men. The army of the rebels was freshly re-organized just 
before the start, into three corps besides the cavalry, each 
corps with three full divisions. Our Army of the Potomac 
brought to Gettysbui'g, says Meade, ninety-five thousand of 
all arms, not all effective probably, and retained the old 
organization, seven corps and a cavalry corps, each corps had 
some two, some three thin divisions, not larger often than a 
rebel brigade. The rebel division, it was sufficiently near to 
say, nearly equalled the average of our corps, eight to twelve 
thousand men. Longstreet, A. P. Hill and Ewell, full Lieu- 
tenant Generals, commanded the rebel corps. The two 
armies were probably larger by ten to twenty thousand men 
than the armies of Wellington and Napoleon at Waterloo. 



114 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Looking down from Cemetery Hill, and facing northward, 
the town of Gettysburg lies in the valley at your feet, just to 
the left ; all around and beyond it rise hills and ridges sloping 
gently up and away into a sort of amphitheatre ; ten miles off 
to the west is the blue chain of the South Mountains, bej^ond 
which is the Cumberland valley, at its lower end the field of 
Antietam ; between are a series of parallel ridges running 
nearly north and south ; you are standing on one, the Ceme- 
tery Ridge, Avhich bends sharply round to the right. The next 
ridge to the west, longer than the one you are on and as high, 
half a mile beyond the town, is Seminary Ridge ; to the east- 
ward beyond Rock Creek, which comes down from the north 
and flows into the Monocacy to the rear, rise the high and ir- 
regular hills from another ridge, the western slopes of which 
meet the slopes of a cro^s ridge beyond the town, and help 
form the amphitheatre. From here you see the roads run- 
ning into the town from almost every direction, like so 
many spokes into the hub of a wheel ; there are ten principal 
ones. 

THE FIRST DAY OF THE BATTLE. 

Out on the Chambersburg road, which comes in from the 
northwest over the mountains, Buford's cavalry, kept on the 
flank of our left column to protect it and to reconnoitre, 
struck a column of rebel infantry, marching unconcernedly 
towards the town and only a mile and a half from it, and the 
first day of the battle commenced at nine o'clock in the 
morning. This rebel column was the advance of Hill's Corps, 
Heth's division. Our cavahy dismounted, skirmished, opened 
with their horse artillery and drove the surprised rebels back 
on the road, till they were reinforced and began to come on 
"booming" as Buford had anticipated, and drove in turn. A 
message was sent back to tell Gen. Reynolds of the First 
Corps, then commanding our whole left column, that the 
enemy had been met in force and request him to hurry up 
with his infantry while Buford held them in check. But 



THE CAVALRY AND FIRST CORPS ENGAGED. 115 

Reynolds was a soldier and promptly marched to the sound of 
the guns. He soon galloped up on the Emmittsburg road, 
with a division of his Corps on the double quick, and out 
across the hills and fields at ten o'clock to the scene of the 
opening fight. As Reynolds rode up and saw Buford, he 
asked "What's the matter, John?" '"The devil's to pay" replied 
Buford. "I hope you can hold out until my Corps comes up," 
said the former. "I reckon I can," answered the latter. 
Reynolds decided at once that the enemy must be held till our 
marching columns could be apprised of the danger threatening 
their flanks, and the commanding general order what he 
would do, and he humanely decided also to fight if he could 
beyond the town, so as to spare it. "I will hold on to this 
Chambersburg road," said Reynolds significantly to Double- 
day, for the time commanding his Corps, "You hold on to 
the next," not knowing what might be there. The division 
he had brought jip, fell at once into a hot fight, was at first 
driven, then swung around handsomely and captured the 
rebel Gen. Archer, and two or three thousand men. Rey- 
nolds stood dismounted, watching the successful charge of the 
Iron brigade led by Col. Fairchild and his Second Wise, when 
he suddenly fell forward on his face dead, shot by a rebel 
volley. "Reynolds dead?" "Reynolds !" asked men in aston- 
ishment. It was hard to believe and harder to bear. The 
news flew quickly through the regiments of the First Corps that 
idolized him, back through the whole Army of the Potomac 
that looked to him as one of the great leaders, and all over 
the land that lost thus early a most promising commander. 
But a battle waits no more for a dying general than a dying 
private. The struggle for that road grew fiercer. Hill 
hurried up his forces ; in a brief space of time, Doubleday suc- 
ceeding to the command, found himself fighting against two 
full rebel divisions, Heth's and Pender's, with the little First 
Corps, that came up one division after another, eleven thousand 



116 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

against nearly twenty thousand ! The brave old Corps fought 

against the odds backward and forward, with varying fortune, 

left ghastly rows of dead on both sides, w^ierever it struggled. 

Stone's Bucktail brigade went into a forlorn spot Avith the war 

cry which they caught from their commander, " We 've coaie 

to stay," "we 've come to stay." Hosts of them did stay, and 

sleep there still. 

It Avas here, — ■•Just where the tide of battle turns. 

Erect and lonely, stood old John Burns. 

With his long brown rifle and bell-crowned hat, 
And the swallow-tails, they were laughing- at. 

the gleam of his old Avhite hat afar. 
Like the crested plume of the brave Navarre." 

The Corps was forced back after a while, by the pres- 
sure of the rebel numbers, nearer the town, but up to twelve 
o'clock, still obstinately held on to that road to the west. All 
at once Buford reported a rebel column coming in from the 
north on the Carlisle road ; it proved to be Rode's division, 
of Ewell's Corps. The leading regiments swung around to 
connect with Hill's men, the right division, Robinson's of the 
First Corps, bent back to meet the new danger, suddenly 
swooped down on these rebel regiments and captured three of 
them. The Twelfth and Thirteenth Mass. were in that fight, 
both Cols. Bates and Leonard were wounded. The success 
was only for a few moments, Ewell had a division right there 
on that road, another ten thousand. Before long it came 
down in line at right angles with Hill, upon the flank of the 
First Corps, threatening to crumble it back and brush it away 
from the road to the town, that it had cost the life of Rey- 
nolds, and hours of bloody fighting to hold. At this oppor- 
tune moment the Eleventh Corps appeared along the Taney- 
town road, and two divisions about seven thousand men went 
through the town doublequick out to meet the Carlisle column 
to the north ; Howard being now the ranking officer took 



THE ELEVENTH CORPS GOES INTO THE FIGHT. 117 

command of the two Corps. As he rode over Cemeteiy Hill 
he glanced at it for a moment, called the attention of Capt. 
Hall of his staft'to it as a defensible position, and said to him, 
"Here is where this battle ought to be fought." He saw- 
its strategical importance and decided to hold it if all else had 
to be given up before the rebel odds. He established there 
his headquarters, ordered Capt. Hall to place there a battery 
from his remaining division, the second, in which was the 
Thirty-Third Mass. just then, about one o'clock, coming into 
town on the doublequick, and the whole division to be held 
there in reserve. This position proved to be the key of the 
next two days' battle. 

Sam'l P. Bates says, in his "Battle of Gettysburg," (p. 
76,) of the commander of the second division, "Von Stein- 
w^ehr was an accomplished soldier, having been thoroughly 
schooled in the practice of the Prussian army. His military 
eye was delighted_with this position, and thither he drew his 
heavy pieces," and threw up lunettes around each gun. 
* * "If the First and Eleventh Corps performed no 
other service in holding on to their positions, though 
sustaining fearful losses, the giving opportunity for the 
construction of these lunettes and getting a firm foothold upon 
this great vantage-ground, was ample compensation for every 
hardship and misfortune, and the labor and skill of Steinwehr 
in constructing them must ever remain objects of admiration 
and gratitude." 

The Eleventh Corps, now under Schurz, very soon became 
hotly engaged, most of it fought so well that even unfriendly 
commanders afterwards gave it praise. But while that Corps 
was trying hard to redeem the unjust dishonor of Chancellors- 
ville, all of a sudden an overwhelming column of Jackson's 
old men, Early's division of E well's Corps, sprang up out of 
the ravine of Rock Creek, and came down on their right flank 
and rear, as in that ill fated battle, with their infernal rebel 



118 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

yell. It was the column from York, arrived just in time to 
outflank our troops again. Marvellously well planned, or 
fortunately well directed were the marches of these three 
columns of Lee's Army so that they concentrated from 
the west, the north and now the east so nearly at 
the same hour and so effectively. But the Eleventh 
Corps did not run this time, if any of it did at Chan- 
cellorsville, it swung back its right and manfully grappled 
with this fresh swarm of gray-backs ; the other brigade of the 
2d division was sent in and Smith's brigade was left alone in 
reserve among the tomb-stones of the cemetery. The gallant 
division commanders fought their men handsomely, one of 
them. Barlow, once of Mass., fell nearly shot to pieces, and 
Ames succeeded him. The day was against us. The two 
Corps gallantly as they had fought, were badly outflanked on 
both sides and nearly enveloped, the Carlisle column drove 
an enterinof wed^e in the centre between them, and Howard 
at length gave the order to foil back on Cemetery Hill. For 
six hours the two Corps, not twenty thousand men, had kept 
at bay four rebel divisions, each almost as large as one of the 
Corps, together, nearly half the rebel army. 

From their position on the crest of Cemetery Hill, 
the ofiicers and men of the Thirty-Third looked down 
upon the winding lines, three miles long, and watched them 
as they stubbornly retreated, turning every few rods to 
fire a volley, facing in every direction. Batteries limbered 
up, galloped back, and then halted and fired grape and 
cannister. One color-bearer was seen to face about, plant 
his color, and his regiment, a Michigan regiment, rallied about 
it instantly, many brave men Avent down fighting around that 
flag; and as the little remnant sullenly retreated, the plucky 
standard-bearer shook his fist at the rebels to have them know, 
that though the order was to "fall back," he would fight them 
to the last. The brave fellow was soon shot down by the 



THE RETREAT TO CEMETERY HILL. 119 

bullets he was defying, but he stubbornly held up with his 
last grasp, that iiag of his country for which he was so willing 
to die, unsurrendered to the end ! 

Our troops fought desperately in that retreat but it seemed 
like lighting the tides of the sea ; the enemy's brigades 
poured in like the ceasless coming in of the waves and threat- 
ened to overwhelm as irresistibly all that did not flee before 
them. A thousand or two prisoners were carried off from 
both Corps, that got crowded confusedly together in the nar- 
row streets, and the rest of our shattered forces retreated 
hurriedly to make a stand, if they could, on Cemetery Hill. 
Quickly orders were given, fragments of regiments and 
brigades were reformed. Howard put what there was 
left of the two Corps into line around the crest of the hill. 
Smith's brigade was put in the Taneytown road along a 
low wall there. In this position the Thirty-Third saw the but- 
ternuts in the orchard and in the edge of the woods opposite, 
getting into line and moving forward apparently for attack. 
A stafi' officer asked the colonel if he could hold his men's 
fire till the rebels were within short range. That looked like 
business. "Yes, sir, if that is the order," was the reply. He 
knew his regiment, though it was not an easy thing to keep 
men cool in the fiery impatience that comes in battle, especial- 
ly when everything seemed to be giving away. The butter- 
nut columns were anxiously watched, but they came no farther 
then. 

In the meanwhile orderlies galloped back to Meade with 
news of the meeting of the hostile columns and of the death 
of Reynolds, and Hancock, who had the especial confidence of 
the commanding general, was sent up to take command there, 
tho' he was junior to Howard and Sickles, and to' report to 
him the state of afiairs ; he quickly sent word back, that 
the ground was favorable for a battle with reliable troops. 
Meade promptly decided to fight his battle at Gettysburg, 



120 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

promptly orders went to the different columns to change their 
course and concentrate here. That morning Keynolds had 
sent a summons for the Third Corps to come to Gettysburg. 
It was but ten miles oif, but Sickles did not move. He was 
resting his men as he afterwards testified. When he got 
word from Howard and Doubleday in the afternoon that they 
were hard pressed, and begged him to come, he started 
promptly. This call of brother soldiers overcame his hesita- 
tion. At the needful moment while the enemy seemed to be 
forming again and threatened to move up and drive our 
disordered forces from their new position, the old Third 
Cor})s came swinging along the road to go in and help. 
The Twelfth Corps was only five miles awa}^ nearly all day. 
It could hear the guns and see the smoke of the battle. But 
Slocum did not march to the sound of the guns or send up to 
ask what was the matter. When Howard sent for him he 
was reluctant to come. Both he and Sickles may have 
thought that no general had a right to fight a battle at Gettys- 
burg when Meade had selected Pipe Creek. He came up with- 
in two miles with his Corps about six o'clock without orders. 
The Second Corps in the middle column was near, but the 
Fifth was twenty-three miles off and could not get there till 
morning, while the Sixth, the largest Corps in the army, was 
thirty-five miles away, and the next day's battle could be lost 
or won, before a forced march would bring it to the relief 
of our army. It was not without solicitude that our men 
watched the butternut lines on the hills opposite, and waited 
for another rebel attack, and watched for it into the night. 

Lee did not arrive till night, which was evidence that he 
did not anticipate a battle there any more than Meade. Hill 
and Ewell were unwillino; to assault our formidable heights 
till their army was all up ; Anderson's division, rebel accounts 
said, lay all the afternoon in sight and sound of the battle. 
Their golden moment slipped away from them forever, and 



THE SECOND DAY. 121 

the sleep that came over the tired armies at last, was 
undisturbed, except by occasional false alarms. 

The next morning, the morning of the second day, the 
sun rose on as quiet a scene, as on any hot July morning at 
home. The Second Corps was in line, the Fifth had arrived, 
and was in reserve, the reserve artillery was in park to the 
rear, the commanding general had been on the ground since 
midnight. Cemetery Hill and its slopes were covered with 
batteries. The ridge on which our army now awaited the 
enemy's attack is two miles long, and runs nearly north and 
south. Its general shape can be best described by likening it 
to a gigantic fish hook, the outside of the hook lying towards 
the rebels. The bend of the hook is Cemetery Hill, sweeping 
round towards another hill to the east, Culp's, which swells 
out making the barb, so to speak, and slopes down to Rock 
Creek, the point of the hook. The long ridge which forms 
the back or shank of this imaginary hook, gradually becomes 
lower, spreadingTtself out gently on either side, and far down 
rising up steeply again, into a double hill. Little and Great 
Round Top, the head of the hook. On the Cemetery Hill, 
between the Taneytown road and Baltimore pike, that cross 
over it into the town, lies the cemetery, which gives its name 
to the hill and ridge. The position the enemy now 
proceeded to occupy, was the circuit of hills beyond 
the town on two sides, and an eminence in the town 
itself, a line generally parallel to ours, nearly six miles 
in length, and portions of the enemy's columns would 
have to march hours to reinforce any part, while our 
line was less than three miles long, and a half mile 
march would put troops at almost any threatened point, 
except the very extremes ; that was a vital advantage to us in 
the fortunes of that battle. 

Slocum's Twelfth Corps had the right of our line and 
occupied Culp's Hill, most of it; then came one division of 



122 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

the First Corps, the Eleventh Corps held Cemetery Hill, 
then next along on the ridge was the rest of the First 
Corps, now under Newton, then Hancock's Second Corps 
in the left centre, Sickles' Third Corps towards Koiind 
Top, Syke's Fifth Corps in reserve ; inside the ridge, 
the reserve artillery. In the rebel line, Longstreet with 
his Corps held their right. Hill the centre and Ewell the left. 

The forenoon passed without any apparent movement. 
The Thirty-Third was by orders detached from its own 
brigade and division for the battle, and ordered to report at the 
Cemetery to Gen. Ames commanding the 1st division in the 
Eleventh Corps, after Gen. Barlow was wounded. Gen. Ames 
was its commander at Beverley's Ford and asked for it. The 
colonel was strictly obeying the orders of the General when in 
the midst of the battle he was chasing back with his revolver 
some of the cowardly officers in a German regiment who were 
running away, while their men were standing up to their duty 
bravely, which circumstance threw some light upon the con- 
duct of this and some other German regiments at Chancellors- 
ville. The new surgeon. Dr. Hastings, reported for duty that 
morning. He was soon full of business. 

Sickles was ordered by Meade to take position in pro- 
longation of Hancock's line, on the flattened ridge, his right 
connecting with Hancock, his left resting on Round Top, 
which Meade seems to have known very little about. For 
some unaccountable reason, Pleasonton had sent off the cavalry 
on the left to the rear, so that this flank of the army was 
practically unprotected and without the means of discovering 
what the enemy was up to. Early in the afternoon 
Sickles reported the enemy moving around through 
the woods opposite to him, in three heavy columns, 
threatening Round Top and his left. From the Semina- 
ry Ridge to the southwest a lower ridge comes oblique- 
ly across to the Cemetery Hill. Along this ridge the Em- 



CANNONADE ATTACK ON SICKLES AND THE LEFT. 123 

mittsbiirg road runs into town. Sickles thought this ridge 
was better ground than the lower swell of the Cemetery 
Ridge where he was, that it commanded his, and asked per- 
mission to put his troops there. The commanding general 
sent his chief of artillery, Gen. Hunt, to look at it, who told 
Sickles it offered in his opinion excellent positions for artil- 
lery, but he had no power to authorize the change ; could only 
report. Time pressed, the enemy were still pushing around, 
and at three o'clock Sickles decided the question for himself, 
and ordered his Corps out to the Emmittsburg road. The 
whole army watched the grand sight, as the long lines and 
solid columns moved steadily out, brigade by brigade, wuth 
regimental colors and division and brigade pennons waving. 
Down the slope, up on to the fields beyond, bare and barren, not 
a tree nor a bush, hardly, to shelter them. As they were deploy- 
ing, one of Sickles' batteries sent a shot. Instantly a gun 
opened on his men from far down to their left, quickly 
another and another. Soon guns opened from the heights 
around Cemetery Hill, till the sharp flashes ran all around the 
encircling ridges which seemed to throb with fire and smoke, 
and the hills roared with heavy echoes. Whizz came a round 
shot over the heads of the Thirty-Third men on Cemetery Hill, 
and plunged into the earth with a dull sound. A shell came 
shrieking and hissing in its track and exploded itself into 
destructive atoms ; in almost a moment of time a hundred 
shot and shell were tearing about, bursting into fragments 
that hurried away many a brave life. Splinters of gun car- 
riages, pieces of tombstones, even human legs and arms and 
palpitating flesh were flying about in every direction. From 
so many difierent points the shots came during that fire, that 
the colonel of the Thrity-Third changed his men's position from 
one side of a wall on Cemetery Hill to another, twice, and left 
them on the front side, as on the whole the safest. In the 
midst of it a woman's courage was tested. Mrs. Gen. Barlow 



124 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

was waiting on the field to find her wounded husband, who 
never knew fear himself, a prisoner in the town. She was 
seen at this time, riding beside Gen. Howard in the terrible 
storm of shell, calm and apparently fearless. A woman's 
devotion overcame all fear. The next day her fidelity was 
rewarded, the town fell into our hands and with it her wound- 
ed husband. The moment the hostile shot struck our lines, 
our batteries answered and sent back death and destruction. 
The enemy's cannonade on the second day was mostly con- 
centrated on Cemetery Hill, and there, during the hour and a 
half it lasted, it was as awful and destructive, as the memora- 
ble cannonade of the next day. It was intended to occupy 
our sfuns and seemed to have been a feint to indicate immedi- 
ate attack there. 

Before it was over, a little after four o'clock, crash came 
the sound of musketry from the woods far down on the 
left ; a noise like the falling of giant trees in a forest, carrying 
down everything around them, and like such a crash was the 
blow that fell on Sickles. His position was a triangular one 
projected right into the enemy, almost. His right, Hum- 
phreys' division, was along the Emmittsburg road, at an 
angle with the rest of our line, his left, Birney's division, 
stretched ofiT towards Round Top. His apex was at a peach 
orchard a mile out. The enemy were about to close their 
jaws, as it seemed, on Sickles. Meade was out examining 
Sickles' position, stood talking with him, just as the fight 
commenced, too late to change, if he would. A cloud of 
rebel skirmishers come out of the woods, then two lines of 
gray, a mile and a half long, double round on the two flanks, 
open on them, and concentrate the fire of brigades, upon the 
brave handful of regiments and batteries at the exposed 
salient. They come on determinedly, led in person by "the 
best fighter of them all," a British officer who was with 
them, tells us, Longstreet, waving on his men, cap in hand. 



SICKLES DRIVEN BACK. BIGELOW'S BATTERY. 125 

The smoke rolls nearer, Sickles' men fight as they always did 
fight, fiercely, but they cannot stand such numbers. A call 
comes up for reinforcements to help Sickles' Corps. Meade 
sends help at once. The Fifth Corps is at hand, one of its 
divisions, Barnes', the Eighteenth, Twenty-Second and 
Thirty-Second Mass. regiments in it, is hurried in on the left 
of the peach orchard, and for a while helps check the advance. 
Down go four brigades flying the red trefoil on their brigade 
flags, Caldwell's division of the Second Corps, the Irish Mass. 
Twenty-Eighth in it, into the smoke and dust of battle, and 
begin a fearful fight to hold the woods that encircle a wheat- 
field, on a little cross road, a wheatfield that was famous in 
the struggle of that day. Down farther to the left, Ayres' 
division of regulars in the Fifth Corps, is sent. And just as a 
column of Texans is creeping around to penetrate between 
the two Round Tops, a detached brigade, Vincent's, of 
Barnes' division, in which was Col. now ex-Governor Cham- 
berlain of Maine, is swung in by Gen. Warren, Meade's 
engineer, among the bowlders on the slope, in the nick of 
time, and by the greatest bravery saves the hill, till reinforce- 
ments arrive. 

Ten thousand men have been sent in now to help the left. 
But the enemy soon break through the weak angle, though 
there is some hard fighting done there by the Third Corps ; 
then like the giving away of a dam in a spring freshet, when 
the swollen flood sweeps all before it, dam, mill wheels, 
bowlders, uprooted trees and buildings, every obstacle in its 
track, so this rebel torrent of thirty thousand men breaks 
through our lines there, carrying everything before it, regi- 
ments and brigades, their flanks being now turned, fiilling 
back to prevent being surrounded, guns hurried away to keep 
them from capture. It is not a confused rout, but much of it, 
a square fight for every foot. A sullen, bloody retreat. 
Phillips' Mass. battery is saved by dragging in its guns by 
hand, the captain pulling with the rest. 



126 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Bigelow's Ninth Mass. battery comes back firing with the 
prolong, as if drilling on Boston Common, a rare instance in 
the war. He is just dragging his guns through a gateway, 
when McGilvrey, commander of the reserve artillery, orders 
him to hold that place at all hazards, till he can get a line of 
batteries into position in the rear. Bigelow fills up his guns 
to the muzzle, waits till the column of rebels is within fifty 
yards, then fires a volley of death. They charge up again and 
again, shoot down his officers and men and horses, and again 
and again he sweeps them down with canister. Longstreet's 
men swear they will take those brass guns, if they lose every 
man. They try hard. He blows them even from the muzzles. 
The Captain falls wounded himself, and when he is carried 
among his men to the front (not to the rear,) sees the rebels 
standing on his limber chests, shooting down his cannoneers 
that are still bravely loading and firing. Two-thirds of his 
officers and men drop, eighty horses out of eighty-eight are 
shot, seventy rounds of cannister fired, an extraordinary 
amount at close quarters, but the heroic remnant of men still 
hold their ground till they see that bristling line of batteries 
all ready at the rear, and then come in coolly pulling off one or 
two of their guns from the very clutches of the enemy, Lieut. 
Milton among the rest, pluckily saving his. This was a Bos- 
ton battery and its first fight. 

As the rebel tide rolls on, the fighting becomes fiercer 
about the wheatfield. The roar of artillery, the rattle of 
musketry and the yells of the advancing rebels, go up from 
the enveloping smoke. Eleven brigades have gone in around 
that wheatfield, fifty regiments, fifteen to twenty thousand 
men, and after awful fighting, some of it at close quarters, 
hand to hand, really a rare thing in the war, a Michigan 
colonel, Jeffers, being bayoneted to death, a Mass. major, 
Edmands, of the Thirty-Second saving himself by knocking 
over a rebel with a navy revolver, brigadier-generals, colonels, 



ARRIVAL OF SEDGWICK. CHARGE OF PA. RESERVES. 127 

lieutenants and privates being piled up together, dead ; the line 
is crushed to fragments, driven back, and the wheatfield with 
the tall grain of the morning trodden down and red with the 
blood of mingled friend and foe, is lost. The hostile lines 
rapidly reach Sickles' right division, Humphreys', which has to 
yield, lighting though, with the pluck with which Joe Hooker's 
old regiments always did fight, among them the First, Eleventh 
and Sixteenth Mass. shooting down one traitor conspicuous 
on a white, or as described by a native Gettysburger "yaller" 
horse, before they go, Brig. -Gen. Barksdale, of Missis- 
sippi, and the country's account is settled with that fire-eater. 
Sickles is carried to the rear, his leg taken ofif by a cannon 
shot. Hosts of subordinate commanders have fallen. Every- 
where is confusion, everything seems to be going against us. 
The destruction of the Avhole left imminent. 

At this critical period of the battle, the head of a dusty 
column comes in sight from the rear, and moves over the crest 
down toward the thickest of the fight. A solid and sturdy 
column to gladden the eyes of despairing soldiers, but a 
column of over marched and weary and foot sore men ; a blue 
corps flag flying at their head with the Greek cross in the 
field, the headquarters flag of the Sixth Corps. The long 
expected column from Manchester. How the news flies from 
regiment to regiment ! "The Sixth Corps is up !" "Old 
Sedgwick has come !" " Sixteen thousand men to reinforce us ! " 
The Sixth Corps men have made a forced march of Thirty- 
five miles, and been all night and all day at it, have rested at 
the rear only an hour or so, but the army needs their help, 
they are ready for the fight, and the leading brigades go 
promptly into line. Longstreet's men pushing on to seize 
the fruits of their hard fighting, and wrest away Little Round 
Top, apparently within their grasp, have seen the unexpected 
succor to the Federal left, recoil before it, and give up the 
attempt disheartened. 



128 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

At six o'clock, Gen. Crawford, commanding a division of 
Penii. Reserves temporarily in the Fifth Corps, orders up 
McCandless' brigade for a charge. It forms in line. Craw- 
ford seizes the colors and calls on the men to go in, with the 
name of their native state as a battle cry. They fire two 
volleys and down they go from the rocky slopes of Little 
Round Top into the ravine, through Plum Run, up the other 
slope ; have a short struggle for a wall with the Georgians, 
go over it, thickly dropping their dead and dying, cross the 
bloody wheatfield, following the retreating enemy and recover 
the line almost to the point from which Sickles had been 
driven. Cheers go up for the victory. 

Longstreet's attack was ended for that day. Most of the 
Twelfth Corps was sent by Meade to help the left, but when 
it reached there in the dusk, it was not needed. Hill was 
ordered to co-operate with him and make a simultaneous 
attack. Anderson's division made a bold push to break our 
centre, and Wright's brigade of Georgians, in the twilight of 
evening, gallantly fought their way up to the guns that were 
mowing them down, and cannoneers and rebels lay dead 
together ; but they were unsupported, and Hancock's infantry 
with the guns on Cemetery Hill finished them, and i^nder- 
son's attempt. Some of his brigades on the left failed to ad- 
vance, and for that reason, rebel testimony says, Pender's 
division remained back, idle. If they had all joined in the 
fight and supported Wright's brigade with the same pluck 
that it fought, the fate of that afternoon might have been dif- 
ferent. That brigade went back with but one sound field 
officer. 

Ewell with his Corps was to have attacked with the rest. 
He was tardy, it is said, purposely, so that Meade might 
meanwhile weaken his right as he actually did. Swell's at- 
tack came at last. Scarcely was the fight over on the left, and 
the hurrahs of victory had but just died away, when the sharp 



ATTACK ON CEMETERY HILL FIGHT OF THIRTY-THIRD. 129 

crack, crack of musketry, near by, warned the men of the 
Thirty-Third, on one side of Cemetery Hill, that their skirmish- 
ers had discovered danger in front, and they soon saw these 
rapidly driven in, fighting their way back. There is a little 
dent between Cemetery and Culp's Hill. The regiment, after 
having been ordered to an exposed position in a field, was 
drawn back and placed that night on the slope of the 
former hill, behind a little wall, near this dent. In a minute 
a long line that stretches from beyond Culp's Hill around to 
the town, comes creeping up from a ravine in front, and right 
behind another, their colors, the red field and blue and white 
starred cross bars, can be just made out in the gathering 
darkness. A sheet of fire flashes along the dusky lines as 
they stop and fire a round and then start on. Instantly a gun 
belches at them from the right and then from the left, and in a 
twinkling of time the thirty odd guns about the Cemetery are 
trained from the left, where they have just been firing over 
the tombstones onto Hill's men, down now with depressed 
muzzles to the front, onto these troops of Early's division 
that are rapidly coming on. The darkness is lighted up with 
the flames from the cannons' mouths, that seem to pour do\^n 
in streams onto them. The roar and shriek of the shot and 
shell that plough through and through their ranks, is appall- 
ing. The gaps bravely close up and still they advance. 
Canister cannot check them. They near fifty yards, when 
a rapid and awful fire is poured into them from the Thirty- 
Third and other infantry, until there are almost as many 
upon the ground as in their lines. It wavers some, but 
steadies up again, this brave brigade of Hoke's North 
Carolinians in front of the Thirty-Third, and then doggedly 
pushes forward again. It looks as if in a half minute it will 
be on the Thirty-Third men ; they set their teeth, coolly get 
their bayonets ready and grimly wait for it, one solid Mass. 
regiment that kept its position lighted up during that night 



130 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

attack, with an unbroken line of fire, when it was all dark 
in gaps beyond. Hoke's men get up so near that the regiment 
starts up to use its bayonets ; a rebel flag is waving almost 
directly over its head, when in an instant there are flashes 
like lightning from the muzzles of a Maine battery on the 
right, the roar of guns, and down drop the color and color 
bearer, and heaps of these brave traitors. Groans and shrieks 
fill the air. A fearful destruction of life ! The Maine bat- 
tery, Stevens', has waited with double shotted guns till it can 
rake the flank of the charging column with an enfilading fire, 
and has so mowed down an aAvful swath. "Good for Maine," 
is the shout of the Mass. men. The line in front is gone, all 
but the rows of dead and dying. 

Just above on the crest to the left, the fight still rages. 
Suddenly the artillery fires stop, and there are only flashes of 
musketry, and mingled with its noise are heard yells and 
cheers, and bullets from there drop in the rear of the Thirty- 
Third, and wound some of the men. The adjutant is sent 
to the Cemetery gate by the colonel to tell them there they 
are firing into their own men. When he returns he whispers, 
"It is the rebels." Hayes' brigade of Louisiana Tigers have 
rushed up against . the storm of minie-balls and canister, 
broken through and scattered some of the German regiments, 
in the Eleventh Corps on the slopes, and with yells, these 
gallant Irishmen from Dixie, jump upon the guns. An oflScer, 
relates Col. Batchelder, puts his hands upon a piece and calls 
out : "I demand the surrender of this gun." Up jumps a big 
burly German in Rickett's Eleventh Corps battery and an- 
swers back : " I teaches ye how to surrender," and with a 
hand spike smashes in his skull ; another knocks a rebel 
over and pounds him insensible with a stone. But hand 
spikes and stones cannot contend against bayonets and mus- 
kets long. If relief does not come soon, the key of our line 
is gone, the Baltimore pike cut off*, and things look gloomy. 



THE ENEMV ON CULP's TIILL. 131 

But the danger has been provided for by Meade. Soon a 
dark mass is seen to move up, doublequick, onto the flank of 
the rebels this side ; it is Carroll's brigade from the Second 
Corps. At the same time a brigade from the Eleventh Corps 
takes them on the other flank, and in a short ten minutes the 
Tigers' career is finished. Half of them are dead, the other half 
prisoners. 

The men on Cemetery Hill, after the attack on 
them was over, thanked God for that narrow escape, 
and turned to listen to the roar of battle on Culp's Hill. As 
the last brigade of the Twelfth Corps was moving out of its 
hastily thrown up rifle pits, to go to the left, Johnson's rebel 
division, led by the famous Stonewall brigade, advanced up 
in the darkness to move in. The brigade, Greene's, turned 
and handsomely repelled three obstinate charges of the whole 
division and saved the hill. Down at the extreme right by 
Rock Creek, th^ rebels pushed in and took possession, for 
nobody was there. Darkness alone saved the army from 
mischief there. The Thirty-Third was moved that night still 
farther along, close to the left flank of the Maine Battery for the 
rest of the battle. The storm of that day's battle was over. 
Our army held its ground ; but twenty thousand men in the 
two days had been dropped from the rolls for duty, — too 
many, forever ! Full as expensive had the two days been to 
the rebels. Ewell's men in town, jubilant the night before, 
were a little crest fallen now, — but they said, ''Wait till 
Pickett's division comes up to-morrow." 

THE THIRD DAY. 

The troops on Cemetery Hill were awakened at dawn of 
the third day from their hard bivouac, by the sharp rattle of 
musketry, that told them the fight was renewed on Culp's 
Hill. Slocum had returned with his Corps in the night; 



132 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

found the rebels in possession, and waited for the first streaks 
of daylight. And now his parrotts, and napoleons, and twenty- 
four pounders, opened and rained on them iron for two 
hours, destroying alike men and the trees that sheltered them . 
So tremendous was the fire of the artillery and the infantiy in 
the woods here, that a year and a half afterwards not a tree 
of this thick forest was alive. But the rebels bi'aved it out. 
An order came down for the Second Mass., and the Twenty- 
Seventh Indiana to charge into the works still held by the 
enemy. It was an order for two little regiments, true as 
steel, though they were, to plunge into two rebel brigades, 
hundreds against thousands, behind rifle pits at that. "Are 
you sure that is the order?" asks Lt. Col. Mudge. "Sure," 
replies the stafl' ofiicer. "It's murder, but it's the order, " says 
the young commander, as he looks sadly for a moment at his 
handful of doomed men. "Up men! forward, doublequick, 
guide centre," is his prompt, firm command. Taking their 
muskets, without time even to fix bayonets, without firing a 
shot, with a cheer, those men of the Mass. Second, that this 
historian knew so well, for it was his privilege to serve with 
them a year, ready to follow that promising young leader 
wherever they are ordered, start into almost certain destruc- 
tion. Through the open meadow they rapidly move on, 
floundering in the tall swale grass and the water. They have 
scarcely started, when Lieut. Stone drops dead; then Cap- 
tains Fox and Robeson mortally wounded, — young officers, 
well known in Boston, — a trail behind, all their waj^ of noble 
men gone down under the bullets. Half way over, the young 
Colonel, at their head, falls dead, three color bearers fall one 
after the other; the tough Indiana regiment drops behind; 
but the Mass. Second never stops a moment, it still pushes 
on, closing in to the centre all the time over the gaps left by 
its dead. It reaches the works, jumps over into them, drives 
all before it, and plants there, its flag,— the gift of Boston,— 



THE CHARGE OF THE SECOND MASS. 133 

in victory ! It was, indeed, murder ; but it was the order, 
and it has been obeyed most gaUantly. Yet of what use is 
such heroism? A little wreck of a regiment alone, in the 
midst of a rebel division, a mark for every rebel musket. The 
order is given to fall back. The fifth color bearer soon 
takes the colors from the falling fourth, and then sullenly 
and slowly the Second ftills back over its bloody track, the 
line steady and straight almost as in a manoeuvre, turning 
every now and then on its pursuers, halting for a while at a 
stone wall for orders, and then falls back to the creek again, 
more than half, on its rolls, dead or dying in the little meadow, 
and all Boston in mourning ! It was just another Balaklava 
charge. A foolish sacrifice of a little handful, three hundred 
as brave as the famous British six hundred, caused like the 
Crimean slaughter, — "some one had blundered." 

The enemy now began a furious assault to carry the rest 
of Gulp's Hill, while Slocum tried at the same time to drive 
them out of the portion they still held. Ewell had sworn a 
fearful oath to break through our right or lose every man. 
For hours the woods reverberated with the crashing rattle of 
musketry. Back and forth swayed the lines. But the 
Twelfth Corps men fought doggedly, pressed steadily, and 
the rebels went out. After a hard fight of seven hours, four 
o'clock till eleven, our line was restored. Ewell swore in 
vain, but he made a very handsome loss. In the meanwhile 
our calvary was not idle. On our left the smoke of Kil- 
patrick's guns w^as seen pufling over the woods, and with his 
light division fresh from a fight with Stuart, supported by 
Merritt's, he was leaping fences and ravines, charging back a 
flanking column of Longstreet. Gregg was having a hard 
but successful tussel with the rebel cavalry chief, on our right. 

Lee took time for his next move, and as Meade felt he 
could afford to wait, if Lee could, the Army of the Potomac 
waited and took breath for the next struggle, — an awful one. 



134 THE THIRTr-THfRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

The hours of the forenoon wore on in silence. Through the 
openings in the woods on the hills opposite, everythnig 
appeared to be in motion for a while, then all settled down 
quiet again. The silence became ominous. Men neiTed up 
themselves to meet the impending attack wherever it should 
fall. 

At ten minutes past one o'clock a solitary Whitworth gun 
near the seminary, sounded a heavy signal, and in an 
instant a hundred and twenty-five to a hundred and fifty 
cannon, many of heavy calibre, placed along the whole six 
miles front of the enemy, opened a mighty volley into our 
lines. Gen. Hunt could only crowd about ninety 
guns into our narrower front, but they were the heaviest he 
could bring up. In a twinkling they were unmuzzled, and 
then broke upon the quiet of that summer's afternoon, the 
most awful cannonade probably that has ever taken place in 
this world. Nothing was like it before, that men ever saw. 
It could only be fitly compared to the fabled battle described in 
classic legends, of the Titans against the Gods ; the rebel 
giants on Mount Othrys against the immortals on Olympus. 
As in the fable, back and forth flew mighty missiles ; the air 
was filled with hissing bolt and flaming iron ; rocks were rent 
into pieces ; the earth torn up into strips ; trees wrenched 
into fragments and hurled about to overwhelm and destroy all 
around. It seemed as if some unseen monster like Briareus 
of the fable, stood and threw iron continuously with his 
hundred hands ; and it was such a storm as the ancient poets 
pictured, when "Mighty Jove" was in his wrath, whirling 
thunder bolts, flashing lightnings, and storming with "hail of 
iron globes. " The ridges shook as if with the throes of 
earthquakes, the hills reverberated with terrible noises and 
clouds of smoke skirted with intermittent fire, settled over 
the valleys. It seemed an awful place for mere mortals. 
Men crouched to the earth and hid themselves, if they could, 



THE GREAT CANNONADE. 135 

and the poor beasts trembled at the fury of forces, before 
which both were alike helpless. And where the fearful mis- 
siles found them, human bones and flesh were torn to atoms 
and sent to the winds, and horses were horribly disem- 
boweled. Heavy caissons and timbers were slit into splinters 
or pulverized; stout brass was knocked into fragments, 
timbers of houses Avere torn through and through, and marble 
monuments of the buried dead crumbled into atoms. A 
single shell killed and wounded out of one regiment twenty- 
seven men. About army headquarters sixteen horses of staft* 
officers and orderlies were killed in the little yard, in as 
many minutes. Headquarters, which seemed to be a special 
mark, it was in rear of the threatened Second Corps position, 
became so hot a place that Meade was forced to say, as he 
did, very coolly to some of his generals, if any of them 
expected to live to see the battle through, "they better ad- 
journ to another spot. " All over the line the poor horses of 
the artillery and~of the mounted officers had to stand up and 
take the storm, and everywhere the air was filled with their 
fearful cries, as they reared and plunged in agony and the 
ground all along was covered with their carcasses. Hosts of 
men could not escape, either, from destruction. For an hour 
and three quarters this iron hurricane lasted ; every second of 
it, half a dozen shots were whirled into the air, filling it, with- 
out intermission, with flying shell, schrapnell and round shot, 
twelve, twenty-four and thirty-two pounders. Who could 
estimate the destruction? The losses to batteries, ffuns. 
horses, cannoneers and officers, were appalling. Luckily our 
army had twenty or thirty more batteries in the reserve 
artillery, and fresh ones were brought into position as fast as 
horses could be found to draw them, or the ammunition chests 
could be got through without being blown up. At length the 
ammunition was getting very low and the guns needed to cool, 
so Gen. Hunt gave the order "slacken fire. " The rebels 



136 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

were quick to believe they had done the business for which 
this awful cannonade was intended, silenced our guns and 
destroyed or demoralized our men. They promptly slackened 
their fire and made ready for the next part in the programme, 
the work intrusted to the infantry. This work was to break 
through our left centre, where the ridge was flattened and 
lower and was the weakest spot, if we had any, where 
Wright's brigade had broken through the night before, the 
position held by the Second Corps. 

Pickett's charge and repulse. 

After that nearl}^ two hours havoc, Lee said to Pickett, the 
bold and handsome Virginian general of division in Long- 
street's Corps, Avho was to lead the coming charge, "You can 
start now, you wont find anybody alive on that ridge." 
Pickett was ready. Soon a long heavy skirmish line 
emerges out of the woods and orchards on the slopes of 
Seminary Ridge, not quite a mile ofi", and pushes out. 
Behind it, regiments and brigades come marching down by the 
flank and deploy handsomely into line. When they are 
ready to start, as they move forward in cadenced step, 
thousands of feet keeping step together down the slope, with 
bayonets glittering in the sun, it is a beautiful sight ! A mile 
of bayonets in length, and acres deep, for three lines of battle 
come into view, a few hundred yards apart, and be3'ond it, 
other lines in support, while on the right, are brigades of 
flankers in column of regiments. There are full eighteen 
thousand men in the lines. Not a gun from our side 
disturbs that handsome start. Our army watches it a few 
moments with breathless, anxious silence. These moments 
though, seem ages. As they move down, a gun opens here and 
there, and then the artillery fire spreads along our whole left 
and centre. Round shot and shell tear great gaps in the 



Pickett's men in the valley of death. 137 

beautiful moviug mass, but it is like tossing pebbles into the 
sea ; in an instant this mighty human tide closes over the 
ripples, and is steadily coming in on Meade's lines. It soon 
reaches the little crest of the Emmittsburg road and they are 
a fair mark for canister. Fifty muzzles send grape and 
schrapnel flying into them at the rate of a thousand iron 
bullets a minute, mowing down great swaths of men as a 
scythe mows grass. This is an ordeal for the chivalry. But 
they pass it heroically ; bravely close in and keep coming on 
steadily nearer and nearer, down the slope, in the face of this 
deadly storm of canister, down into the valley of death. 
Their skirmish line is gone, and the mile front closed to a 
quarter. 

They rapidly approach Gibbon's division of the Second 
Corps, but his men have not yet fired a musket at them. 
"Hold your fire, men" are his orders. "They are not near 
enough yet. " A little detached brigade of the First Corps, 
down to the left, is the first to open fire. It is Stannard's 
Vermont brigade, nine months men, never in a fight before. 
It rises up suddenly now from the tall grass, where it lies in 
advance of the line, and opens a sharp musketry fire, close 
upon the hostile flank, that makes this charging column, for the 
first time, recoil a little. But their oflicers ride gallantly up 
and down their lines, under the fire, to urge and wave them 
on with their swords, and with a yell like the war-hoop of so 
many savages they come on. When they are within a hun- 
dred yards. Gibbon gives the order to fire. There is a long 
sheet of flame, and near four thousand muskets send their 
shower of lead into the doomed ranks. At the same time 
Hayes' division of Hancock's Corps, on their left, pours its 
fire into their flank. As the leaves fall in November, so fall 
these brave rebels under this terrific fire of musketry. 
Their left wavers under the shock, and soon breaks. Pettigrew's 
division, on that part of their line were made to believe that 



138 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

after they should get through the artillery fire, they would 
only meet the Pennsylvania militia ; l)ut when they get up near 
enough they recognize the tattered old flags which they have met 
on so many fields, and know this w^ithering fire is from the 
steady muskets of veterans ; their heroism fails them, 
the cry goes through their ranks, "It is the Army of the 
Potomac, — the Army of the Potomac ;" a panic takes them, and 
they throw down their arms and become prisoners by the hun- 
dreds. They have lost every general and field ofificer in the 
division but one major. 

Pickett's division of Virginians have lost as terribly, but 
they seem to know no fear. Right along they march without 
a halt of a second, for the break among their supports. Their 
first line has already melted into the second, and tiie second 
and the third become one. A regular battery com- 
mander, Gushing, in Webb's brigade, sees the crisis. He 
is already wounded, and so are most of his men. Quietly, 
he says, "Gen. Webb, I will give them one more shot. 
Good bye." With the help of the infantry, his last gun is 
double shotted and run down to the wall. As it is fired, he 
falls mortally wounded. The thirty guns on Cemetery 
Hill, which have been mostly silent to this point, now open on 
them at point blank range. A few regiments, among the 
rest the Twentieth Mass., have waited till they can see the 
whites of the enemy's eyes, and now deliver their fire in the 
rebels' faces. And what an aAvful sight it is ! How fast they 
drop ! But death has no terrors to hold them back. How 
gallant these Virginians are ! As brave as our men that led 
that forlorn hope on the heights of Fredericksburg. 
The two charges should go down into histoiy together. This 
division that started out a column of long and regular lines, 
has become at length a solid mass, a packed acre or two of 
moving men. The very momentum of it, threatens to carry it 
through our lines in spite of all human power. Gibbon is 



ARMISTEAl) AND HIS MEN BREAK THROUGH OUR LINE. 139 

steadying- bis men. Hancock riding up and down, storming 
around as usual in a fight. "Give it to them, Give it to them," he 
keeps shouting. They reach our wall. A part of the Seventy- 
First Penn. is crowded out of its place, as it is said, and falls 
back ; apart remains at its post. Gen Webl) does all that mor- 
tal can to fight his brigade and keep the rebels back. His Sixty- 
Ninth Penn., "Paddy Owen's own," hugs the wall and does not 
yield an inch. Some of its men have a hand to hand fight with 
the rebels. But Gen. Armistead leading his men with his hat on 
his sword, shouting, "Boys, give them the cold steel," leaps 
over the vacant piece of wall, Avith his Virginians' cold steel 
close behind ; the red cross is mixed with the stars and 
stripes. Armistead and Webb stare into each others faces. 
Armistead's men spring upon Cushing's guns, bayonet the 
cannoneers and rush on to go through the last defence of 
Hancock's line. It is an appalling moment. The Army of 
the Potomac is c_ut clean in two ! 

In another moment, it seems as if an unseen voice invokes 
the Army of the Potomac. "Up men of the North, the time 
has come for a death grapple with the chivalry. Sons of the 
Puritans, the Knickerbockers and William Penn stand up 
now, and measure your strength with these boasting descend- 
ants of the Cavaliers, these fire-eating slave masters from 
Jamestown, or the day is lost to the flag of your fathers and 
the free republic planted at Plymouth and Manhattan." The 
sons of the New England commonwealths, of the Empire and 
the Keystone states, and their kinsmen of the North- West, 
obedient to the voice, Avelcome the struggle with the traitor- 
ous sons of the Mother of Presidents and rush to the conflict. 
Gallant and seasoned loyal regiments there in the Second 
Corps are ready and do their duty manfully. Instantly Hall's 
brigade, next on the left to the broken line, makes a dash for 
the Virginians. The Nineteenth Mass. is in the second line. 
Col. Devereux had begged to be allowed to charge. "Now is 



140 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

your time," says Hancock to him, "forward." His men 
obey without flinching, and with the Forty-Second N. Y., 
spring forward upon the enemy. The Twentieth Mass. and 
Seventh Michigan at the same time swing in by the flank, 
double-quick. Lieut. Haskell of Gibbon's staff' gallops along 
at the critical moment and orders the rest of the division to 
the rescue. Harrow's brigade comes running up from the 
left, in it the Fifteenth Mass. Colors are thrown forward to 
rally men, the Fifteenth's colors among the foremost, and all 
the tried old regiments along the line there go in together, 
and fight most pluckily, Mass. and Maine, New York and 
Penn., Michigan and Minnesota, side by side, without order 
or organization, officers and rank and file, each on their own 
hook. They close with the Virginians, shoot and bayonet, 
club with muskets, fight with pistols, the chief of artillery. 
Gen. Hunt among the rest, take hold of hands even, and 
form a chain to keep back the mingled mass of friend and foe, 
and just in "the pinch of the fight," as it has been called, the 
Green Mountain boys of Stannard, leap their fence in front of 
the line, rush pell-mell onto the flank and rear of the Virgin- 
ians, and they at last finding themselves penned in, and cut 
oflT, their gallant leader, Armistead, mortally wounded, 
throw down their arms and their flags, and throw up 
their hands as prisoners, and the fight is won. That magnifi- 
cent charge of Pickett's is utterly repulsed, his column 
crushed to atoms, and the chivalry vanquished. This final 
success, wins for our army the field, and the battle of Gettys- 
burg is ended in victory. 

The last great effort of Lee has failed. In a moment 
almost the thing was done. "1 looked up," said a rebel, 
wounded at the Emmittsburg road, "and the division was gone, 
as if blown to the winds." It was almost literally annihilated. 
After the charge was repulsed, eight hundred men of the 
charging column lay dead on the plain in front, and the 



PICKETT FINALLY REPULSED. THE LOSSES. 141 

wounded and prisoners were thousands. Out of four thousand 
seven hundred, rank and file in the Va. division, three thousand 
three hundred and ninety-three, says Harrison, were killed, 
wounded and missing. Thirty odd battle flags were trophies in 
our hands. "Thank God," said JVIeade, reverently, as the strug- 
gle was over, and then in the flush of victory he waved his arm 
and shouted like a boy. "Thank God," said many a devout soul 
among those gallant old veterans, and stout hearted men 
wept for joy while the cheers went up for victory. 

After Pickett's column had been repulsed, Meade rode 
down to the left, directed Crawford to make a reconnoissance 
and gave orders for a column to be got in readiness to assault 
the enemy's position. Hancock, who was wounded, and other 
officers, urged Meade to send in the Fifth and Sixth Corps to 
the attack. But Meade afterward stated that the troops were so 
slow in moving, it got to be night, and an assault was imprac- 
ticable. Military authorities have differed as to the effect of such 
an assault upon the enemy's strong position, on their ridge. 
Longstreet has been quoted by Swinton as saying that he 
would have welcomed it, but in a recent paper published in 
the "Annals, of the War," he says : " For unaccountable reasons 
the enemy did not pursue his advantage." 

All the next day, a glorious Fourth of eTuly on our side, 
the two armies watched each other, only the pickets were 
firing. Under the cover of that night the defeated army of 
Lee retreated, leaving behind five thousand five hundred 
dead, with fifteen thousand of its bravest, wounded on the 
soil of the North which it had invaded, and not an inch of 
which had it conquered. Well might Lee say to Gen. 
Imboden, the night the battle was over, as the latter quotes 
him, "It has been a sad, sad day to us." "Too had! Oh, too 
bad ! " Longstreet says Lee promised when he left Virginia 
not to fight an offensive battle, and with a magnanimity of 
soul, took all the blame to himself. "It is all my fault." 



142 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS rNFANTRY. 

Imboden . convoyed the wagon train, mostly filled with 
wounded, which sti-etched out seventeen miles in length. 

Three thousand of our men lay dead, and vast numbers 
wounded. Colonels Paul Revere and Geo. H. Ward were 
among the dead from ^Massachusetts. Gettysburg was a Ther- 
mopylae to three thousand lives of the noblest and bravest of 
the loyal states, to stem the advancing tide of rebel invasion 
in the North. Great though as were its sacrifices, it is the ver- 
dict of history that this great battle was the turning of the tide 
back forever. And the martyr President, wise and good Abra- 
ham Lincoln, saw through its smoke and fire, that "government 
of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not 
perish from the earth." 

The night the liattle was over, while the ofincers and men 
of the Thirty-Third were getting a precarious supper by 
stripping off the wheat in the field where they were, Quarter- 
Master Geo. M. Walker came up with a wagon load of hard 
tack. Army pastry was never more acceptable. The rotund 
quarter-master w'as embraced on the spot. The next 
day, the Fourth of July, the regiment joined its 
brigade by the Taneytown road ; was sent out to 
picket beyond a barn in the storm, and celebrated the day 
by a skirmish. The hidden villains picked off as many of its 
men while it had to stay there and take it, as were lost in the 
battle. That line was the curtain behind which Lee was 
hiding his retreat. The next day, Sunday, he was gone. 

The battle had cost the Thirty-Third eight killed and 
thirty-eight" w^ounded. The killed were Corporal Allen and 
Privates Mahan and Peaterson of Co. D, Privates Pierce of Co. 
E, Chenery and Howe of Co. H, Beal and Horr of Co. I and 
Corporal Richards of Co. K. Allen, Horr, Beal and Pierce 
have the honor to represent the regiment in the National Ceme- 
tery, and sleep under the shadow of the noble monument to the 
fallen victors. 



THE MARCH BACK INTO " OLD VIKfJINNY." 143 

And now after the battle, on the road again in a chase after 
the retreating enemy^. Through Emmittsl)urg, Utica Mills, 
where the regiment went into the flour business, and Middle- 
town, up into the South Mountain, for another look at the 
Cumberland valley, then down to explore it and visit new 
places of interest. Among others, Boonsboro' and that 
metropolis, Funkstown. In a camp in the wheat field, near 
bv, the regiment w^as visited and addressed by its good friend 
and the friend of all loyal soldiers, a future Vice-President of 
the United States, Senator Wilson. The army now formed 
itself in line of battle, expecting a fight to make one more 
chapter of thrilling history, on the banks of the Antietam. 
The muse was ready, and, like all the men in the ranks, 
watching. But the council of war was reluctant, and Meade's 
final decision to attack was too late. Mr. Lee could not 
wait. So when the swollen river had fallen, for his pontoon 
bridges had been carried away, he girded up his loins and 
hied him across the river to his native hills and valleys. 
Our line dissolved, and its fragments went on through 
Hagerstown down to Williamsport to escort him decently to 
the Potomac ; and then came back over the mountain, 
through ]\Iiddletown, where the Thirty-Third began to feel 
very much acquainted, and struck for Berlin, whence the 
pontoons carried it "back to old Virginny, to old Virginia 
shore." Lieut. -Colonel Rider, Capt. Tebbets, and other 
officers being sick, here left it for a while ; and soon 
Adjutant Mudge, who w^as thrown from his horse by accident. 
Lieut. Richardson resigned and left. 

"Old Virginny," after Gettysburg, still had mixed opin- 
ions as before. As the Thirty-Third moved up Loudon 
valley, the loyal people, they were generally black, though 
there were some attractive exceptions, greeted it warmly. 
The inborn secesh were sullen and hid themselves. Where a 
town was found with blinds all closed and curtains down, it 



144 THE THIRTY-THIED MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

was stirred up with "Yankee Doodle" aud "John Brown" 
from the band. The regiment encamped one night about 
Mt. Gilead, whatever such a name signified in that godless 
country ! greeted old friends, Goose Creek and New Balti- 
more, and arrived in, from a fifty days journey, at Warrenton 
Junction, having made a pretty little round trip of four 
hundred and fifty miles on foot, and seen a "right smart" 
stretch of country. 

Major Lamson joined for duty from a long sick leave. 
Capt. Doane soon resigned ; various changes occurred among 
the line. Lieut. Philbrick had become captain, vice Hinds 
resigned, Lieut. G. M. Walker captain, vice George resigned, 
and now Lieut. Rowe was made captain, vice Doane. 
Several gallant sergeants received commissions. It being 
determined that the regiment should leave its pleas- 
ant camp here for another, was compelled to wait till some 
day should turn up that would bear off the palm of the 
season for heat, and when it arrived, in due time, took the 
occasion to march back to Brents ville. When it reached that 
village there was but a small guard for the colors. The heat 
and sunstrokes made men fall out that never straggled when 
marching towards the enemy. Here it was, encamped on the 
beautiful green sward in front of the Court House, that the 
regiment was informed, in orders, it would "stay some weeks, 
the camp would be regularly laid out, and the men made 
comfortable, etc." The colonel and staff engaged board for 
the season at a Virginia mansion across the way. The 
regiment marched, of course, the next morning at four 
o'clock. Perhaps the good host never knew where his 
summer boarders disappeared to. Had he pursued his 
investigations (your noble Virginian is too lazy to take any 
such pains) he would have found the Thirty-Third in the 
woods at Catlett's Station, on a deserted and dilapidated 
railroad line, where it fell back upon its own resources for 



dog-day's rest at bristow station. 145 

entertainment. Thence it emigrated to a more dreary spot, 
Bristow Station, to pass the remainder of dog-days, near 
the then great commissary line. During the rest here after 
the Gettysburg campaign, occurred the regiment's official 
birth-day. It was just a year old. 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE BATTLES OF WAUHATCHIE, LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN AND 
MISSIONARY RIDGE, AND RELIEF OF KNOXVILLE, 

Autumn Ride by Rail to Chattanooga. Enter Grant. Exit Rosecrans. Tlie Battle of 
Wauhatchie. ]Midniglit Attack on Geary. Fight of Tyndale's and Smith's Brigades. 
Charge of Seventy-Third Ohio and the Thirty-Third. Casualties. Sherman 
and His Army Arrive from Vicksburg. The Battles of Lookout Mountain and 
Missionary Ridge. The First Day's Spectacle and Advance. The Second Day. 
Hooker Fighting Above the Clouds. The Third Day. Sherman Pounds His Way 
to Tunnel Hill. Thomas Carries Missionary Ridge. Blanketless and Shoeless 
March for the Relief ot Knoxville. Winter Quarters. 

The dog-days of 1863 waned at Bristow Station, Va., as 
everywhere else, and golden autumn dawned even on that 
desolate spot. The brick colored streams, known to the 
natives as "cricks," became less parched, the naked fields of 
dry mud gvew more cheerful, the heats of day more consider- 
ate, and there was at length some excuse for the cold evenings 
of Virginia. Besides the regiment began to prepare for 
them. Devoted and handy craftsmen in the ranks, cunning 
with the trowel, as they were effective Avith the musket, 
accomplished a goodly chimney for the colonel's quarters, fair 
to look upon, and which promised great things by way of 
comfort. But this promise, like countless others in the army, 
Avas never realized, for ere the first curl of smoke dimmed its 
virgin freshness, why, at that opportune moment came the 
order to march, at first, the next morning; then, on second 
thoughts, right away the same night. With their wonted 
promptness and spirits, the men of the regiment leveled their 
summer residences about that watering place (for locomo- 
tives) and were soon upon the road, jingling their canteens 



GOOD BYE TO VIRGINIA AND A. P. -147 

and making light of the knapsacks that seemed too often full 
of lead, singing "while we go marching on," and wondering 
what camp they were changing for. By and by they were 
challenged by the gaunt chimneys of Manassas Junction, 
staring out of the midnight darkness, grim sentinels, as they 
seemed, keeping guard over the deserted earthw^orks and 
camps and quaker guns of that once rebel stronghold, a 
ghostly outpost of the silent battle-fields of Bull Run, hard 
b3^ They bivouacked on that historic spot as if it were 
common cold ground ; cared little for the past, and knew 
naught of the morrow, as usual. Not even their dreams 
warned them that this was their last camp in Virginia. 

The next day their destination w\^s the West. On Septem- 
ber 20th, while the men in the Thirty- Third were listlessly 
brushing away the flies hy day, and hovering around camp- 
fires by night, was fought the battle of Chickamauga, so far off 
that they not only did not hear of it at the time, but if they 
had heard of it, no one could have convinced them they had 
any special interest in it. It was the easiest thing in the 
world, out in the field, to be mistaken. Rosecrans' Army 
fought hard, and when his several Corps fell back into Chatta- 
nooga, it was claimed to be a strategic movement for that 
strong position ; but he was l)adly beaten, and only nol)le old 
Thomas, fighting like a lion at bay, saved the Army of the 
Cumberland from a bad end. Kosecrans' suspicions w^ere 
confirmed ; the odds were against him. He was really fight- 
ing tw^o Armies, his old western foes and a part of the Army 
of Northern Virginia. Longstreet's Corps — all there was 
left of it after its closing charge at Gettysburg — looked in on 
Bragg the other side of the mountains, and gave him a friendly 
lift. Our War Department now awoke to the conviction that 
tw^o could play at that game. And thus it was that three 
days after the battle of Chickamauga, the Eleventli and 
Twelfth Corps were detached from the Army of the Poto- 



148. THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

mac, and ordered west under dear old Joe Hooker, to become 
the historic Twentieth Corps in the Army of the Cumberland, 
a Corps name to become glorious by the battles of the South- 
West. As the oiSicers and men in the regiment were packed 
into the box cars, like so many herds of cattle, and moved 
slowly oif through Alexandria and across the familiar Poto- 
mac, they waved adieu to "Old Virginny." "Good bye, 
Virginia, so long jDressed by our tired feet by day and our 
weary heads by night ; marched over and fought over ; on 
whose soil are the graves of hosts of our comrades ; good 
bye ! We can spare thee now and leave thee without regret, 
for on the whole thou wert very unsatisfactory. Old Virginia ! 
Farewell, comrades of the brave old Army of the Potomac !" 
Ah, that was harder to say. "Long tried and oft defeated, 
but ever patient and never dishonored, old Army, we go to 
represent, if we but can, your courage and bravery among 
our Avestern brothers. We shall try never to forget we are 
Army of the Potomac men, wherever we fight." That is 
what the sentimental men are supposed to have said, not 
much time was expended though on sentiment in the army. 
A strange and merry march that of a thousand and odd 
miles, which was thus begun by the advance of the Eleventh 
Corps, with which was the Thirty-Third, on the afternoon of 
the 25th of September. Out from Washington towards 
Baltimore, leaving the Relay house at dusk; then on along 
the " Baltimore and Ohio," a railroad torn up and rebuilt so 
often, as the tide of war swayed back and forth over its track ; 
passing the dilapidated walls of Harper's Ferry at daylight ; 
the regiment fed with a hasty breakfast among the wrecked 
locomotives at Martinsburg ; then gradually leaving the ruins 
of war : on along the more peaceful scenery of the upper 
Potomac, skirting loyal West Virginia ; into the gorges of the 
mountains ; crossing the Alleghanics by moonlight through 
the regions of blazing forges and smoke and soot ; winding in 



AUTU3IN RIDE BY HAIL TO CHATTANOOGA. 149 

and out of the dew-coverecl hill sides at sunrise ; at noon in a 
cloudless day, giving the lirst greeting to the noble Ohio, 
namesake of a noble and veteran Army ; then over the pon- 
toons to dine at Bellair. Then on, on, through rich and 
populous Ohio, over fertile fields, ripening grain, trees and 
vines golden and red, in just such autumn days as Massachu- 
setts men delight in at home ; eating savory breakfasts and 
dinners prepared a hundred miles ahead by loyal hands, at 
Greenfield, going through a bill of fare of ten courses, ices 
included, greeted morning, noon and night by friendly and 
industrious citizens, whose business did not seem to have 
suffered much by the war, if they even thought much about 
it. In fact, every man, woman and child in Ohio seemed to 
be principally engaged in electing Brough and defeating 
Valandigham, which they did handsomely. From Ohio the 
Thirty-Third was whirled away among the Hoosiers ; supped 
at Indianapolis, at an acre or two of tables, called the "Sol- 
diers Home ;" and at daybreak was ferried over the Ohio on 
one of those western steamers, that seem three stories with 
a French roof, into Louisville, and thence through sleepy and 
worn out Kentucky, the land of niggerhead and Bourbon, till 
it saw the moonlight shining on the capacious limestone capi- 
tol at Nashville, and realized it was away down in Tennessee. 
So it marched, with its brigade the advance guard of a hun- 
dred trains, steamins; alons: the iron track that o-irdled six 
states of the Union. 

When it arrived near its journey's end, in the edge of 
Alabama, in just such another shiftless, tumble-dowai, god- 
forsaken country as the one it had left, only fifty per cent 
worse, the unmistakable home of the peculiar institution, and 
of whiskey, and hog and hominy, the first salutation that 
greeted the colonel at Stephenson was from a Massachusetts 
surgeon, who had somehow been cast up there, and was in 
these cheerful words : "For God's sake. Colonel, do not get 



150 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

wounded down here." A villainous omen, though the doctor 
meant well, and knew what medicine (it came from Ken- 
tucky) to prescribe after that long ride, as the gentlemen of 
the staff and line might testify. Ten miles farther, on at 
Bridgeport, Tenn., when on that last day of September, the 
men of the regiment emerged from, the cars, stretched their 
legs and unlimbered their backs for good, they figured up a 
march of eleven hundred and fifty miles in five and one half 
days ! Pretty fair, that ! For a few seconds then, it did seem as 
if they had come all that long distance just to be ignominiously 
destroyed by a magazine explosion ; for a soldier stowing away 
percussion shells had carelessl}^ dropped one, and exploded the 
whole magazine, and while the ofiicers and men were forming 
line, fragments of exploded shell, shrapnel, and old iron 
rained on them, reminding them a little of Gettysburg, but 
luckily without casualties. 

Camp was made on a sunny slope in rear of the majestic 
shanties of Bridgeport, in the edge of a forest which was 
needed foi* timber, and the old business at Bristow in Vir- 
ginia was resumed, viz. guarding a railroad, without the 
trouble of getting very near it, and as cheerfully as could 
be, without horses, baggage or sutlers, in a state of siege as 
to mails and supplies, for days and weeks. But it was on 
the banks of the grand Tennessee ; the season was mellow 
autumn ; all about in the fields were shining red gum trees 
and russet oaks ; in the forests, variegated magnolias and 
yellow giants festooned with graceful ruby vines. The regi- 
ment was at" rest, and there were no midnight scares ; so, 
barring Tennessee water, it approached the ideal of a "soft 
thing." The rest of the Corps soon came up. Gen. Howard 
pitched his head-quarters hard by, and the Twelfth Corps was 
now effectively guarding the rear. When the regiment moved 
back and made its camp at Stevenson, that metropolis of sutlers, 
it continued to lead the same retired contemplative life varied 



ENTER GRANT. EXIT ROSECRANS. 151 

with picket, which was about as much sought after here as in 
Virginia, an occasional inspection, a serenade to "fighting 
Joe," and a return visit from the old General, who seemed 
proud of the Thirty-Third Mass. as a representative of his 
native state, and once there was, for variety, a town meeting in 
the Ohio regiments, when they voted for Brough, precious 
few of their men for Valandigham. How like old times 
seemed the electioneering speeches ! Onl}^ the conventional 
beaver was wanting to make it seem like the real thing as it 
was remembered at home. Now and then a rain set in that 
lasted the better part of a week, and was anything ever so 
dismal and slimy and sloppy as that river bottom soaked with 
a three days' rain? The gentlemen who came in after a rainy 
tour of picket, you could wring water out of for a day or two 
afterwards. 

Lieut. Col. Rider and Capt. Prescott, joined here from a 
successful drafting and substitute service in Massachusetts, 
whither they had been sent. The absent officers were now 
all back ; the trusty horses neighed again in camp. One day 
Gen. Rosecrans stopped here on his way to St. Louis, and the 
band gave him a serenade. "Old Rosey," as his men loved 
to call him, looked a noble officer, proud of his Army, though 
he confessed that in "setting up" which the West Point soul 
always yearned for, the Army of the Potomac was just a little 
superior. Li fact, each Army had its own glory. Well, he 
had won Murfreesboro and two or three other battles ; had as 
good as a lost one, Chickamauga, but it was the last one, so 
exit "Rosey." Who was in his place? The old hero of the 
rear guard at that battle, Thomas, and over them all, the 
Cumberland, Tennessee and Ohio Armies as one military 
division, the silent man of Donelson, of Shiloh and Yicks- 
burg. In tw^o days came the order to march forward. The 
Vicksburg man meant business. The Thirtj^-Third first 
marched back to Bridgeport, which w^as forward, had a Sunday 



152 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

inspection and morning service there, then crossed over the 
Tennessee on pontoons to the rebel side of the river, into 
bivouac at Taylor's Store, the whole Corps in motion. 

In this movement on Taylor's Store (so called doubtless 
because there was no store and no Taylor in that neighbor- 
hood) the regiment came near losing the services of several 
valiant captains. It chanced that the day it was back at 
Bridgeport was the birthday of one of them. By a singular 
coincidence he discovered the sutler to be his cousin ; whether 
by any private marks about his person is not known to the 
historian, or how he happened in just then at the sutler's 
shop. It was regarded as an occasion for a suitable celebra- 
tion not to be neglected by a choice circle of friends, (they 
forgot all about its being Sunday, men often did in the army) 
and there, around the seductive shrine of Bacchus, they 
utterly forgot poor Mars out in the cold. The devotees 
overtook the regiment, though, by a skirmish movement at 
the double-quick, and were doubtless among the earliest to 
pay their respects to the Massachusetts school marm at the 
Store. It was a rare privilege to see a lady from Yankee 
land in those parts. It is to be feared that Taylor's Store was 
a discouraging Held for missionary efibrts, even for the devo- 
tion and courage of a Massachusetts woman. 

The monotony here was also relieved by a precocious rebel 
urchin, simply attired in a shirt, "only this and nothing 
more," singing that classic secesh air : 

"•■Jeff Davis rides a white horse; 
Abe Lincoln rides a mule. 
.Jeff Davis is a gentleman ; 
Abe Lincoln is a ." 

That was ])efore Jeff Davis appeared as an old woman. 



THE BATTLE OF WAUHATCHIE. 153 

The march on Taylor's Store was the beginning of an 
important movement. When Rosecrans fell back into Chat- 
tanooga, Bragg chased as rapidly as Thomas would let him, 
sat himself down upon Missionary Ridge, a chain on the east- 
ern side of the valley in which Chattanooga lies, and spread 
out on all the eligible hills in the neighborhood around, 
especially Lookout Mountain, an overlooking height on the 
western side of the valley, which was abandoned, swooping 
in the pike and other roads south of the Tennessee, and 
speedily reducing the railroad there to old iron. In fact, he 
behaved very much like a disgusting bird of prey, which, 
though batHed in his first onset, was sure of his victim if he 
waited long enough. He said as much. Rosecrans thus 
sutiered himself to be reduced to a state of siege. He had 
but a single line for supplies, over a railroad five hundred 
miles long, from Louisville, Ky., to Bridgeport, Tenn., which 
it took an army to guard, and then from Bridgeport, on the 
north side of the river, over the Cumberland Mountains by a 
villainous, circuitous, mud road sixty miles long, coming in 
by the river's bank, opposite Lookout Valley, on the western 
side of Lookout Mountain, between that and Raccoon Mountain ; 
and when the weary mules had floundered along and dragged 
their heavy loads near their journey's end, they were leisurely 
shot down by the rebels on the opposite shore, and piled up 
together Avith their freight in heaps. Two regiments of 
Bragg's men, on picket in that valley, made it their principal 
business to shoot the mules of Rosecrans' supply trains. In 
consequence of the difficulties of getting supplies, the men at 
Chattanooga Avere starving to death on half or quarter rations, 
freezing to death without tents or blankets, and the hospitals 
were more than full. Ten thousand animals died for want of 
forage ;■ even horse meat was scarce, and the artillery could 
not be moved. Yet nothing was done. The Eleventh and 
Twelfth Corps had been there a month, a substantial reinforce- 



154 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

ment, but Rosecrans seemed paralyzed. He even prepared to 
retreat, it was said, and a retreat would have been disastrous. 

The instant Gen. Grant was put in command of the 
military Division, (it was by Stanton in person) he tele- 
graphed from Louisville, relieving Rosecrans, putting Thomas 
in command, and ordering him to hold Chattanooga at all 
hazards. "I will hold the town till we starve," was the 
response of the old veteran, and he at once ordered a concen- 
tration of our Corps at Bridgeport. While the band of the 
Thirty-Third was serenading Rosecrans, Grant was on his 
way to the front. He looked over the ground there with 
Thomas, and, before he iiuished one cigar, gave the order for 
Hooker to open the road south of the river, get possession of 
the railroad, and free the river for navigation. Another 
hand was at the helm, and the "soft thing" was all up. 

The order was "forward" again, and Taylor's Store was 
left to the wretched company of itself. Forward to Shell 
Mound ; a halt for dinner. Massachusetts men even on their 
way to a fight could never resist the opportunity to explore a 
real cave here ; or, when they came to where Tennessee, 
Georgia and Alabama cornered, of just standing a moment on 
three states at once to sec how it seemed. On again by the 
white cotton heads and the sugar cane, into bivouac at White- 
sides, where the tall bridge loomed up out of the darkness 
above, like a huge spectre. In the morning march, after 
coffee and precious little hard-tack, threading a way 
along the pass of the Raccoon Range, with the mountain sides 
ablaze with the colors of October, and the air balmy as sum- 
mer ; then over into the other valley, beyond Raccoon 
Mountain, when old Lookout got his eye upon the column 
looking down from his couple of thousand feet of crag, where 
he lay stretched out, lazily, miles on the other border of the 
valley. Somebody else had their eyes upon the column too. 
Masses of little Liliputians, as they seemed, on the great 
shelf of rock, eyeing with their telescopes the strange Poto- 



MARCH INTO LOOKOUT VALLEY. A SKIRMISH. 155 

mac banners (there were some there who recognized them) 
and reporting with their miniature signal flags particuhirs 
about movements that it was hoped to keep confidential. In 
fact their curiosity was extremely disagreeable, and soon led 
the men to expect at every turn of the road an unpleasant 
reception. No shots saluted them, however, up to Wauhat- 
chie Junction, on the railroad to Charleston, which they 
passed without sensation. 

This movement from Bridgeport was a great surprise to the 
enemy, and the}^ were unprepared to meet it up to this point. 
But now musketry is heard ahead there from the first brigade. 
Forward rapidly the second brigade into line, into such a 
shrieking and hissing of shell, tearing through the trees, 
though mostly overhead ; on the side of Lookout the 
increasing puffs of blaze and smoke ; a rattle of mus- 
ketry ; a sharp chase now of the rebel infantry till 
they cross Lookmit Creek over the railroad bridge ; and that 
brisk little skirmish is over, and the road is clear. The 
artillery, however, amuse themselves on both sides a little 
longer. Only one dead out of the ranks of the Thirty -Third, 
and he as brave a sergeant as it had, Adams of Co. F. The 
reo:iment follows along; the base of a line of hills towards the 
river, catches the echoes of friendly hurrahs that fill the 
valley, of beating drums and strains from bands ; sees hun- 
dreds of flags waving — the stars and stripes — no mistaking 
them — and sends up lusty cheers in response. Troops are 
here in waiting, which carry no Corps banners, but they are 
soldiers of the Union, a brigade of infantry from the Chatta- 
nooga shore. "We greet you, veterans of the Cumberland; 
and here we of the Potomac join hands with you, to fight 
side by side the coming campaigns ! " They ansvvered for the 
Cumberland ; their welcome was hearty and the bond entered 
into that day on the banks of the Tennessee was cemented in 
the fire of many a battle afterwards. 



156 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

BetAveeii Chattanooga and Lookout Valley, to the west- 
ward, both on the south side of the Tennessee, the river 
makes a sharp bend southward to the base of Lookout Moun- 
tain, and then, again, northward, forming a loop-like figure 
and enclosing a tongue of land, called Moccasin Point. A 
chain of steep hills borders the Lookout Valley on the western 
side of the point, beginning at the foot of the mountain. As a 
part of the movement to open the line on the south side of the 
river, Hazen's and Turchin's brigades of the Army of the Cum- 
berland, under the direction of Gen. W. F. (Baldy) Smith, its 
chief of engineers, had floated down the river in boats the 
night before, surprised and drove in the pickets, made a 
landing at Brown's ferry, and laid a pontoon bridge, thus 
connecting the valley with Chattanooga, by another bridge 
already on the eastern side of the loop. They went into 
position on some of the hills nearest to the ferry. The rebel Gen. 
Law had had his whole brigade in the valley till within two days, 
he states, when all but two regiments were sent away, and they 
were unable to prevent Smith's making a lodgment. The 
whole movement so far was a complete success, and the road 
on the south side was open. The two divisions, then consti- 
tuting the Eleventh Corps, (the flrst had been sent south,) 
went into camp near Hazen's brigade on the road to the ferry. 
Gen. Howard at first occupied the hills nearest the mountain 
with his troops, but they were subsequently ordered back 
nearer the ferry by Hooker, so that, as he said in a letter to 
Gen. W. F. Smith, he "could make use of them to the best 
advantage." " A part of Geary's division of the Twelfth Corps 
had been halted near Wauhatchie Station on the railroad, 
three miles back, to guard the Kelley's ferry road, and had 
there gone into bivouac. 

The Thirty-Third now carefully selected a camp, pitched 
its shelter tents, and prepared for that great luxury, rest, 
after a long march. The band went up and played most 



ATTACK ON GEARY AT WAUHATCHIE. 157 

gloriously, as it could, seductive airs from the operas, 
and marches, at Gen. Ploward's house. Later the colonel 
was sent for. It was reported that a rebel regiment had been 
cut off between there and the river ; in fact had staid out too 
long shooting mules. "Would Col. Underwood have the 
goodness to take his regiment that night and go for it?" 
"Certainly, sir." His men would be so delighted, he reflected, 
(though he did not deem it proper to mention it,) after the 
march of the day, to roam around all night in the wilderness 
of a strange country, hunting for stray rebels with whom 
they had no particular acquaintance ; and he thought of the 
night at Chancellorsville down by the Furnace. At this 
stage of his reflections, quoth Gen. Howard, "On the whole 
I think three good companies will do. We may need you 
with your regiment to-morrow." Neither he nor the colonel 
had then any idea how. As the latter returned, the camp was 
sound asleep, and perhaps some ungracious expletives floated 
on the air as -companies A, B and G were routed out by 
Adjutant Mudge for picket. It was an unfortunate precedent 
that the army swore dreadfully in Flanders. The poor 
picketers started off at last. It was not their choice, certainly, 
that they were not with the regiment later in the night. Col. 
Smith, the brigade commander, states that he did not know 
that night the three companies were sent away. These orders 
given and obeyed, the colonel and adjutant turned in and 
went to sleep, thinking of home, as ever. 

At midnight, it did not seem ten minutes afterward, the 
camp was aroused by hearing firing in the direction of Wau- 
hatchie Station, and then by the long roll ; quickly the orders 
came, strike shelter tents, pack knapsacks and into line. 
Forward in the flickering moonlight ; eyes hardly open, leo-s 
unsteady. Forward to the relief of Geary, who had been 
attacked. The enemy proposed to make good use of the 
information they had gained in watching the movements of 



L58 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Hooker's columns from the peak of Lookout, the afternoon 
before. They had counted the number of Geary's men, that 
went into camp with his wagon train at Wauhatchie. They 
knew the distance from the main body that had passed up to 
near Brown's ferry. Halfway between the two, the railroad 
and highway, which run to Chattanooga along the base of 
Lookout Mountain, pass through the chain of steep hills that 
border Moccasin Point, intersecting the road to Brown's ferry, 
and then cross Lookout Creek (emptying into the Tennessee) 
on bridges, the bridges by which the attacking force had 
retreated that afternoon. Gen. Longstreet, in a letter written 
in 187G to Gen. E. A. Carman (of the Thirteenth N. J.) 
who is preparing a History of the Twentieth Corps, in refer- 
ence to the battle, says, "A short distance to the right, (my 
right) of the intersection of these roads, was a considerable, 
and very rough hill, and there were other topographical 
features of the ground which indicated great natural strength 
at that point. I conceived the idea therefore, of occupying 
that point with a strong force, as soon as it was dark, so as 
to prevent Gen. Hooker's main force getting back to the 
rescue of his rear guard, whilst I sent another considerable 
force back, to attack and capture his rear guard. * * 
The troops engaged were the division that had been com- 
manded by Gen. Hood, who was very dangerously wounded 
at Chickamauga, leaving the division under the temporary com- 
mand of Gen. M. Jenkins of South Carolina." Three brigades 
moved down after dark and occupied the hills at the intersec- 
tion of the roads, while Jenkins' brigade of six South Carolina 
regiments under command of Col. Bratton, was sent back to 
surprise and "gobble up," as the latter, describes it, Geary's 
force. Bratton moved along stealthily with his regiments in line 
of battle. Just before midnight a Federal picket under Maj. 
Clanharty, descried danger, and gave an alarm. Bratton 
quickly pushed on and burst in upon Geary's men with a 



tyndale's and smith's brigades ordered to attack. 159 

furious attack. They were only four regiments, eight hun- 
dred N. Y. and Penn. men, parts of Gen. Greene's and Col. 
Cobham's brigades, Gen. Geary was with them. They had 
heard the picket firing, and had time to seize their muskets 
and rush into line. Geary states that he had some warning 
of the attack l)y the reading of the rebel signals. The com- 
manders of regiments do not speak of this information. 
They and their men made a gallant fight, and were still fighting 
as the Thirty-Third hurried along with the rest to the rescue. 
The booming of guns and the rattle of nuisketry was 
incessant. 

Schurz's division, nearest to Geary, was hurried off, and 
then Steinwehr's. As Schurz's advance passed along the 
road, and then before reaching the intei'section of the roads, 
struck across the fields, it was fired upon at long range by the 
rebels in position on and about the hills beyond the intersec- 
tion of the roa€ls, the Bridgeport road making a bend, and 
this fire disclosed the presence there of the enemy in force ; it 
was Benning's brigade. Tyndale's brigade of Schurz's division 
was ordered to attack and dislodge them. It was at once 
engaged. As the patrol, or videttes, in advance of the Seventy- 
Third O., Steinwehr's division, neared the intersection of the 
roads, it ran into a rebel skirmish line, posted across the road, 
and then found the main l)ody "on the considerable and 
very rough hill," selected by Longstreet, and occupied as he 
planned, to prevent relief reaching Geary. This force must 
be driven off, the hill cleared. That is business for Smith's 
brigade, leading the column. "Charge the devils, double- 
quick" is the message from Hooker. Double-quick it is, and 
the hill is reached. An order comes from Col. Orland Smith, 
"The Thirty-Third Massachusetts will form in line to the left 
of the Seventy-Third Ohio, in echelon with it, at thirty paces, 
advance up with it and take that hill." "We will try, sir." 
The Seventy-Third under Maj. Hurst forms in line, its right to 



160 THE THIHTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

follow the road. The Thirty-Third forms line to its left. 
" Forward, steadily now, Thirty-Third." Up the slippery slope. 
What a hill ! almost perpendicular. Riders dismount, for no 
horse can get a foot hold. A sorry place, too, for men with 
knapsacks on their backs. (Why will they load down men 
with so much baggage for a tight?) Seize the tangled under- 
brush, anything, and pull and push on. Shots fall around. 
The Thirty-Third speedily strikes the enemy. The colonel 
on the right strains his eyes to keep sight of the Seventy- 
Third, but it is impossible in the forest, the darkness, and 
with the rough ground. An indistinct line is seen ahead, just 
made out in the glimmering moonlight. Then the old rebel 
trick, "Don't lire on us." Adjutant Mudge, just like him, 
risks himself to save any fatal mistake, and steps before the 
line. "Who is it?" he asks. "Who are you?" comes down 
from the crest. "The Thirty-Third Massachusetts" replies 
the adjutant. "Take that," replies the crest with a rebel 
yell, as the shower of lead falls. No Seventy-Third Ohio 
there. Up and forward, Thirty-Third, into the fearful storm, 
quick and steady. The encircling crest ablaze now, and the 
trees ratthng with the hail. Gallantly on against great odds ; 
men fall like leaves in the brave ranks. Now to meet them 

with cold steel. "Remember Massachusetts, fix !"the 

colonel commands. A bullet cuts short the order. He is 
one of the casualties, and the command devolves on the 
lieutenant-colonel. The adjutant is instantly at his side, and 
tenderly asks, "Good God, colonel, are you wounded?" But 
time is too precious for such courtesies. "Lead on the men," 
is the colonel's answer. Yet it is too hopeless for a minute ; 
that fire was too deadly ; too many gaps ; the line must recoil 
a little, close up compactly again and take breath. A few 
words from Col. Smith. Now ready ; another start. Men 
grasp the bayonet, set their teeth, and move steadily up 
again, maddened and determined ; again into the tempest of 



THE CHARGE OF THE THIRTY-THIRD. 161 

fire and lead, almost too much for mortal men. Gallantly 
and generously, but too fearlessly, the adjutant springs before 
the line. "Forward, men, let us avenge our colonel," is his 
impulsive battle cry. Instantly he is a mark for rebel bullets, 
and the pride and the idol of the regiment lies dead in the 
beauty of his young manhood. Up, men of Massachusetts, 
avenge the dead now, these scores of young lives ! Push on 
the stainless white color of your state, and the flag of your 
country, against these traitors who would trample them under 
their feet. Steady a moment, under that scorching fire ; see 
Lieut. Shephard there, dashingly waves on his men, and 
Sergeant Williams, his captain being wounded, and lieutenant 
dead, calls, "forward, boys." A dash now; leap over into 
the rifle pits ; follow the color, though the brave color-bearer 
drops ; grapple with those villains who dare hold out, collar 
them, bayonet, club them with your muskets till they cry 
quarter. Loofc! They surrender at last and the rest — they 
run like sheep down the slope, and the hill is ours ! The old 
flag of the regiment, and the white color, float in victory over 
those ugly rifle pits ! Hurrah, boys ! and thank God ! 

Ah ! how it all comes back, that thrilling night scene that 
is so burned into one's memory. It seems last night, yet it is 
years now since the writer took part in that fearful scene, and 
many a surviving actor has since been borne to his peaceful 
grave. 

Many exciting incidents took place in the struggle, more 
than will ever be recorded. Some not wholly serious. 
There was a comical, though almost a death tussle between 
Corporal Jubb, who had kept on advancing, he says, while 
the regiment was rallying, and a tall gawky Tenuesseean, who 
had seized him as he jumped into the rifle pits, then sat on 
his stomach, throttling him, when Corporal Buckley, his tent 
mate, came to Jubb's relief, clubbed the Tennesseean with a 
musket over his bald head, described by Buckley as "shining 



162 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

in the moonlight Hke a brass kettle," and he bawled out so 
like a calf that it actually stopped the fight a moment, it was 
so irresistibly ludicrous. And his surrender was in keeping 
with the scene, as he confessed with frankness of spirit, and 
in the purity of his Tennesseean English. "If you 'uns 
hadn't come thar so quick, I'd a slit his wizzen." He would 
have been as good as his word if he had been let alone. They 
were a precious set, those prisoners. 

After plucky little Jubb was released from the gripe of 
his big enemy, he sallied on in pursuit, to find some reb on 
whom to wreak his vengeance. He soon found his customer, 
as he thought. He was on the enemy's side of a tree, beyond 
the rifle pits, savagely clinching a man on the near side with 
one hand, and with the disengaged fist was punishing him on 
the head with such effect, that Jubb declared "you could hear 
the blows whacking like a beetle on a wedge." Jubb made a 
spring to run through with his bayonet the man who was 
successfully "whacking." His bayonet went through his belt 
and clothing, and just as it drew blood, the man shouted 
"Hold on, don't kill your own men." It was Lieut. Shephard. 
The reb was captured, and afterwards owned that for three 
days he had an unearthly headache. 

Within a few minutes after the Thirty-Third had broken 
through the enemy's line and driven them from their rifle 
pits, the One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth N. Y. came up onto 
the crest, at the left, to tinish the business if it was needed, 
and helped capture prisoners. After the two other regiments 
had started, it was ordered to charge up the hill in support, 
with fixed bayonets, and without firing a shot. It had 
promptly and gallantl}^ obeyed the order, with loss of two 
killed and four wounded. The Seventy-Third O. was found in 
the darkness, not far away from the summit. It had made 
two gallant charges, as had the Thirty-Third, fought obsti- 
nately with the loss of Capt. Buckwalter mortally wounded, 



VICTOEY AND LOSSES OF THE TWO BRIGADES. 1G3 

nine men killed and fifty-seven officers and men wounded, one 
missing, out of less than two hundred. It Avas put in line on 
the crest at the right. The loss in the Thirty-Third was the 
severest. Out of two hundred and thirty-eight officers and 
men carried into the fight, in the seven companies left after 
the picket detail the evening before, four commissioned 
officers and thirty-one enlisted men were killed or mortally 
wounded, four officers and fifty-four men wounded, and one 
missing. All there was left of the Fifty-Fifth O. after the 
regular picket details, was in reserve that night. The 
brigade captured the enemy's tools and went to entrenching 
on the other brow of the hill. 

Capt. Vogelbach commanding the Twenty-Seventh Pa. in 
Bushbeck's brigade, in his report of the battle, says, "Twice 
they stormed unsuccessfully, when on the third attempt, 
supported by the Twenty-Seventh Pa. on the left, they made 
the final effort which was crowned with success. The charf^fe 
was made by the Seventy-Third O., Thirty-Third Mass. and 
Twenty-Seventh Pa., the latter regiment only participating 
in the final charge, however, capturing a number of prison- 
ers and entrenching tools, losing but eio:ht or nine men." 

Tyndale had handsomely dislodged the enemy, Benning's 
brigade, from two hills and the gaps between, beyond the 
Chattanooga road, a half mile away, as Gen. Schurz reported 
"after a short fight in which we lost about a dozen officers 
and men." Tyndale writes "with supporting columns attacked 
the hill, and with persistent and vigorous efforts carried it at 
the point of the bayonet, * * swept up the hill (steep 
and rugged) to the very top, driving the enemy at every 
toilsome upward step." 

As soon as Tyndale's and Smith's brigades became actively 
engaged the attack on Geary ceased. Jenkins found Brat- 
ton's line of retreat seriously endangered, and that it Avas 
high time for him to fall back. He sent him orders accord- 



164 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

ingly, and Bratton came in just in season to save himself, and 
crossed Lookout Creek with the rest of the division. This 
attack on the enemy's force occupying the hills to prevent 
relief being sent to Geary, proved to be the readiest way to 
relieve him. Bratton claimed in his report that he was getting 
the advantage of Geary's force, and but for this trouble in his 
rear he would have crushed it. His brigade was six regi- 
ments against four, attacking in the night. The Hampton 
Legion outflanked Geary's men on their left, got into the 
wagon train and shot down some of the mules. When it fell 
back it was in too much of a hurry to drive any of them 
along and certainly retreated from them. Probably on this 
basis of fact was founded the funny incident, as worked up 
into a parody on " The Charge of the Six Hundred " by some 
unknown poet, published in Moore's Reb. Rec. vol. 8, entitled 
the 

"charge of THE MULE BRIGADE. 

* * * * 

A number of mules aftVighted * * dashed into the ranks of Hamp- 
ton's Legion * * compelling many of them to fall back under a supposed 
charge of cavalry. * * * * 

II. 
•Forward, the Mule Brigade ! ' 
Was there a Mule dismayed? 
Not when the long ears felt 

All their ropes sundered ; 
Theirs not to make reply ; 
Theirs not to reason why ; 
Theirs but to make them fly. 
On! to the Georgia tioops, 
Broke the two hundred. 

* * * * 

V. 

Mules to the right of them, 
INIules to the left of them. 
Mules behind them. 

Pawed, neighed, and thundered ; 
Followed by hoof and head. 
Full many a hero fled, 
Fain in the last ditch dead. 
Back from an 'ass's jaw,' 
All that was left of them, 
Left bv the two hundred." 



REPORTS OF THE ALABAMA COLONEL. 165 

Gen. Howard in riding with his staff to find Geary, had 
got in among tlie rebels, and only his presence of mind saved 
him. 

The hill, three hundred and odd feet high, taken by the 
small Ohio and Massachusetts regiments, supported by Col. 
Woods of N. Y. and the Twenty-Seventh Pa., was held by 
Gen. Law's brigade of five Alabama regiments, entrenched in 
rifle pits, on the top, and at least two regiments if not the 
whole of Robertson's brigade on the flanks. Col. Shetfield of 
the Forty -Eighth Alabama, in his report of "the engagement 
near Lookout Creek," says "I put my regiment in position 
Avith its left resting on the Chattanooga road, and some thirty 
or forty paces from the valley road," (to Brown's ferry). "I 
was at this time notified to take command of the brigade. 
As each regiment arrived it was put in position ; on the right " 
(of the Forty-Eighth) "the Forty-Seventh Ala., the Fourth 
Ala. in the centre, the Forty-Fourth Ala. on its right, and 
the Fifteenth Ala. on the right of the brigade. I imme- 
diately put out videttes in front of each regiment along the 
valley road," ordered breastworks of rails and logs to be put 
up. "The videttes in front reported a column of Yankees 
advancing up the valley road from the direction of Brown's 
Ferry, * * a well directed fire drove them back in con- 
fusion. In a short time they rallied, returned and made an 
eflbrt to charge the works, Avhen they were handsomely 
repulsed and gave back in confusion. They must have 
suffered severely in their charge, from the cries and groans of 
the wounded in our front. The left wing of the Forty-Eighth 
Ala. regiment, and an Arkansas regiment on my left," (Rob- 
ertson's brigade) "opened fire upon them, and caused some 
confusion in their ranks." (It must have been the Seventy- 
Third O. which confronted Sheflield's left.) "In a short time 
an attack was made on my right, (which rested some two 
hundred yards from the valley road, with thick undergrowth 



166 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

between our works and the road,) which was handsomely 
repulsed. In a few minutes, another, and more vigorous 
attack was made upon the right, meeting the same fate, as 
the first attack." (Probably this was the Thirty-Third.) 
" Being fearful of a flank attack, I now^ strengthened the 
company on the right with two other companies, one from the 
Fifteenth and one from the Forty-Fourth Ala., shortly after- 
ward I was notified b}' one of the pickets on the right, 
that a column of Yankees had passed around my right 
near the river. I notified Gen. Law of the fact, and he 
sent forward the Fourth Texas regiment," (Robert- 
son's brigade) "which was promptly placed in position 
on my right by Capt. Terrell, A. A. G. In a few minutes 
after placing this regiment, a vigorous attack was made upon 
the front of the Fourth, Forty-Fourth and Fifteenth Ala., 
some two or three columns deep. The enemy was repulsed 
but returned in a short time more vigorously, and strengthened 
l)y several columns, ivho broke through my lines over our 
works. The left of the Forty-Fourth Ala. having given 
away." (This was certainly the Thirty-Third. The italics 
are the author's.) * * "Here I ordered Col. Perry com- 
manding the Forty-Fourth Ala. to rally his men, and retake 
his position at all hazards. The Fourth Ala. co-operating 
with him, soon drove the enemy from, and beyond, the 
breastworks. He soon returned, but was driven back. About 
this time I received orders from Gen. Law to fallback, * * 
when I received orders to recross the bridge." If his enemy 
(the Thirty-Third) was driven back the last time, there was 
no occasion for him to retreat as he did. The O. and Mass. 
regiments made each two charges, doubtless not simultaneously, 
Sheffield may have confounded some of them, or the move- 
ments of companies, probably the latter. Col. Lowther of 
the Fifteenth Ala., in a letter to Gen. Carman in 1877 says, 
"Capt. Eichardson had, I think, forty (40) men with him." 



THE THIRTY-THIRD BROKE THE ALABAMA LINE. 167 

(skirmishers on the right) "He and most of them were cap- 
tured. * * I think it was the Forty-Fourth Ala. regt. 
that was on my left. There were three assaults on my front, 
and the first impression, that I was aware of, was on the left 
of the regiment to my left. When they commenced to give 
way, I quit my regiment and ran to them and carried them 
back, and then ran back to my own regiment ; but they would 
not stick at the next assault, and then, as the Federal troops 
got in the gap, my regiment gave way, but went out in 
pretty good order." Capt. Waddell of the same regiment, in 
a letter to Gen. Carman in 1870 says, leferring to the 
detachment of companies b\^ Col. Sheffield, for the right of 
tlie line, "Right here was the main secret of our failure. 
These companies taken from our brigade, were taken from the 
rights of regiments after they were entrenched, which left a 
space between the left of one, and right of the other, of some 
25 or 30 yat'ds. The space between my company on the left 
of the l^'ifteenth and the right of the Forty-Fourth, which 
was immediately on our left, was at least 80 yards, and 
through this your troops finally made an entrance and broke 
our line. When first fired upon, being taken by surprise, 
they were thrown into great confusion, but they soon rallied, 
and assaulted us in turn, and most gallantly did they do it. 
I had fought the same troops in Virginia, but I never saw 
them behave as well as they did this night. It was quite a 
steep ascent in front of my company, which made it most 
difficult to attack an enemy entrenched on the brow, but up this 
ascent they came, as if determined to go over ; for notwith- 
standing they were repeatedly repulsed, they immediately 
renewed the attack, and it must have been at a great loss. 

* * This was continued for some time, until I discovered 
that a part of your column had crossed our line to my left. 

* * I then drew my company back and attacked that part 
of your line next to me and drove them back, but was soon 
assaulted in the rear by troops crossing the works I had left. 



168 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

I turned again to fight tliese, and after struggling for awhile, 
saw there was no use, and ordered my men to retire, which 
acted as a signal for the regiment, and we all went out faster 
than we came in. * * My impression is, from what I saw, 
that the moment your troops crossed the open space betAveen 
my company and them, that the Forty-Fourth Ala. or at least 
the right of it, retired from the field. * * My own regi- 
ment, the Fifteenth Ala., acted most gallantly, and could 
never have been driven from its position by an attack in front. 
But I will say this most cheerfully, for I always admired a 
l)rave enemy, that if any troops in the world could have 
accomplished it, it was those in our front that night." Col. 
Bowles of the Fourth Ala. in a letter to Carman the same 
year, says, "The Federals were close enough, advancing slowly 
over great rocks, and in the dark. We opened fire which 
was responded to by a general fusilade from the enemy, but 
our position was too strong and advantageous, and the enemy 
fell back leaving a great many wounded, judging from their 
shrieks and lamentations ; they rallied in a few minutes and 
came the second time with the same result, * * again, the 
the third time the enemy came up gallantly to the onslaught, 
and so close that the paper wadding fell thick and fast over 
and among my men. (Oitce the Federals succeeded in get- 
ting into the works of the Forty-Fourth Ala., and one man a 
1st sergt. * * was bayonetted to death.) The Federals 
Avere again repulsed with great loss, and this retreat was final 
so far as we knew at the time. We remained in the Avorks 
for a long time after, awaiting the advance of the enemy, until 
Ave Avere ordered to march by the left flank, Avliich we soon 
discovered to be a retreat." 

By this testimony it appears that to the Thirty-Third 
belonged the honor of breaking clean through the rebel works, 
and starting the Alabamians out of their intrenchments. 

Gen. Longstreet in his letter before referred to, states 



GEN. LONGSTREET's TESTIMONY. 169 

that Gen. Jeiikins reported "he had made the attack accord- 
ing to the pUin and instructions, and had failed, owing to the 
faikire of Gen. Law to hokl the point assigned him, to the 
rio-ht of the intersection of the mountain defile with Gen. 
Hooker's line of march. This point being lost, Gen. Jenkins 
found it difficult to withdraw his force that he had sent back 
to attack the rear guard. The fiiilure of Gen. Law to hold 
his position was not very satisfactorily explained, as it seemed 
to be one of such strength as to warrant the belief that it 
could have been held at night for three or four hours, against 
Gen. Hooker's entire command.'' (Some of the italics are 
the author's) . He says further, that Gen. Law had a "good 
military character" himsi^lf, and "splendid troops." 

A great victory was won, the siege of the army at Chatta- 
nooga was raised. "Hooker's hard-tack line" was opened, and 
he had earned the title "Hard-tack Joe " by which he was famil- 
iarly knoAvn quite a while. But the victory was expensive to the 
Thirty-Third, and its losses in dead, as those in other regi- 
ments, were to be long remembered. The possession of the 
field made the care of the wounded easy, and they were 
promptly and tenderly borne to the rear, some were severely, 
others only slightly wounded. The colonel, who lay at one 
time between the two hostile lines, and might have had a 
worse fate, was hurriedly pulled down the hill, not an easy 
mode of travelling under the circumstances, though by tender 
hands, and then carried on a confiscated shanty door, not over 
soft, to a log house in the rear, where kind and skilful Sur- 
geon Hastings patiently and tenderly administered his art. 
The rest were carefully cared for. The other officers wounded 
were Captains Blasland and Walker and Lieut. A¥elch. 
But all thoughts were turned toward the dead, they 
were so many, and among the noblest of the regiment. 
The next day was performed the sad duty of burying 
them, a service tenderly directed, and almost his last one in 



170 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

the regiment, by ChaplMui Foster. There they lay as they 
had Mien, the poor adjutant, Mudge, his bruised head resting 
on his arm as so often before when he was asleep ! How 
strano-ely his wish, so many times expressed to the colonel, was 
fulfilled ; if killed, that it might be when fighting under Joe 
Hooker ! There was Lieut. Barrage, three days a graduate of 
Harvard when he enlisted in the ranks. Lieut. Hill of F, 
shot through the head. The color sergeant. Smith, dead in the 
ritle pits, where he still chmg to the color; and the rest, 
killed, or who afterwards died of their wounds, were some 
of the bravest and best in the ranks. Ryan, Simpson and 
Quinlan of C ; Buxton and Patten of D ; Churchill, Crocket, 
Mayo, Hatchings, Rand, Wares, Whitcomb and Wright of 
E ; Adams, Knapp, Cook, Wheat, McLaughlin, Merrill and 
Bohonan of F; Cammett and McMahon of H; Smith, Clark, 
Grady and Howland of I; Drake, Johnson, Davis, Fisher and 
Farrar of K. Lieut. Jones of C, also mortally wounded. An 
honorable list. 

The brigade received many commendations from its supe- 
rior ofticers, for its gallantry in the fight, especially the 
Seventy-Third Ohio and Thirty-Third Mass. Col. Smith, the 
beloved brigade commander, in an eloquent general order to 
his command, made this reference to its In-avery and success : 
"The colonel commanding in adding to the testimony of others 
to the valor of his troops, renews his thanks to the officers 
and men of his command for their heroic conduct on the 
afternoon of Oct. 28th and the morning of the 29th. The 
splendid deeds of that memorable morning need not to be 
recounted. The glory of the living and the dead is complete 
and sufficient for the most ambitious. To those brave com- 
rades of all grades, who so gallantly responded when called 
to breast the wall of fire from two thousand muskets, he 
cannot be too grateful. Yours is the credit, yours is the 
fame. Let its brilliant lustre never be tarnished, either upon 
the battle-field or in the more quiet routine of duty." 



COMMENDATIONS FROM STEIN WHER AND HOOKER. 171 

That gallant and appreciative old Prussian officer, the 
division commander, Gen. Von Steinwehr, in his general 
order, made flattering mention of the brigade, as follows : 
"The second brisfade was ordered to take and hold this 
position. The Seventy-Third Ohio and Thirty-Third iNIass. 
formed in line of battle, and with the greatest determination, 
scaled the precipitous slope, moving over almost impassible 
ground in the face of rapid volleys. The One Hundred and 
Thirty-Sixth N. Y. was now ordered to support the left of 
the two advancing regiments and advanced with heroic 
bravery, as did the Fifty-Fifth Ohio, which was to support 
the right. On the crest, a tierce hand to hand contest ensued. 
The enemy, although forliiied in a position almost impregnable 
by nature, could not withstand this most extraordinary bayonet 
attack, and were forced to inglorious flight, leaving many 
prisoners and intrenching tools behind their parapet. 

The storming of this hill against such stupendous odds, is 
a brilliant episode of the war ; a feat of arms rarely sur- 
passed in history. Officers and soldiers ! * * Let your 
valor preserve unsullied the honor of the White Cresent." 

It was worth something to receive praise from such a 
gallant old soldier as " Fighting Joe Hooker." In his report 
of this "battle of Wauhatchie," he wrote, "Smith's brigade 
of this division, ( Stein wehr's) was ordered to carry it with 
the bayonet. This skeleton, but brave brigade, charged up 
the mountain, almost inaccessible by daylight, under a heavy 
fire, without returning it, and drove three times their number 
from behind hastily throAvn up intrenchments, capturing 
prisoners and scattering the enemy in all directions. No 
troops ever rendered more brilliant service. The name of 
their valiant commander is Colonel Orland Smith of the 
Seventy-Third Ohio volunteers. Tyndale, encountering less 
resistance, had also made himself master of the enemy's 
position in his front." And of Geary's fight, "For almost 



172 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

three hours, without assistance, he repelled the repeated 
attacks of vastly superior numbers, and in the end drove 
them ingloriously from the field." He made honorable mention 
also of several subordinate commanders and staff oflicers. Gen. 
Hooker in a general order to his command, communicated what 
he styled, "A noble tribute to your good conduct from a brave 
and devoted soldier," Geu. Thomas' general order in which 
he said "The bayonet charge of Howard's troops, made up 
the side of a steep and difiicult hill, over two hundred feet 
high, completely routing and driving the enemy from his 
barricades on its tojj, and the repulse by Geary's division of 
greatly superior numbers, who attempted to surprise him, 
will rank among the most distino-uished feats of the war." 
That Avas a good deal from "old reliable." 

In a telegram to Gen. Halleck, commander in chief, on 
the morniug of the battle. Gen. Thomas reporting Howard's 
part of the fight, said, "The enemy occupying in force, and 
commanding the hills on the left of the road. He immedi- 
ately threw forward two of his regiments, and took both at 
the point of the bayonet, driving the enemy from his breast- 
works and across Lookout Creek. In this brilliant success 
over their old adversary, the conduct of the officers and men 
of the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps is entitled to the highest 
praise." In his report to the War Department, says, "Reflects 
the greatest credit on both these officers, and their entire 
commands." And in his report to the "Committee on the 
Conduct of the War," wrote thus of the importance of the 
action and its results. "The seizure of Brown's ferry, and 
the splendid defence of Lookout Valley by Gen. Hooker's 
command, decided the question of our ability to hold Chat- 
tanooga, for steamers began immediately to carry rations 
from Bridgeport to Kelley's ferry, leaving but about eight 
miles of wagon transportation from that point to Chatta- 
nooga, and repairs were commenced on the railroad south of 



WHAT THOMAS SAID. 173 

the Tennessee River. The enemy made no farther attempt 
to regain Lookout Valley." Let it be remembered it had 
been a question how many days longer the army could stay 
in Chattanooga before it was starved out. His inspector 
general, Gol. Horace N. Fisher of Mass. wrote to an officer 
of Gen. Howard's staff, "From accounts received here, no 
more glorious a career could have been made than that of last 
night, in which the Seventy-Third O. and Thirty-Third Mass. 
participated. I feel very proud of the present laurels gained 
by your Corps." Gen. Grant in his report on the battles 
around Chattanooga, published in Moore's Reb. Rec, vol. 8, 
states very strongly the condition of the army there, when 
the movement was made, and the fiite from which it was 
saved. "These movements, so successfully executed, secured 
to us two comparatively good lines by which to obtain 
supplies. * * Up to this period, our forces at Chatta- 
nooga were~"practically invested. * * The artillery horses 
and mules had become so reduced by starvation that they 
could not have been relied upon for moving anything. An 
attempt at retreat must have been with men alone, and with 
only such supplies as they could carry. A retreat would 
have been almost certain annihilation * * already more 
than ten thousand animals had perished in supplying half 
rations to the troops. * * They could not have been sup- 
plied another week." 

In the "Richmond 'Despatch' account," in the same 
volume, the writer gives the enemy's estimate of the import- 
ance of the result. "The loss of Lookout Valley and 
Brown's ferry removed all doubt as to th ) ability of Gen. 
Grant to subsist his army at Chattanoo/a this winter, and 
rendered the longer possession of Lookout Mountain of com- 
paratively little importance." 

There was a homely tribute to the victorious valor of 
Hooker's men, not to be overlooked, recorded in chalk on a 



174 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

house near the fight, by some plain spoken, much whipped 
rebel, probably just before his flight, in these words : "In the 
year of our Lord A. D. 1863, the Yanks drove the rebs out 
of this valley. Bully for them !" The musketry fire in the bat- 
tle, as heard at Chattanooga, was described as something fear- 
ful. The bullets flew so thickly that twenty were counted next 
day in a small sapling near the Thirty-Third's position. 

This battle was generally referred to by the enemy as 
that of " Wills' Valley;" it was variously called on our side 
"the battle of Lookout Valley," "Lookout Mountain," 
"Brown's Ferry," and by Gen. Hooker, and other commanders 
generally, as the "Battle of Wauhatchie," because the first 
attack in the battle was made on Geary, near the station of 
that name, although only one brigade on each side was 
actually engaged there, Avhile the heaviest fighting was 
done on the hills at the foot of Lookout Mountain, and the 
forces engaged here, were three brigades on the rebel side, 
two on our side, and three more were near by in reserve. 
It is thus distinguished from the "Battle of Lookout Moun- 
tain," also under Hooker, which took place not long afterward 
on the side of the mountain. 

The brigade speedily went to work, turned the rebel rifle 
pits inside out, and made ready if any of the enemy should 
come again and claim their property. But none ever did, 
and nobody but the curious, or interested traveller has ever 
disturbed the stillness of that wooded crest, since the l)rigade 
left it, as it did, not many days afterward. After a few days' 
residence at the log house, the "desperately wounded" 
colonel, as described by Gen. Hooker in his report, was 
carried by his devoted men on a stretcher to the river, 
floated down the majestic Tennessee in a steamer, and then 
ingloriously suspended from a car ceiling, was carried by rail 
to Nashville, without much opportunity to inspect the scenery 
on the way. For the gallantry of the oflicers and men of his 



EXIT THE COLONEL. 175 

regiment, in that desperate fight, ui)on the recommendation 
of Gen. Hooker, he was made Brigadier-General from the 
date of his report, Nov. 6, 18G3. The regiment was so 
reduced in numbers, that under the then existing orders of 
the War Department, no colonel could be mustered in the 
vacancy, and no promotions therefore be made. It remained 
for many months under the command of Lieut. -Col. Rider. 

The pickets of the regiment, a few days after the battle, 
fell in Avith old friends, last met at Falmouth, Ya., viz. some 
of the Forty-Seventh Ala. with whom they used to chat in 
the middle of the river there, and trade coifec for tobacco. 
Friendly relations Avere re-established, and there Avas no 
picket firing. But Avith the general public enemy, quartered 
on the mountain side, there Avas no such truce, and the uo-ly 
shell became a frequent visitor to the regiments' bivouac, 
prematurely distributed, noAv and then, the rations of a 
company ittess, and chased aAvay sAveet slumbers in the Aveary 
nights. 

Almost as soon as the battle AA^as over, tAvo steamers Avere 
put upon the river, and the transportation of supplies began 
on a large scale. The business was exceedingly active, 
steamboat loads of hard-tack and shoes, clothing, amnumition, 
horses and mules, folloAved each other night and day, on the 
noAV open river, and as rapidly as these supplies could be 
brought down by rail from Louisville. But it Avas not easy 
to supply at once, all that the entire, half-starved army 
needed. Occasionally there Avas trou])le Avith the railroad, 
and the enemy made himself soon felt, once or twice by 
tapping the single line of railroad, and at one time got 
up such a "corner" on the staple rations, hog's sides and hard 
tack, that even the Avounded men in the field hospital at Chat- 
tanooga came nigh starving to death, as they fancied, and 
fearing the fate of army mules aAvaited them, some deserted 
from Avhat was otherwise regarded as a soft thing, the hospi- 



176 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

tal. Of this immher, one was the enterprising Corporal 
Canning, Co. F, of the Thirty-Third, who, with his arm in a 
sling, made his way back seven miles to the regiment for 
rations, only to find that there had not been a hard-tack there 
for so long, that in the expressive language of Capt. Prescott, 
(omitting some of his expletives) nobody in the Thirty-Third 
would recognize a hard-tack if they were to see it again. 
This hunger gnawed forager, from the hospital, soon after- 
wards found out to his disgust, that while he was gone, the 
rest of his wounded mates in the hosiDital had been furloughed 
home. 

After the regiment had remained on the captured hill, 
braving for a decent period of time, so as not to seem over 
sensitive, the daily and nightly quota of shells from the near 
side of Lookout Mountain, it sought a quieter camp on the 
sheltered side of the next hill beyond, the hill taken by 
Tyndalc's brigade. It was much nearer ''Sis Allison's." 
Here it composedly waited for "something to turn up." 

It did not have long to wait. The army here, instead of 
being a besieged, starved and demoralized one, as it had 
been, very soon became a well supplied, well fed, well 
appointed one, ready for the aggressive. Everybody and 
everything under Grant's orders, and Thomas' eye, were most 
ready for the next move. As Thomas says in his report, "As 
soon as communications with Bridgeport had been made 
secure, and the question of supplying the army at this point 
rendered certain, preparations were at once commenced for 
driving the enemy from his position in our immediate front, 
on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Kidge, and if possible, 
to send a force to the relief of Knoxville." For information 
was received, that soon after the late battle, Longstreet's 
Corps was sent off by Bragg, to deal a blow at Gen. Burn- 
side in Knoxville ; the latter was being hard pressed, and 
was calling upon Grant, under whose command he was, for 



SHERMAN AND HIS MEN ARRIVE FROM YICKSBURG. 177 

help. The readiest and most effectual way, now, to help 
Burnside, Grant saw, was to deal with liragg, punish him if 
he could, wedge his own army between him and Longstreet, 
and Avhou Bragg had his hands full of Inisiness, send relief 
into East Tennessee. To do this effectively, it was decided 
necessary to wait for the arrival of a corps of the Army of the 
Tenennesee, which had been sent for. Grant telegraphed to 
Burnside to hold on to East Tennessee till relief came, and 
advised him not to retreat from there till after he had lost 
most of his army. 

One day a "coming man," rode by the camp of the 
Thirty-Third; a tall, straight, grisly-bearded, hawk-eyed, 
blunt old soldier — William Tecumseh Sherman. Behind him 
came his men, just in from the Mississippi, dusty and dirty, 
ragged and shoeless, hard marched as they had been hard 
fought. It was the Fifteenth Corps of the Army of the 
Tennessee, -Grants own Army, which had won him his 
victories. After the disaster at Chickamauga, Sherman and 
his Corps had been sent for by Halleck. On his way from 
Vicksburg, Sherman had been appointed to the command of 
the whole Army of the Tennessee. He and his old Corps, at 
the urgent call of Grant, had hurried along the road, fiohting 
their Avay, bridging streams, repairing railroads and climb- 
ing over mountains, but pressing on to be in season 
to help Avin one more victory for their beloved and 
ever successful old chief. They rather despised the tidy 
camp of the Thirty-Third as they passed by it, its 
men's cleanly brushed coats, polished brasses and general 
marks of Eastern trimness and setting up, and discoursed on 
paper collars and other articles regarded in their eyes with 
contempt. They knew the Eastern men better on the long 
march afterwards, as they themselves came to be better 
known, and both mutually confessed their respect. They 
wore no corps badges. Passing Hooker's men, the latter, 



178 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

relates Sherman, asked them what their badge was, "Badge, 
is it?" answered an Irishman, "fortv rounds in the cartridgfe 
box, and twenty in the pocket." Hence their subsequent 
Corps badge. 

THE BATTLES OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN AND MISSIONARY RIDGE. 

Before Sherman's sturdy veterans, that looked so slouchy, 
had all marched by, orders came, and the regiment left behind 
its camp, struck into the valley road with the rest of the 
Corps, then marched over Brown's ferry and the river again, 
into Chattanooga to l>ivouac by Fort Wood. 

Grant lirst planned to have Hooker attack, and if he 
could, carry Lookout Mountain simultaneously with an attack 
on Missionary Ridge by Sherman and Thomas ; later he 
decided to mass all the troops he possibly could for the 
Missionary Ridge undertaking, leaving only a few troops with 
Hooker to hold Lookout Valley, Accordingly the Eleventh 
Corps Avas ordered to cross the river to be in readiness where 
needed, and then it was moved over on the Chattanooga side 
to act either with Thomas or Sherman as necessity required. 
It was placed between Sheridan's and Wood's divisions, in full 
view of the enemy, to give them the impression that 
Sherman's troops Avere reenforcing the town. On the evening 
of their arrival there, deserters reported to Grant that Bragg 
was falling back. The next morning, Thomas was directed to 
drive in Bragg's pickets and make him develop some of his 
line, to ascertain whether the report were true. During the 
forenoon he selected his divisions for the reconnoissance in 
force, and prepared for it. That afternoon of Nov. 23d, a 
memorable spectacle took place on that great undulating 
plain that stretches out to the lofty ridges — the Missionary 
on the southeast and Lookout on the Avest, Avhich cncomj)ass 
it, in the focus, as it AA^ere, making a mighty and picturesque 



THE FIRST day's SPECTACLE AND ADVANCE. 171) 

amphitheatre. About two o'clock in the afternoon of that 
day, the enemy looking down from their heights, saw two 
divisions of the Fourth Corps move out before Fort Wood, 
deplo}'' leisurely, then handsomely advance in line of battle, 
flags fluttering and l)ayonets gleaming in the sun. A rather 
pretty and entertaining parade it struck them, as they watched 
it leisurely. "Come and see the Yankee review," said Breck- 
enridge at Bragg's headquarters, to his wife and friends. The 
movements were conspicuous and executed deliberately. The 
butternut inckets near our line lolled on the ground, and 
critically watched the Yankee evolutions. By and by it 
occurred to them the parade was getting uncomfortably near. 
Forty-two-pound Parrotts in Chattanooga opened on them, 
and the guns on Moccasin Point made it lively within their 
range. General Wood and little Phil Sheridan (his first 
appearance probably before Grant) led these two divisions, 
and meant -4)usiness. The butternuts soon realized this, 
gathered up their traps, fired a few shots and scrambled out 
of the ^\i^y. They rallied l)ack on their defences and there 
made a fight, but our line pushed on over their little outworks 
and soon Orchard Knob, a mile nearer the heights, Avas hand- 
somely carried. Grant ordered the divisions to remain, and 
entrench themselves. The Eleventh Corps, massed until now in 
rear of the attacking troops, and watching the spectacle, in 
due time was swung around upon the flank of the moving 
line, deployed, skirmished a little, driving the encni}' across 
Citico Creek ; and this afternoon's pretty evolution, started for 
a reconnoissance, ended in carrying the approaches to the ridge, 
and in gaining an advantageous position for another attack 
when the hour should arrive. That sufficed for that day. 
Early next morning, Gen. Howard directed Col. Smith to 
send a regiment of his brigade to the extreme left to drive 
some rebel sharp shooters from a rifle pit. The Seventy- 
Third O. was selected, charged in fine style and did the 



180 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

business. The Twenty-Seventh Penn. in Bushbeck's brigade, 
also had a smart fight and captured a picket line. 

All the morning, Sherman was busily laying pontoons from 
the north side of the river down near the Chickamauga creek, 
and hurrying across his Corps which had moved around 
under cover of the hills on that bank. Just as the last boat 
was laid, and he stood gesticulating to his men, Howard rode 
up with Buschbeck's brigade of Von Steinwher's division and 
there the two soldiers from the distant fields of the great 
July victories first greeted each other ; one from the trenches 
of Vicksburg, the other from the impregnable Cemetery 
Ridge at Gettysburg. And thus the Army of the Tennessee 
and the Army of the Cumberland, represented now by the 
two Corps, joined each other for the great march. In the 
early afternoon, Sherman's divisions pushed on, echeloned 
over the field, through the driving rain, with Bushbeck 
skirmishing, gained the north end of the ridge, made a lodg- 
ment, and fought their way into a threatening position on the 

enemy's flank. 

That same day. Hooker w\as wrenching victory out 

of circumstances, as well as from the enemy on Lookout 
Mountain. When it was decided that the Eleventh Corps 
should be sent to swell the forces to be engaged in the formid- 
able attack on Missionary Ridge, leaving only force enough in 
the Lookout Valley to hold it, he asked permission to go with 
that Corps, as the part of his command which was to have 
the fighting. His request was acceded to. A lucky accident 
for him, and for our army too, probably changed the pro- 
gramme. During the time that Sherman was crossing his 
Corps over the river, rains set in, the river became very 
much swollen, and with the force of the current, the drift 
wood, and the rafts set afloat by the rebels, all combined, the 
bridge at Brown's ferry parted, and Sherman's troops were 
delayed in crossing ; in fact, the battle was delayed in conse- 



THE SECOND DAY — HOOKER ON LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 181 

queiice, for two clays. After the bridge Avas repaired, it 
broke again, before Osterhaus' division crossed. Gen. 
Thomas then recommended to Grant that Hooker with this 
division, Geary's and Craft's of the Fourth Corps, which had 
ah-eady joined him from Whitesides, should attack, and if 
found practicable, carry the face of Lookout Mountain as 
originally planned. Grant assented to this, and Hooker 
received orders accordingly, provided the bridge was not 
repaired in season to enable Osterhaus to cross on the morn- 
ing of the twenty-fourth ; it was found later it could not be. 
Hooker w^as always ready to accept such chances for 
fighting. By daylight his troops were under arms and ready. 
They Avere Geary's division, most of it, (a few regiments 
being at Bridgeport,) of the Twelfth Corps, just from the 
Army of the Potomac. Two brigades, AVhittaker's and 
Grose's, of Craft's division, Fourth Corps, Army of the 
Cumberland^ and Osterhaus' division of the Fifteenth Corps, 
Army of the Tennessee ; thus there Avcre three divisions 
from three different Armies, all strangers to each other, and 
two ot them to their present commander, but ready for the 
contest just the same. In all, says Hooker in his report, 
nine thousand six hundred and eighty-one men ; equal to an 
Army Corps. Geary was ordered to move up Lookout Creek 
a couple of miles to near Wauhatchie with his division and 
Whittaker's brigade, cross the creek there and move along the 
mountain side in line, while Grose's brigade was to drive in 
the rebel pickets along the creek in front, repair the highway 
bridge over it and make a crossing there. Osterhaus' division 
was to co-operate farther to the left, nearer the mouth of the 
creek. Geary crossed the creek about eight o'clock, 
on the dam of a little mill, with no one to molest him. Fog 
hung over the river, and on the mountain side, so his move- 
ments were concealed. He marched his column by the flank 
up the mountain slope till the head reached the Palisades, 



182 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

which, miles in length, rise up perpeiidicvilarly nearly a 
hundred feet, to the mountain's crest, on which stretches for 
miles also a level plateau. The column faced to the front, 
(left) formed in three lines of battle, the different brigades 
being in echelon with eath other, Cobham's of Geary's division 
at first leading ; then moved over the slope, right along the 
Palisades, the left along the creek. Eebel pickets were soon 
met, taken by surprise and the entire line there, forty-two in 
all, captured. 

During this while, Grose marched his brigade to the 
position assigned him, sent a couple of regiments forward, 
drove in the pickets on the other side of the creek, and under- 
took to repair the bridge. But the enemy's picket reserves 
and main body occupied a formidal)le line of rifle pits, con- 
structed to resist just such an attack from that direction ; 
took advantage of the railroad embankment, and poured a 
o;allino; fire into Grose's men. The creek was swollen, and 
this added to the trouble. Hooker with his staff had taken 
a position where he could watch the movements of all the 
detachments on the top of Tyndale's hill, in front of the 
now deserted camp of the Thirty-Third ; a position he 
occupied during this day's battle. From here, when the fog 
lifted from the creek, he saw Grose's difficulties. The remedy 
he thought was at hand. He ordered Wood's brigade, 
Osterhaus' division, to move a half mile farther up the creek, 
construct a pole bridge there, and cross ; most of Grose's 
brigade was to accompany it, the two regiments engaged at 
the highway bridge to remain and occupy the enemy's 
attention, while the batteries at different points opened 
furiously. This plan worked better, the bridge was soon 
ready. Wood's and Grose's regiments at eleven o'clock 
crossed in season to join, on the left, Geary's lines as they 
came sweeping along on the mountain's side, over the bowlders, 
ugly crevices and ravines, the three lines, and the echelons. 



HOOKER FIGHTING ABOVE THE CLOUDS. 183 

owiuii: to the irrej2;'ularities of the fyroiiiid, had become now 
scarcely more than one irreguhir line. Whittaker's brigade 
being in front line near the Palisades, the enemy's log rifle 
pits and other formidable defences were taken in flank, and in 
reverse. The enemy, however, fought hard, and staid in 
position till the last minute. Cobham's brigade charged over 
into the works at one point, and had to use the bayonet, 
and stones, even. The left swung around now, and as Wood's 
brigade came upon the force that was flghting Grose's two 
regiments at the highway bridge, it took them all in, 
capturing an entire regiment. They belonged to Stevenson's 
division, were Pemberton's men taken at Vicksburg, had 
parole papers in their pockets, and had not been exchanged. 
The enemy, says Grose .in his report, was a good deal sur- 
prised at the "Yankee trick" which was so eflective. On 
swept the line again, Grose's two regiments crossing over, 
and more of ^sterhaus' force swelling the irresistable line. 
All this time there was little fighting in any other part ot 
the immense battle field ; silence reigned with the great 
armies, and friend and foe listened with absorbing interest to 
the roar of guns on Lookout Mountain, to see if any move- 
ment would indicate which side was winning. The foo" had 
lifted from the valley, and it was all clear on the peak of 
Lookout ; but a heavy belt of fog, which the smoke of the 
guns made thicker, girdled the mountain. As midday jDassed, 
the roar of o-uns came nearer and nearer to the listeners 
about Chattanooga, and not long after, there, just at the base 
of the Palisades, on "the nose" of the mountain, as Rosecrans 
first described it, out of the cloud and al)Ove it, came Hooker's 
line of blue with its red striped flags, as it was driving on in the 
flush of victory, with shouts and cheers, masses of retreating 
gray backs, with their fluttering secesh colors. And through 
the gray, misty girdle, lower down on the mountain, were 
seen the flashes of his advancinsf line of fire. Hooker seemed 



184 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

to have climbed above the clouds and Avas wresting victory at 
that giddy height in the air. It was an inspiring and long to 
be re]iiembered sight ; cheers went up in Chattanooga, and 
they were long and wild. On the front, or nose of the mountain, 
is a clearing, and a farm house called Craven's, sometimes 
"the White House." In crossing here, the rebels were fear- 
fully exposed to the fire of the guns from Moccasin Point, 
and their retreat hereabouts was rapid. Before two o'clock, 
Hooker's victorious line had cleared this ground, and the left 
opened communication at the mouth of Chattanooga Creek 
with the town ; two guns were here captured, and some gen- 
eral's smoking hot dinner at Craven's. The line, in the ardor 
of pursuit, passed the point Avhere it was ordered to halt. 
The enemy was now re-enforced, made a vigorous and 
determined resistance, the fog became denser, and Whittaker 
and Geary halted, but continued the fight with musketry. 
Its rattle was incessant for some hours. At five p. m. Carlin's 
brigade came up from the town and relieved some of the 
regiments on the right, whose ammunition was exhausted, and, 
who, besides, were tired out. No further effort was made that 
night to i)ush the line to the Summertown road, the only 
practicable road to the summit, where a part of the rebel 
force remained to annoy Hooker's men. The picket lines 
were firing at each other till midnight, when perfect silence 
reigned It was bitter cold, and the wind blew at night up on 
the mountain ; the troops kindled bivouac fires, and Hooker's 
advance line- could be traced far away by the line of brilliant 
fires. It was a striking and pleasant sight to our side. 

Hooker says in his report of the battle, "Of the troops 
opposed to us, were four brigades of Walker's division, 
Hardee's Corps; a portion of Stewart's division, of Brecken- 
ridge's Corps ; and on the top of the mountain were three 
brigades of Stevenson's division." As to the number of the 
troops opposed to him, and the name of some of the commands. 



THE enemy's force ON LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 185 

he Avas uiidoiibtedly mistaken ; and it is not surprising, as he 
had not the rel)el reports at hand. The "Richmond 'Despatch' 
account," before referred to, written on the night of the 
battle, says, "Our forces had been much weakened the night 
before, by the withdrawal of Walker's division, which was 
sent to the right, leaving only Stevenson's and Cheatham's 
divisions behind, both under command of Gen. Stevenson." 
Troops were more needed on Missionary Ridge, noAV that 
" The importance of the mountain " as he says had " ceased with 
the loss of Lookout Valley." The reports of Maj.-Gen. 
Stevenson and his division and brigade commanders, on this 
battle, were published in a small volume containing oflScial 
reports, at Richmond in 1864. According to these reports it 
appears that on the evening of Nov. 23d, as stated by the 
"Richmond Despatch," Walker's entire division was ordered 
to Missionary Ridge, that Jackson's brigade of Cheatham's 
division, and^Cummings", of Stevenson's, on the top of the 
mountain, were sent to take its place, occupying a line a mile 
long, from the Chattanooga Creek west, up to the Chatta- 
nooga road at the base of the mountain ; that they were kept 
there during the battle to prevent attack from the direction of 
the town, and could render no assistance on the west side of 
the face of the mountain, though not attacked themselves. 
That two brigades of Stevenson's division now remained on 
the top of the mountain ; a part of the force was scattered, 
guarding passes on the east and west side of the ridge for 
eighteen miles. Moore's brigade of Cheatham's division was on 
the face of the mountain near the Craven house, and Walthall's 
brigade of the same division only, beyond Craven's on the 
western side. That the only force which opposed Hooker's 
troops as far as the Craven house, was this brigade of Walthall. 
At the Craven house, he and Moore were re-enforced by part 
of Pettus' brigade, from the top of the mountjiin, soon after 
one o'clock p. m. A few days before, their pickets had 



186 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

extended up the creek to the old mill and ford where Geary 
crossed, but had been withdrawn, and their line then only ran 
from the raih-oad bridge directly to the cliff. Walthall had 
five Mississippi regiments, about fifteen hundred efi'ective 
men. He says, "Such resistance as I could offer a force like 
this, consisting, as the Federal Gen. Thomas in an official 
despatch to his government says, of Geary's division and two 
brigades of another Corps, was made with my small com- 
mand, nearly one-third of which was covering a picket line 
more than a mile in extent." He saw Geary's colunm move 
up the river and disappear in the fog ; saw the force prepar- 
ing to attack in front. He was uncertain which was to be 
the real attack, and had to wait till our movements w^ere 
developed, as Hooker intended he should. And when Geary 
came out of the fog on the left, he was taken in rear as well as 
fiank and part of his force was unable to escape owing to the 
terrible character of the ground "a rugged steep, broken 
and rocky and difficult of passage for a footman at leisure." 
He fell back beyond Craven's and made a stand. Moore was 
here in line, though Walthall does not allude to his doing any 
fighting; and Pettus' part of a brigade, between one and two 
o'clock, relieved him for a while. They claim that here Hooker's 
further progress was prevented. Clayton's brigade arrived 
about eight o'clock in the evening. Moore's brigade had about 
twelve hundred effective men. Casualties in all were about 
two hundred killed and wounded, and a thousand captured. 
During nearly all this while, the fog on the mountain was so 
thick that nothing could be seen a hundred yards off. Steven- 
son's whole command moved off the mountain and crossed the 
creek before two and a half o'clock next morning. Gen. 
Moore pays this tribute to the bravery of Hooker's men : "Two 
of their color bearers being shot down by our men in the 
trenches while attempting to plant their colors on the embank- 
ment. I have never seen them fight with such daring and 



SHERMAN POUNDS HIS WAY TO TUNNEL HILL. 187 

desperation." These reports answer to a certain extent Gen. 
Braoo-'s query in his official report, after stating that Hooker's 
assault was met by one brigade only, Walthall's. "Why this 
command was not sustained is yet unexplained. The com- 
mander of that part of the field, Maj.-Gen. Stevenson, had 
six brigades at his disposal." 

According to this testimony, in this "Battle above the 
Clouds," as Gen. Meigs named it that day. Hooker was fight- 
ing all the forenoon and driving, in the fog, with his force 
amounting to a Corps, only one brigade of the enemy, though 
over considerable obstacles of ground, and later in the day 
was resisted by two brigades and a half, when he halted 
his line; while in the battle called " Wauhatchie," four 
rebel brigades were obstinately fighting on their side 
with every advantage of positon, and three little bri- 
gades, successfully, on ours; so successfully that it made 
the later victory easy, and a natural result; yet the 
earlier battle is little known, and not much remembered, 
while the "Battle of Lookout Mountain," "the Battle above 
the Clouds," from the romantic circumstances attending it, 
and the scene it presented to the eyes of the troops at Chatta- 
nooga, will probably become famous in history and war 
poetry, and "Hooker fighting above the clouds" will live in 
the poetic legends of the war to thrill men, along with 
the stories of Sheridan's ride, and of Farragut lashed to the 
shrouds of his flag ship. It takes away, however, some of 
the poetry that hovers about the memory of the battle, for 
one to stand a reverent pilgrim, as did this humble historian, 
years after the battle, on the mountain slope where Hooker's 
heroes fought, and there read in staring white letters on a 
huge rock the inscription that some vile compounder of 
patent medicine has had painted there, "Fought, bled, took 
gargling oil and got well." 

By next morning's dawn the peak of Lookout had 



188 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

been scaled by volunteers from the Eighth Kentucky 
regiment, and there, on that bald and towering crag, 
floated proudly through the mists of sunrise, the stars and 
the stripes, a flag given by the loyal women of Kentucky. 
And before the bright sun of that day was high. Hooker's 
column was marching over the deserted and smoking camps 
of the mountain side, driving the enemy towards Rossville, 
till his progress was stopped for a few hours, by the Chatta- 
nooga Creek, the bridges over which had been burnt by the 
enemy in their flight. During the day, the band of the 
Thirty-Third, Avith their usual enterprise, climbed the peak 
of Lookout, tf ok in the wonderful view, saw seven States, 
the disloyal an.ong them to be soon conquered, and under the 
inspiration of the scene, played all the national airs with more 
than their accustomed skill, and the echoes of their delighttul 
strains were heard three miles awav in Chattanoooa. 

With day break of this day, November 25th, the third 
day of the battle, Sherman was in his saddle with his staff, 
and the l)ugles of his assaulting divisions, two of them under 
Smiths, soon sounded "forward". Gen. Corse, one of his best 
fighting men, was sent Avith his brigade, supported by others, 
to take an important crest, and he did it, and kept it, though 
at great cost. Tiie other brigades on the right and left pushed 
on. Rough Avork they found, and stubborn fighting along 
the Avooded hills and slopes and through the gorges to Tunnel 
Hill. Buschbeck's brigade, at Sherman's request, had 
remained Avith his forces since it first made a junction 
Avith them, and Avas placed on the right. It made a gallant 
charge noAv Avithout firing a shot, up an ugly slope almost 
into the enemy's AA^orks, but it Avas too small in numbers to 
stay long. Sherman in his report said "The brigade of Col. 
Buschbeck belonging to the Eleventh Corps * * fought at the 
Tunnel Hill in connection Avith Gen. Ewing's division, and 
displayed a courage almost amounting to rashness, folloAving 



THOMAS CARRIES MISSIONARY RIDGE. 181) 

the enemy almost to the tunnel gorge." But with all the 
handsome fighting, the progress of the Army of the Ten- 
nessee was slow. The rest of the Eleventh Corps, during 
the morning, was sent to re-enforce it, and Avas placed on the 
left in prolongation of Sherman's line to Chickamauga Creek, 
the left now^ of the immense battle field, thirteen miles long. 
Just as the Thirty-Third was marching by Sherman's troops, 
Gen. Corse was brought out of his fight, wounded, making 
remarks, with strong seasoning, at his ill luck. As fast as 
Sherman extended his left, Bragg sent troops to confront 
it. It was getting nearer and nearer his base of supplies at 
Chickamauga Station, and the movement boded so much 
danger to him that he deemed it necessary to check it at any 
cost. His hurried re-enforcements were seen incessantly 
marching along the ridge to the left. That was Sherman's 
success. He had the most difficult part of the undertaking, 
and the hardest fighting, for he had to attack what Grant in 
his report called "The enemy's most northern and most vital 
part," — which he w^ould make the severest struggle to defend, 
and the object planned was to ccmipel Bragg to w^eaken his 
centre and left, to re-enforce the threatened point. He w'as 
doing it industriously and fatally. Grant saw that he was. 
Watching from Orchard Knob the progress of Sherman's 
battle, and Bragg's movements on the heights ; watching also 
for the smoke of Hooker's guns on the right, which came at 
last as "Fiffhtino- Joe" was drivino; onto the ridire from Ross- 
ville, though it had cost him hours to build bridges, he saw 
that the opportunity had come, and at near three o'clock gave 
the order for the Army of the Cumljerland to do its assigned 
part. 

Six guns were fired in rapid succession from Orchard 
Knob. That was the signal. Promptly, four of Thomas' 
divisions. Wood's and Sheridan's of Granger's Fourth C(n-ps, 
Baird's and Johnson's of Palmer's Fourteenth Corps, were in 



190 THE TFIIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

line moving forward, heavily covered with skirmishers, 
through the belt of timber ; soon double quick over the plains 
swept by artillery and infantry lire, advancing with an irre- 
sistible mass of glistening bayonets that carried the first line 
of rifie pits without a shot ; and then bounding; over the 
intrenchments, where they found no protection from the 
merciless tire, with no halt, though it was laid down in the 
orders, Phil Sheridan, and other commanders, taking the 
responsibility, impetuously rushing on with cheers, almost 
imcontrollable with success, into the canister from thirty guns, 
and the minie balls, colors steadily advancing, over the second 
line of rifle pits clear up to the last, pierced the enemy's line 
in six places simultaneously, and before Bragg awoke to his 
peril, the cr(!st was swarming with cheering Yankees, his 
mountain fortress was taken, his head-quarters in the saddle, 
almost captured at that, and his demoralized hordes in full 
retreat. All done in fifty minutes ! Bragg's right, where the 
somewhat famous "Pat Cleburne" was fighting with his 
division, held out for a while longer, but it was soon cleared 
out, and Sheridan was pushing on in pursuit. 

The field of Chickamauga lay at the feet of the Army of 
the Cumberland, bej'ond the ridge at its mercy, and the great 
defeat there under Rosecrans was brilliantly avenged. The 
great three days battle for Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
ary Ridge was over. Night settled down over a National 
victory, and the gateway to the south was open. As the 
report came down and the result became realized, the cheers 
were caught up from hill to hill, and regiment to regiment, 
till the whole line for miles was shouting for victory, and the 
night's bivouac became noisy and sleepless. 

The combined battle of Sherman and Thomas against 
Bragg on Missionary Ridge was of immense proportions. 
Each of the two Federal commanders had that day 
about thirty thousand men, Bragg had forty thousand, 



THANKSGIVING DAY CONGRATULATIONS AND CHASE. 191 

eiitrcMic'hed on the crest, in what was believed by him to be 
with his force an impregnable position. He snys in his 
report, "Thongh greatly ont-nnnibered, snch was the strength 
of onr position, that no doubt was entei'tained of our ability 
to hold it." Again, "No satisfactory excuse can possibly 
be given for the shameful conduct of our troops on the left, 
in allowiug their line to be penetrated. The position Avas 
one which ought to have been held by a line of skirmishers 
against any assaulting column." He states also, that the line 
to his right was broken at the same tinie, and furthermore 
explains, "A panic, which I had never before witnessed, 
seemed to have seized upon officers and men, and each seemed 
to be struggling for his personal safety, regardless of his 
duty or his character." These were veterans that had fought 
bravely in scores of battles. As the result of the three da^'s 
battle, our armies captured six thousand prisoners, forty 
pieces of artillery and seven thousand stands of arms. Lost 
over seven hundred killed and nearly five thousand wounded. 

The news reached Halleck the next morning, which was 
Thanksgiving day. He replied to Grant's despatch, "A day 
of Thanksgiving, truly." It was in this final charge that the 
color sergeant was mortally wounded, says Gen. Howard, 
who answered, when they asked him where he was hurt, 
"Almost up, sir." "I mean in what part of your body," said 
his inquirer, "Almost up to the top." "Yes," said he, looking 
at his ugly wound. "That is what did it, I was almost up, l)ut 
for that I should have reached the top." He reached the 
heights, but not of this world. 

When Thanksgiving Day dawned, the Eleventh Corps 
crossed the Chickamauga in the fog to join in the 
pursuit. The road was lined with abandoned wagons, 
caissons, arms and ammunition, and evidences of the rebel 
fliffht. Chickamauga Station was a scene of desolation — 
piles of corn and meal, pontoons and abandoned gun carriages 



192 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

were burning, and all about were masses of army wrecks, — 
thousands of bushels of corn, Hour and beans, luckily 
unconsumed, became a prize for the empty supply trains, and 
for men and horses. Before Greysville Davis' division 
encountered the rebel rear guard, and a brief fight ensued, 
Von Steinwehr's division in support ; but the rebels gave 
way, and next morning that not over-grown village was 
entered. Hooker was pushing on vigorously, and had a hard 
fight with the enemy at Ringgold. The orders for the Eleventh 
Corps were to push on through Parker's Gap, which turned 
Ringgold and helped Hooker ; and there with two brigades 
under Col. Orland Smith, one his own, the other of Schurz's 
division, to strike the railroad from Dalton to Cleveland and 
tear up a section. At Red Clay Station a few hours were 
devoted to this pleasant diversion, and soon three miles of 
sleepers were reduced to fire wood, and the rails to old junk. 
There being no further use for cars and the depot, they were 
of course burned. Neither Longstreet nor Bragg could now 
get any comfort from that railroad. It was midnight when 
the regiment arrived back into bivouac at Parker's Gap, after 
twenty-seven miles march, and the exercise on the railroad 
track. Here its esteemed old division commander, Von 
Steinwehr, was forced by sickness to leave. Buschbeck tem- 
porarily succeeded. 

THE RELIEF OF BURNSIDE AT KNOXVILLE. 

In the moment of victory, Grant's first thought, as in the 
anxious week of preparation, was of Burnside beleagured in 
Knoxville, and how many days he could possibly hold out. 
Couriers and staff officers were despatched from time to time 
to beg him to hold out. The old soldier had no notion of 
giving in to trifles. But his rations were getting low, he 
answered Grant that they would last only till Dec. 3d. So 



BLANKETLESS AND SHOELESS MARCH TO EAST TENN. 193 

time was precious, no more could be wasted in torturing 
Bragg, and the column for relief was instantly headed in the 
other direction. Granger had been started before the pursuit 
was over. A day's rest by Parker's Gap in the rain and mud, 
and the march of the Eleventh Corps began ; without wagons or 
supplies, many shoeless, without knapsacks or blankets, in most 
of theregiments, and the Thirty-Third among the rest; those 
articles of luxury (except in the matter of carrying them) 
having been ordered to be deposited at Fort Wood, upon the 
theory of participating thereabouts in a short review, which 
review ended in the three days battle and pursuit. Cold 
nights had come, but Burnside was in troul)le — forward. 
The first day's march was to Cleveland, where the different 
divisions of the Eleventh, Fourth, Fifteenth and Davis' of the 
Fourteenth Corps met, Sherman in chief command. Granger 
who had been in command, was too slow, Grant thought, and 
the great commander would trust now only his great lieutenant. 
He needed, too, all Sherman's troops, including Davis' divi- 
sion, and they marched with alacrity, though as Sherman says, 
"stripped for the fight, Avith but a single blanket or coat per 
man, from myself to the private included." The next day's 
march was to Charlestown on the Hiawassee, where the rebel 
cavalry had left the broken pontoon bridge swinging in the 
stream, boats stove in, and trestles of the railroad bridge 
thrown down. But versatile Yankees grappled with destruc- 
tion and it succumbed. Before the night was over the rail- 
road bridge was passable, and at next morning's light, the 
first of December, troops and artillery were crossing and on 
their way to Athens, with two days of rebel rations saved from 
burning cars which furnished a timely variety to living off the 
country. The exciting report that Longstreet's attack on 
Fort Saunders was repulsed, came in here. Then up at day- 
break again, as usual, and off, the advance skirmishing with 
the enemy's cavalry through Sweet Water, where Long's 



194 THE THIRTY-THIRD 3IASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

brigade of cavuliy pushed on to seize the bridge ahead, if 
they might find any of it left ; then through Phihidelphia, not 
much resembling its namesake, and at nightfall after a weary 
march into bivouac near Loudon. The next morning, not 
unexpectedly, revealed no bridge at that town, over the 
broad Tennessee ; pontoons were cut loose in the river, the 
solid stone piers of the railroad bridge were standing naked 
and desolate in the eddying waters, which were choked up 
with dilapidated locomotives and freight cars full of soaked 
commissary stores and ammunition. Deserted redoubts on 
the town side Avere soon occupied by our artillery, and the 
appearance of a few squads of hostile cavalry on the other 
side was ample excuse for opening fire, and the artillery pro- 
ceeded to bang away with great rapidity and vigor, all to 
announce to Burnside, if the noise should perchance reach his 
ears, that the relieving army was at hand. The river at 
Loudon was nearly two thousand feet wide. It began to be 
realized more and more that there was not enough of bridge 
left from which to build a new one, in season for Burnside, and 
there was nothing to do but to turn off east and see what 
could be done with the little Tennessee. Only one day of 
Burnside's rations remained, he was forty miles off, it was 
necessary to notify him that relief was at hand, so Capt. 
Audenreid, Sherman's handsome staff officer, was started off at 
midnight with orders to Col. Long of the cavalry, to "push 
into Knoxville at whatever cost of life and horse-flesh," and to 
accompany him. They accomplished the task. By the 
courtesy of the enemy at Loudon, two or three dozen wagons 
had lost only the spokes out of their wheels ; they were pru- 
dently repaired and taken along by Howard's column, loaded 
with plank from the depot to Davis' ford, where a New 
'York regiment soon strung the wagons across the stream, 
a thousand feet in width, covered them with the planks as 
far as they went, and for the rest the loyal people helped 
cheerfully to pull the boards ofi" their own barns. 



KNOXVILLE RELIEVED. THE MARCH BACK. 195 

All the way up that fertile and beautiful valley of East 
Tennessee the thrifty and loyal inhabitaiits received the 
defenders of the old flag with hearty greetings and demonstra- 
tions of friendship, in marked contrast to many a discour- 
aging march throufrh sullen towns and hamlets in Viro-inia. 
Guides were ready to show every road and ford that led to 
the enemy's position, and here they even pulled down their 
own buildings, all for the glorious cause. The bridge com- 
pleted, Howard's Corps crossed next morning, while Sher- 
man's men, further up, were crossing over abridge constructed 
out of "the late town of Morgantown," as Sherman records 
it. Twenty miles march brought the Eleventh Corps to 
Louisville, not so well known to fame, certainly, as the 
Kentucky city. Here an enterprising lad just from Knoxville 
brought the news to Gen. Howard that Longstreet was in full 
retreat. He had carried despatches of a post commander to 
Gen. Burnside, which his plucky sister had travelled eighteen 
miles through the enemy's lines and over the Tennessee at 
night to get to him. The rebel general had heard of the 
disaster to his chief — that Sherman was upon him, and after 
making one more fierce attempt found the time had come to 
leave, and did leave on the 4th of December. Sherman it is 
reported, thought a stern chase was a long one and a hard one 
for his bare-footed and blanketless troops, and at once halted 
those that Burnside no longer asked for, sparing them even 
the dozen miles' march to Knoxville merely to participate in 
the rejoicings of victory ; and that Sunday, Dec. 6th, was a 
day of rest to tired men, in the quiet woods and fields of the 
Holston Valley ; while Sherman and Granger and their staffs 
only, rode to see Burnside. He had made so gallant a 
defence of the town and Fort Saunders, that Congress after- 
ward passed a vote of thanks to him a^id his men, and 
President Lincoln appointed a day of Thanksgiving. Only 
Granger's Corps was left with Burnside, now relieved by 



196 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Gen. J. G. Foster (it does not appear why) ; and on Monday 
of the second week in December the return march of the rest 
of Sherman's column began. Back over the same roads and 
through the same towns, over the bridge of wagons at Davis' 
ford, and over the bridge at Charlestown, again burned and 
again repaired. The easy marches favored the shoeless and 
bleeding feet, but there was not much help for the blanket- 
less. Living from oft' the country proved a comparative success 
in that region. The mills were kept running night and day, 
grinding the wheat and corn that the people brought in in 
abundance. Sheep and cattle were plenty. Roasted wheat 
made a fair, if harmless substitute for coliee, when sweetened 
with the indigenous sorghum, and mush and sorghum were a 
feature of the journey long to be remembered. At Cleve- 
land, though, the fVimiliar ration of hard-tack and coffee was 
greeted as an old friend. Likewise the knapsacks, which 
Capt. Walker, formerly the quarter-master, now convalescent, 
was ordered, as an expert with mule trains, to transport to 
the regiment. All the misery they had caused in the long 
journey from Lynnfield was now forgotten in the comforts 
they contained. 

The exploration of McDonald's Gap in the darkness of 
night in the mud and up and down the steep and slippery 
slopes, the roads blocked up with wagons, did not, of itself, 
furnish many attractions ; it was too much like Virginia mud 
marches. But the men came out jolly and the buglers play- 
ful to the last degree. All the calls known and unknown 
were taken up in the different regiments and were echoing 
about the hills, "lie down," "strike tents," "taps," "forward," 
"reveille," all at the same time in the direst discord, until the 
mountain must have been utterly bewildered if it was at all 
posted in tacticg. The men tired by the march over the 
execrable roads, soaked in the rain and heavy with the mud, 
laughed and shouted and picked up the refrain as they 



BRAN NEW WINTER QUARTERS IN LOOKOUT VALLEY. 197 

trudged along, "Who would not be a soldier?" The men in 
the German division who got located for a bivouac, built their 
tires, got their coifee cooking and themselves dry and then 
were suddenly driven away to carry out somebody's system, 
out of the soldiers' elysium into the outer darkness and mud 
and rain a^ain — did not regard that as so i>()od a ioke as did 
the regiments which got their tires. The Thirty-Third was 
not one of the lucky ones, and their bivonac was with the 
lest of the brigade, all huddled together in the soaked and 
slimy bottom, stretched on rails, piles of crossed sticks, old 
gates and other devices for defeating the mud. There was 
great rejoicing, and exuberance of spirits when the Corps 
passed through Chattanooga, and over into the valley again, 
and the regiment neared its old camp, where Quarter-master 
Charles B. Walker hung out the latch string, so to speak, at 
the old quarters, with the wagons and blankets and overcoats, 
new shoes aud^ supplies. It seemed like home again. The 
journey, since the regiment had left, beginning with the great 
battle, had been three weeks long, and a matter of two 
hundred and forty miles on foot, mostly bare foot at that. 

Capt. Graves was soon ordered to lay out a new camp at 
the foot of Raccoon Ridge, a mile or two away, after the 
most approved army style — not with the pretentious spaces 
prescribed in the army regulations, for these would have 
stretched our army there over the whole State of Georgia, 
which we did not then happen to occupy. In this camp, on 
the southern slope of the mountain, in the stubble land open 
to the warm winter sun of Southern Tennessee, the regiment 
proceeded to build its log huts, spread over them the old flics, 
the same roofs that had served them at Statford C. H., 
Virginia, the year before, built their tire places, and were 
soon settled in winter quarters, while their commanders. 
Hooker, Howard and Buschbeck were encamped in the 
mansions of the natives, near by. Not perhaps as much 



198 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

architectural achievement was attempted in this winter's 
camp, or such hivish waste of labor and time made in details 
and decoration as in the pleasantly remembered and luxurious 
settlement at Stafford. But they were comfortable quarters, 
nevertheless, and here the regiment spent the winter in quiet 
retirement, free from the excitements of active campaigns, 
with no one to molest them, or make them afraid. It is true 
they were fired at once, when they went foraging beyond 
Wauhatchie, trespassing on farm j^ards which some rebel 
force was carefully guarding for itself; but they were not 
required to be badly exposed, and the crack of the rifle was 
rather a pleasant variation. 

Drills, tours of picket duty and occasional parades, 
divided the time, which sometimes hung heavy, when there 
was no news from home. Camp yarns, games, tricks, ingen- 
ious "sells," so called, where the commodity sold was some 
victimized comrade, and the purchaser the rest of the com- 
pany, were of course in order. Occasional parties were given 
to the favored officers of the regiment by the fair yellow girl 
who lived at the log house on the Kelley's Ferry road, where 
were gathered until late hours beauty and chivalry, and the 
lamps, or rather tallow candles, shone on fair women (three 
or four white and black) and brave men (in great preponder- 
ance,) and there was music. Smith's or Hazard's, and dancing 
with such partners, male or female, as the scarcity of popula- 
tion permitted. There was rare fun often at the division 
quartermaster's, where the species of dancing known as the 
gander dance, permitted more freedom and relaxation from 
dignity than in the mixed assemblies at the other resort. 
There Avere occasional festivities at Sutler Trainer's, where 
Kellinger's songs beguiled the hours, and that new beverage 
known as "wooden hoop beer," chased dull care away, some 
times, rapidly. Of course, there were party calls to make 
and the regiment was always gallant whether in battle or 



THE WINTERS FESTIVITIES. BAND's FURLOUGH. l'J9 

in social life away from home. One devoted officer proved 
his gulhintrj^ in both senses by climbing the solitary mountain 
paths many a dark night carrying sweets in his hand (in a 
jug) and candles in his pocket for the tirm friend, who, in 
grateful exchange often visited the camp with fresh eggs for 
his mess. A dwelling on the bank of the river over the 
mountain was a favorite resort of many in the regiment. 

Other things occupied attention. Kershaw had a smart 
trade abont that region, in second-hand shiits, tea and coffee, 
etc. Major Lawrence with a skillful nine selected from 
Hooker's body guard, challenged the regiment to match them 
in a manly game of base ball, and his nine got worsted. 
The New York regiment threw down the glove with a like 
result. The champion Sharon boys knew a thing or two 
about base ball, which they had learned in contests with the 
laurelled Massapoags at home. 

In February, the band by a series of skilful serenades to 
all the principal general officers, and with their never failing- 
enterprise, Amasa Glover interviewing in person everybody 
who made an indorsement, obtained a combined furlough for 
thirty daj^s, and joyfully left for old Massachusetts. At 
Nashville they serenaded their former colonel, whose head- 
quarters were still in bed in a rebel cavalry general's mansion, 
and the familiar airs were next to a glimpse of home. At 
Louisville, Ky., they gave a serenade to Gen. Grant's chief 
quarter-master ; it was the price of a special car through to Bos- 
ton. In the principal cities on the route they serenaded, or 
played for somebody, and were always hospitably entertained. 
They made a triumphal entry into Boston, then into North 
Bridgwater, New Bedford and Lowell, concertising in the last 
three. The furlough flew away, the band was soon back in 
Lookout Valley, and Smith, the leader, was presented on 
arrival by Gen. Howard and staff with a tine silver cornet 
trimmed with gold. Gold and silver Avere not too good for his 
playing. 



200 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Meanwhile, changes occurred among the commanders and 
in the officers of the regiment. The beloved and estimable 
Col. Orland Smith, a gallant, just and considerate brigade 
commander, resigned and left the service, and Col. James 
Wood, jr., of the One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth New York, 
came into command in his stead. Chaplain Cushman succeeded 
Chaplain Foster of our regiment, made captain of North Caro- 
lina volunteers, colored. Captain Geo. M. Walker resigned 
and went home to the general regret of the regiment. Good 
and faithful Major Lamson resigned, to go home and die, and 
Capt. Doanc, who had been re-appointed to the regiment as 
captain, took the majority. Turner became captain. 

In April, when the trailing arbutus was peeping up out of 
the leaves and mosses in sunny spots, with its fragrant pink 
blossoms, and the early flowers were showing themselves on 
that mountain side, the famous dinner was given in the 
regimental parlors, to wit, the hospital tent boarded up, to 
Col. Duston and his officers of the One Hundred and Fifth 
Illinois, in return for a similar entertainment to the officers of 
ours. The decorations dazzled all eyes. Tallow candles 
glared and melted in profusion ; flowers bloomed in pickle 
bottles ; cutlery, crockery and glassware were sometimes of 
improvised patterns, but effective — and the tables groaned 
with boiled, roasted and fried ham, in fact, hog in every 
shape ; actual mince pies and varieties of pastry, all flanked 
by a barrel or two of ale ; whether " Avooden hooped " is not 
on record. "The elephant and the giant" were introduced to 
amuse the audience. That dinner was long remembered. 

And so with good cheer and merriment, to drive away the 
homesickness and the ennui, the winter wore away, and the 
spring came. The mud began to dry up, and the season 
rapidly approached which every one knew would bring lively 
work. It certainly did when it came. 



CHAPTER V. 



THE CAMPAIGN TO ATLANTA. 

The Reorganization in the Spr'n-j of l6;'j4. Sliernian's rrcparations for His Grand 
Column. The ^March to Buzzards Boost and Attacli of the Position. The 
Turning of Dalton. The Battle of Kesaca. March to Cassville, Halt, and 
General Rest. I"a;t of the Second Massachusetts Goes Home. March into the 
Wilderness of Georgia. The Battle of New Hope Church. AUatoona Pass 
Flanked. Enemy's Artillery Throwing Old Junk. Lieutenant-General Bishop 
Polk Deceases. The Fight at Kulp"s Farm, and Attack of the Intrenchmcnts 
of Kenesaw Mountain. Again " Coniing 'Round on " the Enemy's " Eends." 
Atlanta in Sight. Great Right Wheel Towards It. Exit Johnso.i. Enter Hood. 
The Battles of Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta. Good-Bye to Joe Hooker. 
Siege of Atlanta. Last Flank Movement via "Lick Skillet." The Mayo^ 
Surrenders the City. General Jubilee. The Second and Thirty-Third :Massa- 
cliusetts and One Hundred and Eleventh Pennsylvania on Duty in Atlanta. 

With the opening of the spring of 18G4, began a new 
era in the conduct of the war. Grant, the successful com- 
mander in the West, had been made Lieutenant-General of 
the U. S. Army, "The successor of Washington," as Sher- 
man wrote him, and commander-in-chief of all the forces in 
the field. The great armies in the East and the AVest had 
now what they never liad l)efore, one head, and under the 
orders of one controlling mind, in the one general plan for 
the spring campaign, were to move together down onto the 
rebellion. 

Sherman succeeded Grant in command of the Militar}"- 
Division of the Mississippi, and now had under him his own 
Army of the Tennessee, commanded by Maj.-Gen. James B. 
McPherson, consisting of the Fifteenth Corps, which had 
helped to fight the Battle of Missionary Ridge, the Sixteenth 
and Seventeenth Corps, most of both being still on the 



202 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INTANTRY. 

Mississippi River; the Army of the Cuinherland, commanded 
by Thomas, consisting of the Fourth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and 
Fourteenth Corps ; and the Army of the Ohio, in East Tennes- 
see, commanded by Maj.-Gen. John M. Schotield, who had 
succeeded Foster, consisting now only of the Twenty-Third 
Corps, a part of Burnside's former command, the Ninth Corps, 
having returned to the East and was being reorganized under 
him. Out of these Armies, Sherman in the plan for the new 
campaign was to organize an Army of one hundred thousand 
men to move down from Chattanooga. He took fifty thousand 
from the Army of the Cumberland, thirty-five thousand from 
the Army of the Tennessee and fifteen thousand from the 
Army of the Ohio, retaining the separate organizations and 
their commanders, and left the balance of the troops in these 
Armies to hold the territory of the separate Departments. 
The forces selected for the field were to constitute three 
columns to co-operate under his chief command. In the 
reorganization which took place, the Eleventh and Twelfth 
Corps were consolidated into one, called the Twentieth, under 
Hooker. Gen. Howard of the former was put in command 
of the Fourth, vice Granger, and Slocum of the Twelfth was 
assififned a command at Vicksburg. The new Twentieth 
Corps had three divisions for the field : the first under Brig.- 
Gen. A. S. Williams, second under Brig. -Gen. J. W. Geary, 
and the Third under Maj.-Gen. Dan'l Bntterfield, Hooker's late 
chief of staff". Smith's brigade, composed as before of the 
Fifty-Fifth and Seventy-Third Ohio, Thirty-Third Mass. and 
One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth N. Y., with the addition now 
of the Twenty-Sixth Wis., the whole under command of Col. 
James Wood, jr., of the One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth N.Y. 
was the third brigade, third division ; while the Second Mass., 
the only other Mass. regiment in the West, was in the second 
brigade, first division. 

As soon as Sherman had selected his commands for the 



SHEiniAN's PKErAHATIOXS FOR HIS GKAM) CX)LUMN. 203 

forward movement, he took immediate st(>ps to concentrate 
them, and ceaselessly and vigorously made preparations to 
have them in readiness. A hundred locomotives were kept 
at work day and night for weeks, whirling trains of rations 
and supplies into Chattanooga. And when the order to move, 
from the great captain now in the East, flashed along the 
wires in the beginning of May, he promptly started for his 
antagonist, now Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, who was in com- 
mand of Bragg's Army, Bragg having been relieved by the 
rebel government soon after (he battles about Chattanoojra. 
It had fallen back to Dalton, about thirty miles, where it had 
wintered. It numbered about foi'ty-tive thousand men. 
Badeau says that Grant during the winter had written to 
Halleck that the next line to secure should be "that from 
Chattanooga to Mobile, Montgomery and vVtlanta being the 
important intermediate points." Sherman says the only 
orders he received from Grant were contained in the letter 
which he gives, in which Grant says, "You I propose to move 
against Johnston's Army to break it up, and to get into the 
interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all 
the damao;e you can against their war resources. I do not 
propose to lay down for you a plan of campaign, but simply 
to lay down the work it is desirable to have done, and leave 
you free to execute it in your own way." Grant knew his 
man, — the country was soon to know him. Next to Sherman, 
Grant had the greatest confidence in Sherman's Army com- 
manders, he had selected them all. 

The writer does not attempt to describe the complicated 
operations of the different columns in Sherman's campaigns 
from this on. He, in the second volume of his "Memoirs,"' 
describes them so vividly and satisfactorily, that nothing remains 
to be supplied, as to the general movements, if any one were 
to attempt to supplement his description. The writer simply 
tries to give enough of the general movements, to explain 
where the Thirty-Third comes iu. 



204 THE THIRTY-TIIIKD MAISSACIIUSETTS JXrA^TIlY, 

On the niorniiig of May 2cl, reveille in the Thiity-Thirtl 
was at tliree o'ch)ck, and soon after sunrise the winter camp 
was abandoned with all its exhausted luxuries, the extra 
clothing was carefully stored, never to be seen again, and the 
march began. It led from the familiar Lookout Valley, 
the winter's home, around by the steep hill, which the regi- 
mont's gaUantry and the loss of some of its bravest blood had 
won ; up over the road, along the steep side of Lookout 
Mountain where Hooker's vetenins fought above the clouds, 
under the frowning Palisades, and the crags of the high 
peak near Craven's, where the lookout was a wonderful one, 
the broad ribbon of the Tennessee, and Chattanooga with its 
o-irdle of earth works far below, and to the south-west a mar- 
velous stretch of mountain ridges running through four States, 
where the gateway to "the Gate City," Atlanta, was to be 
found. Then the march was on down across the valley of 
the Chattanooo-a Creek, through Eossville Gap in the Mission- 
•ary Ridge near the old house of John Ross, the Cherokee 
Chief, then passing over the great Inittle field of Chicka- 
mauga, "river of death," truly as it means in Cherokee, with 
its woods riddled with bullets, and its silent mounds of dead, 
into bivouac at length amo'.ig the tires of the united division 
at Lee and Gordon's mill. Then crossing the west Chicka- 
mauo-a Creek, on, in the next few days marches into its 
valley over the Chickamauga Hills to Pleasant Grove, below 
Ringgold, • and around, about through Nickajack Valley, the 
landscapes beautiful with the bloom and rich with the wealth 
of summer, trees and shrubs gorgeous with blossoms, the air 
redolent of perfume and tilled with the hum of bees and the 
songs of myriads of birds, the regiment foraging occasionally 
for stray chickens ; following the crowded track of other 
divisions through Gordon's Gap, over Taylor's Ridge by 
Gordon's Springs, on through Dog Wood Valley, the valley 
of the East Chickamauga Creek, to near Buzzard's Roost 



MAIICH TO BlZZAUl/s KOOST. TUHNIXG OV DALTON, 20') 

Mountain. Next on Avhat seemed to be a reconnoisance with 
the rest of the l)rigade, to Buzzard's Roost Gap in tlie Rocky 
Face Mountains, encountering the outposts of Johnston's 
Army. The tirst scream of a shell here over the heads of the 
band, convinced the new chaphiin, Cushman, that war as ex- 
perienced in Sherman's army, was not suited to his calling, 
and he left. The next day. May 9th, the regiment was skir- 
mishing with the Seventy-Third Ohio into the gap, frowning 
guns being on every cliff and in every crevice up to the very 
top of the high precipitous mountain, and the narrow valley 
of Mill Creek beino; submerged with water ; the ai'tillery of the 
Fourteenth Corps assisting on one side, and the guns of 
Geary's division, led on now by Buschbeck's brigade, boom- 
ing away in Dug Gap ; all this demonstration, including 
the reconnoisance, being parts of a feigned attack to detain 
Johnston, while McPherson's Army was hurrying on by flank 
marches at the right to gain the enemy's rear; "Uncle Billy," 
as his soldiers loved to call him, not proposing to attack in 
front, a pass in the mountains that such a soldier as Johnston 
had been six months fortifying. 

When relieved by a brigade of the Fourteenth Corps from 
gallant duty here at Buzzard's Roost, the Thirty-Third was 
solemnly marched to be inspected by the rebel widow Haynes, 
in her door-3'ard, to see wdiether the regiment was Avearing, as 
she alleged, her stolen chemises and drawers. But it was not, 
fortunately. She had mistaken, as it turned out the "83" of 
another regiment, on the caps of the thieves, for "33." 
The regiment marched back scattering imprecations by the 
wayside, and came into camp to the lively airs of the 
"Rogues' march" and "Oh dear, what can the matter be," 
played by the band in its best style, as pteans of triumph. 
Ample foraging among the widow's live stock was promised 
as a sweet revenge. The rain prevented it that day, and the 
next — w^ith war's common fortune, the regiment Avas march- 



206 THE TIIIRTY-TIIIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

iiig with its Corps, miles away from the widow's hen roosts, 
ill the track of MePherson'.< Army, through Snake Creek 
Gap, followiiig- on for a day or two, troops and sluggish trains 
of supplies and artillery, corduroying roads, which the rains 
made resemble the familiar ones of Virginia, and which 
almost engulfed crippled wagons and caissons. At length 
it emerged Avith the rest of its column in Sugar Valley, and 
so Dalton was turned without a l)attle. The flanking: cam- 
paign had begun. Johnston's Army, however, had been able 
to fall back in season, and was in and around Resaca confront- 
ing ours. Howard's Corps puslied on down the railroad after 
him. It was fondly hoped by Sherman that McPherson 
would surprise Resaca and secure the river and the roads to 
the rear so that Joe Johnston could be ba2'2:ed, and the 
gallant Audenried of Sherman's statf had ridden as hard as 
he did into Knoxville, all one night, and bespattered his 
handsome person with mud, to learn if the commander's 
plans had succeeded. Resaca was surprised, a handful of our 
men crossed the railroad, but McPherson or Gen. Dodge, 
the commander of his leading Corps, had been over cautious and 
fallen back, though only a division held the town, and there 
was no help for it now but to fight a battle. 

THE BATTLE OF RESACA. 

The town of Resaca lies in a tongue of land between the 
Oostenaula river on its left, and the Coonasuga on its right, 
the opening, or base of the tongue being on the northward 
approach to the town. The enemy was found comfortably 
entrenched in a semi-circle, convex to the north, behind, and 
following the course of Camp Creek, wdth a series of earth- 
works and rifle pits, completely covering the opening into the 
bend. They were in a bag as reported, but a bag that it was 
not easy to take. The three armies having now all arrived in 
front of Resaca, the Army of tlie Ohio having fought along down 



THE TIITlITY-TITli;i)"s (^PKIIATIOXS I\ TIIK HATTLK. 207 

at the left of Dalton, were deployed before the stronghold. 
jMcPherson on the right, Thomas in the centre, and Schofield 
on the left. McPherson moved u[) to threaten and carry the 
bridges over the river, that Kilpat rick's cavalry could not 
manage : Kilpatrick himself, Avas brought in wounded, using 
some profane language. Logan's batteries of McPherson's 
Army were playing on the enemy at pretty long range, as the 
Thirty-Third marched \)y to take its place, with the Army of 
the Cumberland in the centre. The whole line A\heeled 
around on McPherson as a pivot, closing in onto the rebel 
defences. 

The regiment went into line of battle early in the morn- 
ing of the 14th, with the brigade on the edge of the open 
tield, on the left of McPherson. The roar of heavy guns 
and the sound of musketry indicated that sharji work was 
near. Company C was out skirmishing, and pushed forward 
across the plain, among the stumps, towards the enemy's line 
on the wooded hill beyond, with a loss of one killed. Private 
Lawrence of that company, and two wounded. At midnight, 
the regiment just as it had about finished its line of rifle pits, 
was relieved by troops of the Fourteenth Corps, and went back 
into a short bivouac. Johnston meanwhile had made a heavy 
attack on our left, and Howard's Corps had got the worst of 
it until Williams' division of the Twentieth Corjjs gallantly 
w^ent to the rescue, drove back the enemy, and retook a 
battery that had been once lost. 

The next morning, the 15th of May, the regiment was 
moved with its division, the Third, wearing the blue star of 
the Corps, further to the left, crossing the travelled road from 
Dalton to Resaca, and took its place with the red and white 
star divisions of its Corps. The Second Mass., in the first 
division, was sent out on a reconnoisance and found at a 
considerable distance beyond, a four gun redoubt in the 
woods on a high knob, which had a raking fire down the road, 



208 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

and rebel infiintiT in rifle pits along the crest on either side ; 
it was the key of the enemy's position in that part of their 
line. Hooker was ordered to carry, if possible, this position. 
He was ahva3s ready, as the ai'my knew, for such an order, 
especialh' it it involved tough lighting. As soon as the 
Second Mass, returned and brought the information, Butter- 
field's third division was moved up to begin the assault at 
about one o'clock p. ji. The brigades at first in column, 
were deployed into line. AA'ard's brigade on the right was 
to take the redoubt which had alread}^ 'negun to seriously 
annoy our line. Wood's brigade was to co-operate by forcing 
the enemy's position on the same eminence to the left. 
Coburn's brigade was to support as a reserve. Wood's brigade 
was formed with batallions in echelon. The Twenty-Sixth 
Wisconsin on the right, next the Thirty-Third Mass., then 
the One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth N. Y., the Fifty-Fifth and 
Seventy-Third Ohio. Between the brigade's position and the 
enemy's was a steep hill, continuous with three ridges on the 
right, with an open valley beyond, in front of the left 
of the brigade. The brigade advanced double-quick, with its 
skirmishers leading through the pine thickets, up onto the 
steep hill, driving the rebel skirmishers from the top. In 
this advance, the tall major of the Fifty-Jjifth Ohio, Robbins, 
was killed, and Lieut. Williams, in command of the Thirty- 
Third skirmish line, was wounded. I^ieut. Henry J. Parker 
took Williams' place. A halt was made for a while. Then 
the order came along, "Forward, double-quick." Again the 
Thirty-Third moved forward, its skirmishers falling into line, 
along the little depression up onto the ridge beyond, all the 
way through the thick underbrush, and exposed to a severe 
fire from the enemy's guns and rifles, down through the little 
valley and up onto the third ridge, to within a few yards of 
the enemy's rifle pits and works, where the fire was terrifically 
close and hot. It had to hug the ridge to keep from destruc- 



avood's and wahd's i;i;i(;at)Es. losses. 2()!> 

tion. When ;i head showed itself, it drew n bullet. The 
brave and true Lieut. Parker, one of the earliest to volunteer 
in the old Sixth ]Mass., was one of the tirst shot here. Men 
dropped rapidly. The Twenty-Sixth Wis. had been partially 
crowded out on the right. 

The regiments to the left had a harder time. The rebel 
guns raked the open valley over M'hieh they had to cross, and 
their skirmishers poured in a sharp lire from woods on the left. 
Col. Gambee of the Fifty-Fifth Ohio was here killed. He had 
said to a brother officer, "I believe my time has come" ; within 
a half hour he had a bullet through him. His, and the X. Y. 
regiment tinally crossed the valley in gallant shape, and came up 
on the left. The Seventy-Third had to change front, and was 
unable to make headway against the murderous tire from so 
mau}^ directions, till Knipe's brigade of the tirst division 
came to its rehef, then it started into the tire, came up to a 
N. Y. regiment, of Geary's division which was lying down, 
and the two pushed up with mutual rivalry to the brow of 
the hill. Geary's men came up to assist the right, Avhere the 
Thirty-Third Avas, which could get no farther. One of the 
officers in rallying his men said to them : " Show them what 
the white stars can do." "Bully for you," was the cordial 
response. With a cheer they passed over the Thirty-Third 
as it was lying down, into the storm, got only a few feet, 
got enough of the storm, and came out goino- towards the 
rear. Wood's men were then left in the advance and held 
the crest quite awhile. Twice the enemy came out of their 
works and charged the left of the line Avhere the Ohio 
regiments were, and twice they were driven back, finally to stay. 
Williams' division was there close by. AVhen Butterfield's 
advanced, it had been thi'own in double-quick to his left. 
It met these advances of the enemy, that had reached to the 
Seventy-Third and Fifty-Fifth Ohio, and repelled them 
handsomely. 



210 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Ward's brigade, which had the brunt of the undertaking, 
moved on in cohnnn of battaHons, crossed an open field 
swept by fire from the redoubt and rifle pits on both flanks, 
right up to the knob, under the guns of the redoubt, his 
leading regiment, the Seventieth Indiana, entered the embra- 
sures, shot down the gunners and planted their flag on the 
redoul)t ; l)ut they could not stay, the redoubt was within 
range of the rifle pits beyond, and the brigade had to fall 
back. A handful, however, sheltered themselves under cover 
of the redoubt, and kept up such a fire that the enemy could 
not retake their guns. The Kentucky Gen. Ward was 
wounded in the assault, and the command devolved on Col. 
Harrison, grandson of the ex-President. The division had 
suffered severely, was now out of ammunition, and Hooker 
ordered it withdrawn. It was relieved by Geary's. 

Some of the regiment's best men were killed or mortally 
wounded on that ridge. Besides Lieutenant Parker, Lieuten- 
ant Edgar L. Bumpus, afterwards breveted captain, a fine 
soldier, obedient and brave ; Private Ricker of Co. H, a lad 
only seventeen and a recruit only a week with the regiment. 
Such is war. Corporal McCormick of Co. A ; Privates 
Bramhall, Gay and Gustus of Co. B ; Corporal Cobb, Private 
LaClare of* Co. D ; Private Bowers of Co. E ; Corporals 
Hutchinson and Locking of Co. F ; 1st Sergeant Paine, 
Privates Bowden and Thissell of Co. G ; Corporal Dale and 
Private Wheeler, besides Ricker of Co. H ; Corporal Sweeney 
and Privates Dunbar and Morrison of Co. I ; Privates Fisher, 
Hogan and White of Co. K. Sixty ofiicers and men besides, 
Avere w^ounded and missing. Three color bearers were killed 
or wounded one after another. Corporal Buckley's hat was 
badly damaged ; the top of it was shot clean off, and it was 
said that his hair was seen above the remnant standing up 
straight, like the quills of a porcupine. Other regiments in 
the brigade suffered badly. Sherman said of the whole Corps 
that it did some "handsome fighting that day." 



THE 3IARCTI TO CASSVILLE, HALT AM) REST. 211 

The guns of the redoubt, which neither side could 
approach l)y day, and which were securely guarded l)y the 
Indiana men, were dragged in that night by some of Geary's 
men. The fighting had been heavy all nUmg our long line. The 
left had not only maintained its ground against all the attacks 
of Johnston, but had pushed him back. The Twentieth 
Corps had suffered the heaviest, losing nearly two thousand 
men. McPherson on the right, had carried the position in 
his front, till the bridges over the river were at the mercy of 
his artillery, and a column of cavalry and infantry had crossed 
the river at Lay's ferry, some miles below, and crossed onto 
the railroad. Johnston was again outflanked ; his communi- 
cations Avere in innninent danger, and in the morning he Avas 
gone, "bag and baggage," and our Army was after him rapidly. 

The roads were strewed for miles with muskets, bayonets 
and tools ; aiid in the temporary hospitals, made of boughs, 
were dead and dying men, showing the haste of the flight. 
On the road marched by the Thirty-Third, a poor fellow Avas 
left on the operating table, and one of our surgeons kindly 
took up the operation Avhere the rebel doctor had left it, and 
tinished it. Resaca Avas a myth, for all the men of the 
Thirty-Third saw of it, but on the other side of the Coonasauga 
a river Avhich was crossed by a temporary bridge, they found 
what they cared more for than all the toAvns of Georgia — a 
pile of tobacco hidden in a secesh house. Each man of the 
brigade got his half pound, and such a cheering went up. In 
the luxury of the moment, yesterday's battle, Avith all its hor- 
rors, AA'as forgotten. The death Avounds, and the partings of 
comrades, and the song of the hour Avas — the Aveed — the 
Army's solace. An old scoav, Avith a primitive rope appara- 
tus, sloAvly conveyed the division, the next midnight after the 
battle, over the Coosa wattee, the other branch of the Oosten- 
aula, beyond the Coonasauga. Then three hot days' march 
through a pleasant country, baking in the sun, past splendid 



r 



212 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

farms mostly deserted, with an unfortunate scarcity of fowls, 
passing near Adairsviile, then through pretty towns with 
neat white houses, and trim flower gardens, all deserted, 
brought the division, after it had got lost one night and 
bivouacked in a square with parked teams, to the vicinity of 
the enemy near Cass vi lie. 

Skirmishers were thrown out and the brigade marched 
in line of battle. The enemy's skirmishers were so near that 
they amused themselves by repeating the orders of Col. 
Faulkner, conmianding AVood's skirmish line, "Move up a 
little Captain Wood, on the right, move up," while our 
men shouted in derision at their old field piece which was 
harmlessly firing blank cartridges for want of something 
better. Once the brigade mistook a column of the enemy, 
movinof to the left, for our men, and came near beino: 
out-flanked and captured by Hardee's Corps. The artillery 
was hurried to the left. The third brigade retired to a 
commanding position, and intrenched till the other brigades 
came up. Then the whole division was pushed forward, Wood's 
brigade in column by battalions in mass, wading across the 
little stream, moved up onto the low hills, through the burning- 
timber, came in sight of Cassville, and there, on the right, 
a glorious sight suddenly burst upon the eyes of Butterfield's 
men, the divisions of the Army of the Cumberland in line, 
while near by Avas the Army of the Tennessee concentrating 
for a battle. 

Johnston had evidently intended to fight one here. He had 
three miles of earth works around on the hills beyond the 
town, and everything seemed to be in readiness. He wanted 
to fight one, so did Hardee, but two of his three Corps com- 
manders, Polk and Hood, did not, as he says in his narrative, 
though Hood denies this in his. Johnston says in his report 
he has regretted ever since not fighting here. The enemy 
were in force on the heights beyond the town, which after a 



I'AUT OF ti^ECOAD .MAi-SAClilM/l'IS (;()K,s IIOMK. 213 

livel}^ skirmish, in which some of the brigade took part in the 
streets, was al)aii(loiied with several hot suppers all ready 
for some of our men when they had got possession of the 
place. The regiment lost in the skirmish of the day, ]May 
J 9th, one killed and two wounded. The next day the enemy 
were gone. Shelter tents were pitched, and the army was 
allowed to rest a few days, while the railroad was repaired 
and supplies got up. The bridge at licsaca was repaired in 
three days, and trains were running to Kingston on the 
fourth. Clothing had a general wash, rations were sent up 
and distributed, the band went serenading generals at night, 
and letters were sent home, — the first opportunity since 
the start trom Chattanooga, Wood's brigade encamped on 
Nancy's Creek. Here at Cassville, May. 22d, the long three 
years' enlistment of the only other Massachusetts regiment in 
the AVestern Army, the Second, expired, and the officers 
and soldier.^ (not a large number) who had not re-enlisted, 
bade good bye to conirades, and the attractions of army life, 
and started for the w^aiting ones in old Massachusetts. 
Faithfully and bravely the oath of muster in at Brook 
Farni had been kept. They wei-e comrades of this historian, 
and he vouches for the truth of this assertion. 

The enemy retreated through the Allatoona Mountains, 
along the line of the railroad, into the stronghold of Alla- 
toona pass, and there lay in wait for Sherman. But he had 
known the country too well when a lieutenant of artillery, 
and concluded not to go that route, but to turn the rebel 
position again, as was his custom, and move southward toward 
Dallas. 

The morning of the 23d, reveille was three o'clock in the 
Twentieth Cordis, and it started. The march was fearfully 
hot and dusty, down across the Etowah River, on pontoons, 
through a rich countrj^ tine houses and splendid plantations, 
up over a ridge of the Allatoona Mountains, down the other 



214 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

side on the road (o Dalkis, into the hegiuning of miles of the 
densest woods — the Wilderness of Georgia — as impenetrable 
by nature, and, the scene of as obstinate fighting as its name- 
sake, where the Army of the Potomac was now hewing its way 
from Chancellorsville to Spottsylvania. This Georgia thicket 
was remembered by the soldiers in Sherman's Army, for the 
trials and blood}^ encounter there, by the expressive sobriquet, 
the "Hell Hole." Late in the afternoon of the 24th, Butter- 
tield's division was drawn ofi' from the Dallas road to a place 
at the left called "Burnt Hickory,," where it encamped. 

THE BATTLE OF NEW HOPE CHURCH. 

In this march toward Dallas, the Twentieth Corps formed 
a column by itself. On the following morning its three 
divisions were moving on three different roads, all converirins: 
toward Dallas, cautiously, down into this unknown country, 
aware of the proximity of the enemy ; for Johnston, find- 
ing Sherman was not disposed to come into his nice little 
arrangement at the pass, and being now re-enforced so that 
he had sixty thousand men, hastened to throw his Army in 
Sherman's way, and soon indicated his proximity. Geary's 
division reached Pumkin Vine Creek first ; as it arrived there 
in the forenoon, it found rebel cavalry attempting to burn the 
bridge, and after a skirmish drove them away. They 
fell l)ack upon their infantry which Geary found in force four 
miles further on, and about the same distance from Dallas, 
and began what Sherman calls "A sharp battle." Butterfield's 
division after crossing the creek further to the east w^as 
hurried up to support Geary, It w^as massed beside the road 
to wait for its place. Williams' division came up from 
another road further to the west, and was deployed in line. 
Hooker was ordered by Sherman to secure possession of New 
Hope Church, close by where three roads meet, one of them 



wood's BltlGADE I\ THE HATTLE. 215 

the Dallas road. Hooker was eonvinced that a large part of 
the rebel Army was in that vicinity, and that he had a formid- 
able undertaking. He waited till his third division was all 
up ; there was some delay in getting into position, and then 
the struggle began, about live p. m. with part of Hood's 
Corps, Stewart's division, says Johnston, for the possession of 
the Methodist meeting-house and its approaches. The enemy 
was formed in a line concave to ours, protected by some 
hastily thrown up rifle pits. While the two other divisions 
were becoming engaged with the enemy, Buttertield's was 
nuA'ed obliquely from the rear to the left, and as the 
brigades uncovered, the lines in front were deployed, the 
third brigade was the last of the division. 

As the Tlm-ty-Third came up, there seemed to be half a 
dozen lines in front. The Fifty-Fifth Ohio and One Hundred 
Thirty-Sixth N. Y. were in first line ; Seventy-Third Ohio and 
Thirty-Third Mass. in second, and Twenty-Sixth Wis. in third. 
The brigade moved forward with its right on the road, into a 
bloody fight. It had scarcely got in before it found a rebel 
line on the left which enfiladed its lines. The Seventy- 
Third Ohio changed front and was ordered to advance upon 
the enemy, which it bravely did, meeting a warm reception, 
and it Avas unable to go further. The Thirty-Third changed 
front, also, and went to its assistance, forming on the left, 
thus being the left of the whole line, and pouring in its tire. 
But the rebel line was too strongly protected by its rifle pits, 
and the two regiments had to stay and take the fire, as they 
persistently did, without doing much good. They sought the 
cover of the ground as much as they could, but could get 
no complete protection. The Thirty-Third and Twenty- 
Sixth W^is., which had now relieved the Seventy -Third Ohio, 
kept up the musketry into the night, till a heavy thunder 
storm and the pitch darkness put a stop to the contest. 
The rest of the Corps made no better progress. Hooker had 



2U) THE TIIIKTY-TIIIlin MASSACHUSETTS liNFANTKY. 

been unable to get possession of this road, though he had 
fought hard tor it. Thomas said he had never seen any 
better fighting. 

The Corps' lost was very severe. The Seventy-Third and 
Thirty-Third sufiered heavily, the former had seventy-two 
killed and wounded, the Thirty-Third lifty-nine. The killed 
or mortally wounded were Privates Lawrenee and Putnam, 
Co. A ; Patrick Harrington, Murray, O'Leary, and Twomcy, 
Co. C; Nolan, Co. D; Ceo. H. Williams, Co. E; Corporal 
Mansur, Co. G; Private Dutton, Co. H ; 1st Sergeant Hill 
and Sergeant Pyder, Co. I ; Private Ingraham, Co. K. 
This engagement of the Twentieth Corps, and the fighting in 
this neighborhood which it commenced, was called in the Offi- 
cial Reports, and by Johnston "The Battle of New Hope 
Church." It was generally known in the regiment as "Dallas," 
that town being about four miles away, sometimes as "Burnt 
Hickory." 

Our men threw up counter works in the night. The 
Armies came up into line on the right and left, and the con- 
test was renewed the next day, but the enemy's position Avas 
too strong to be carried in front. Johnston was at New Hope 
Church in person. For ten days Shemian's Armies sat down 
before that natural fortress as it proved to be, occupied by 
Johnston's whole Army, and worked as vigilantly to pierce a 
weak spot without a disproportionate loss of life, and in turn 
to defend themselves, as did his Army to do the same. The 
rebs scooped and grooved their hills for rifle pits and for 
cover to their batteries, and hid in gullies. Our men scooped 
and grooved and hid their guns and themselves too. The 
enemy once in a while attempted to surprise some part of our 
line, and emerofed out of the jungle in a dashing charge, only 
to be mowed doAvn by our canister and minie balls. Ours 
charged in turn, up steep hills and down ugly ravines, into 
masked guns and blazing musketrv. Nights were hideous 



ALLATOONA FLANKED. GEN. BISHOP POLK DECEASES. 217 

"with alarms and surprises, rattling musketry and bursting 
shells. Along the whole line of eight or ten miles, by day, 
Avhen there was no sally or open attack, men would only be 
seen as skirmishers fired and dodged from tree to tree, and 
whoever hunted for the skirmishers heard the Avhistle of 
bullets, fiom the commanding general, who narrowly escaped, 
down to the corporal of pickets. It was Sherman's tactics all 
the while to gain the railroad to the left, and so he crraduallv 
withdrew his divisions from the right to overlap on the left. 
In doing this there w^as frequent fighting. The Fourth and 
part of the Fourteenth Corps had a battle on the left, but 
could not pierce the enemy's line. McPherson had a severe 
battle at Dallas the first two days that he attempted a movement 
to the left. During this while, the Thirty-Third took its turn in 
the trenches, ~sl\irmishing Avith the hidden but enterprising 
enemy, and then when relieved, retiring to a cheerless 
bivouac and to the monotony of listening to the ceaseless 
rattle and roar of skirmishing and battle. The brigade kept 
gradually moving to the left, as the rest of the line did, march- 
ing each time two or three miles. At length, on the 4th of 
June, after nearly ten days intermittent skirmishing and 
engagements, Johnston finding he could detain our Army no 
longer before New Hope Church, or prevent its change of 
base to the railroad in his rear, evacuated his position, and 
our W'hole Army concentrated in the neighborhood of Ack- 
worth, between Allatoona and Kenesaw Mountain, having 
possession of the railroad which was repaired for bringing 
up supplies, and of good wagon roads leading to it. So much 
was gained by what Sherman calls the^ drawn battle -of New 
Hope Church, and by the mananivreing. And now Allatoona 
Pass was safely left behind, and nearly one hundred miles 
from Chattanooga, in the month's campaign. The Armies of 
Sherman were in readiness for the next obstacle on the road 
to Atlanta, which was soon ready for them. On the 10th 



218 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

they moved forward to Big Shanty Station, and now McPher- 
son had Jiefore him Kenesaw Mountain ; Thomas, Pine 
Mountain ; Schotield, Lost Mountain, occupied, or covered, 
by the en(;my's entrenched lines, and the next move in the 
campaign was to capture or turn them. 

The Thirty-Third found itself in this last move of the 
Armies near the right, between Lost Mountain and Pine 
Mountain, in front of the enemy's intrenched lines, while the 
Army of the Cumberland was in position before their lines ; 
here Gen. Sherman in the course of an inspection of our 
front, on the fourteenth of June, stirred up some of How- 
ard's batteries with an unexpected result. Observing a group 
of the enemy on the top of Pine Knob, as it was called, he 
ordered a captain of an Indiana battery to tire three volleys 
into it, to drive it to cover, and rode otf to order the next 
battery to do the same, to interrupt the hostile inspection. 
One of the shots from the Indiana battery exploded the 
plump pei'son of Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas Polk, who it seemed 
was in the group, and the Right Rev. Bishop of Lousiana, as 
he was ecclesiastically, was thus instantly mustered out of the 
church militant, to join, we will believe, the church trium- 
phant, where bishops never tight. Capt. Graves was looking 
through a telescope, in tranquil violation of orders, as it 
proved in the tent of one of our signal officers at Hooker's 
headquarters, watching the wonderful gyrations of the rebel 
signal man, with his flag on the top of Kenesaw Mountain 
far away, while he was telling of this calamity to their cause, 
as Hooker's signal officer read his signals, though they were 
all Greek to Graves. He was never afforded another oppor- 
tunity to learn the art. 

The next day there was fighting on the left, and the enemy 
gave up Pine Mountain. In the afternoon, Butterfield's 
division moved forward on the right, being relieved by a 
division of Howard's Corps in the process of closing in, 



enemy's artillery throwing old junk. 219 

crossed the works of SchofielcVs Army on the Sandtown road, 
and abont a mile beyond the enemy was encountered. Dispo- 
sitions were made for attack. Ward's brigade went in, sup- 
ported by AVood's, and advanced close up to the rebel intrench- 
ments. The shot and shell flew furiously. Ward's brigade 
and Coburn's, which relieved it, skirmished all night, while 
AA^ood's rested on their arms, in position. The next da}^ it 
built a line of works, and in the afternoon moved into those 
some other brigade had built on the left, close to the enemy's. 
The regiment had three wounded in the tight. The next 
day the enem}^ was gone from their immediate front, 
and the division pushed on again for a couple of miles, into 
another position nearer Kenesaw. In this manner our whole 
line kept moving constantly, generally from left to right 
before Kenesawi, investing closely every new position taken 
l)y the enemy, taking advantage of every weak spot to get 
nearer ; skirmishing and tighting became the regular order of 
every day. In fact, it was said to l)e the regular tactics of 
Johnston to harrass our men, and keep them from sleep l)y 
constant occupation, and night alarms. He succeeded in this, 
pretty eficctually, as the Thirt^^-Third ascertained, but doubt- 
less found that two could play at that game, and that his men 
could not lead very regular lives under Shei-man's system of 
siege. 

The constant artillery duels served to tax the enemy's 
ammunition supplies a good deal, and they apparently foraged 
about for all the old iron in the country. One day as the 
Thirty-Third was marching along, a rebel battery was 
literally throwing old junk at our men. Old rusty spikes, 
nuts and hinges, old tilt's and padlocks and pieces of old 
cotfee mills were flying through the air in the most promiscu- 
ous manner. The miscellaneous accumulation of years on old 
plantations, in the iron way, were now being distributed 
expeditiously in half an hour. This sort of shot was not half 



220 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

SO effective as old stocking legs full of minie balls which 
Capt. Bundy, on our side, used to throw at the rebs. That 
kind used to punish badly. During all this artillery fighting, 
both Armies were digging away like beavers. The pickets 
and skirmishers as well, had each his hole, and little lunette made 
of a log, and earth scooped up onto it. Some of the divisions 
had a pioneer Corps made up of contrabands, who worked 
while the Army slept, or tried to sleep, and slept while the 
latter was fighting. 

Meanwhile the rains set in, such as they have in that region, 
steady rains for weeks, when delicious June down there becomes 
a sorry month, the wettest of Avet seasons. On the twenty- 
first of the month, Sherman telegraphed Halleck, "This is the 
nineteenth day of rain, the roads arc impassable, the fields 
and Avoods become quagmires." The Thirty-Third experi- 
enced the results of this state of facts as an outdoor resi- 
dence. Everywhere mud and water ; fires would not burn. 
Artillery got stuck ; but still with perseverance and Yankee 
ingenuity the business went on, and our lines gained ground 
steadily, and the enemy lost it. They had given up Pine 
Knob, they soon gave up Lost Mountain, altogether six 
miles of solid earth-works, and swung back, close around 
Kenesaw. As they moved out fighting, our men moved in 
fighting. 

During the month of June, the Thirty-Third moved half a 
dozen times, Avith varying experiences. In one spot, early in 
the month, the officers made their headquarters in a corn crib. 
Often the regiment found itself in line of battle, and gener- 
ally moved to gain ground toAvard the enemy. Noav and then 
a man Avas Avounded. Lieut. Marston at one time. On the 
nineteenth day of June, the regiment advanced Avith its divi- 
sion in line through a jungle, it Avas like going through a 
grape-vine trellis, crossed Nose's Creek, Avhich AA^as quite 
swollen, and about a mile beyond, Avithout any sujjport, 



FIGHT AT KULP'S FARM. ATTACK ON KENESAW MOUNTAIN. 221 

charged and drove back the enemy in tlic thick wood. Two 
men of the regiment were wounded here. The next day 
ButterfiekVs division supported Williams' in a movement to 
the right, Howard's Corps having relieved it, and it came out 
into a clearing, and a very large farm of Mrs. Kulp. That 
day was memorable for the whiskey ration, its first and last 
appearance in the campaign. The day after, the division 
supported Geary's division in an advance, the Fourth Corps 
coming up and connecting on the left as before. Hooker's 
Corps was all this while on the right of its Army next to 
Schofield's, whose Corps formed the extreme right. 

On the morning of the twenty-second, the tirst day the 
sun came out for a long period. Sherman directed Thomas 
to move Hooker forward again, and ordered Schofield to 
support him. ~Geary very early in the morning drove the 
enemy from a hill a mile in front, turned the rebel intrenchmcnts 
inside out and prepared to stay, as he did. Williams' division 
moved up into line to his right, its right flank resting on the 
Powder Spring road near the Kulp house. Butterfield's 
division was ordered to move forward into line on the left. 
The skirmishers started on the double-quick, followed and 
supported by the division line. Capt. Graves commanded 
the skirmishers of the Thirty-Third. The}' went through a 
wheat field, over a little brook and its borders of elders, all 
the while under a sharp fire of the enemy, reached some 
timber, handsomely captured a high and important ridge, and 
took a position within a hundred and fifty yards of the 
enemy's intrenchments. The whole line threw up rifle pits 
and staid there. It was a charge for which the skirmishers, 
the regiment, and, in fact, the Avhole division was much 
complimented by eye witnesses. The regiment lost in the 
charge, killed or mortally wounded, Seargeant Harodon and 
Private Ryan of Co. B ; R. W. Parker of Co. E ; Keames and 
McNulty of Co. G, and McGuire of Co. I. Capt. Graves, and 
near twenty men were wounded. 



222 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

The enemy found the Twentieth Corps, by this move, too 
dangerously near their left flank and apparently thought it 
was isolated. Hood's Corps was shifted from Johnston's right 
to his left and now confronted Hooker. That afternoon he 
came out in those strong lines with a formidable rebel yell and 
made a furious attack on the Twentieth Corps near the Powder 
Spring road, which fell almost wholly on the first and second 
divisions. It was a sharp battle. The splendid artillery of 
the Corps was too much for the enemy, "intrenched artillery," 
as Johnston calls it, and Hood had to retire after three heavy 
attacks. Johnston, who did not love Hood over-much, says 
the attack was made against his orders. Johnston seems to 
have had the same suspicion of his Corps commander that 
Sherman says, at this time, he had of Hooker; that he was 
inclined to "switch off" for a little independent glory. Hooker 
certainly won it sometimes. Hood was to have his chance 
later. The Thirty-Third went with its division hurriedly to 
the right, near the Kulp house and near the fighting, but it 
was not needed. Schofield was there, co-operating in 
repelling Hood's attack. The next day the regiment went 
still further to the right and built a line of works. Here it 
remained until July 3d. In one of the movements near the 
Kulp house, private Capen of Company K was mortally 
wounded. 

From its position near the Kulp house the Thirty-Third 
witnessed, on the 27th of June, the assault upon the enemy's 
intrenched works on Kenesaw Mountain, which Sherman 
ordered. He thought it would have a healthy effect ou his 
troops, if it did not dislodge the enenn^. He says in his 
"Memoirs," his men had got the idea that all they had to do 
was to "deploy before the enemy, throw up counter-works and 
take it eas3% leaving it to 'the old man' to turn the position." 

The assault was gallantly made by three or four divisions 
from both the armies of the Cumberland and Tennessee, 



AGAIN "coming 'kOUND" ON THE ENEMY'S "eENDS." 223 

(including Geary's of the Twentieth Corps) while a general 
attack Avas made along the ten miles of line. As an assault 
to drive the enemy, it was a failure. As an exhibition of 
down-right fighting, it was a marked success, with lamentable 
losses. Johnston declares that a thousand dead were counted 
in front of his lines. It elicited the blunt opinion from plain 
old General Thomas : "Any move is better than butting against 
breastworks twelve feet thick." Sherman said it was the 
hardest fighting of the campaign, so far. After this, Sherman 
w^ent back to his old ways and stuck to his flankimr mimoeu- 
vres, which an estimable Georgia old lady complained of in 
her classic Georgia speech. "You uus don't fight we uns fiir, 
you always come round on our eends." McPherson's arniy 
was swung from the left to the right of our lines. Johnston's 
rear was againTn danger, so, on July 3d, he gathered up his 
baggage and started for the Chattahoochie river. Our armies 
started rapidly after him. Just before this new njove, July 
1st, General Butterfield relinquished the command of his 
division, and General Ward, the senior brigade commander, 
succeeded him. The Thirty-Third pushed on in the general 
pursuit of Johnston, through acres of breastworks and miles of 
fortified positions which were thus abandoned by the enemy. 
(Sherman says they must have had at least fifty miles of 
them) . The houses which were passed had been fortified and 
the roads were full of the sort of obstructions which our men 
called "sheepricks." The march kept on to near iNlarietta, 
where Sherman had lived before the war as plain college 
professor. Ward's division had a skirmish with Johnston's 
rear guard. The next July 4th, the Country's natal day, 
the Twentieth Corps moved to the right three miles, closing 
up to the Twenty-Third Corps. The rest of the day the 
Thirt^'-Third spent listening to noisy rejoicings after the 
National manner, from brass l)ands and other ami} implements 
for making a noise ; in the evening to the more domestic 



224 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

music of old violins ; when some of the lucky members were 
provided with an occasional solace in milk punch and the raw 
extracts from wheat. From here, crossing the Nickajack 
creek, the regiment marched on two days, peacefully black- 
berrying by the way, luxuriating in green corn, and pun- 
ished with heat, dust and musquitos till the spires of 
Atlanta were in sight ten miles off. The diaries of the men 
speak of the weather as "hot," ^ ^ "hotter," ^ ^ and 
"hottest," and now and then of a real "yellow day." The 
marchof the army was suddenly brought to a halt near the 
Chattahoochie river. Johnston was too good a general to be 
surprised ; he had leisurely retired here, into a strongly 
fortitied and immense "tete de pont" that a thousand contra- 
bands under good engineers had been a month getting ready 
for him in anticipation, shut the door, and all there was left 
for Sherman was to butt his head against it, as he tried to at 
Kenesaw, or go around. He decided to go around, this time 
by the left. Previous to the movement, and while waiting for 
the waters to subside at the ferries, a rest was given the tired 
armies by Sherman. In this while, the hostile pickets frater- 
nized. The truce began with the characteristic proposal from 
Rebs : "If you uns won't fire at we uns, we uns won't fire at 
you uns." . A lively trade was struck up in coffee and tobacco. 
On the Dth of July, Schofield's army crossed the river above 
the railroad without opposition, at Soap Creek, and the very 
night he crossed, Johnston evacuated his trenches, burnt his 
bridges and retired to the other side. On the 13th, McPher- 
son's arni}^ crossed the river farther above at Roswcll. On 
the 17th of July, the days of rest were over in Thomas' armv, 
the truce up, and it crossed just above Johnston's intrench- 
mcnts, on pontoons, at Pace's i'evry ; then a great right wheel 
of the three armies was made towards the gate city of 
Georgia — the objective point of the campaign. On that 17th 
of July, the Thirty-Third was detached from its brigade by 



EXIT JOHNSTON. ENTER HOOD. 225 

order of General Hooker and detailed to the duty of guarding 
the supply train of the division. It had become greatly 
reduced in numbers by losses in battle, and in the trying 
campaigns had been hard marched, had its share of exposure, 
and it seemed its turn now to have a soft thino;. The chancre 
was welcomed hy officers and men like a holiday by school- 
boys. They were marched to their post and truly commis- 
erated the regiment that was relieved b}^ them, which had to 
go back to digging and fighting. At this important period of 
the campaign, Johnston, the commander of the rebel army, was 
by the fortunate stupidity of Jeff. Davis, relieved of command, 
ordered into retirement and his place supplied by Lieut. 
General, now General Hood, his ambitious corps com.mander. 
Johnston had ably manoeuvred his army in the long retreat, 
had skillfully furned the chain of mountains into a series of 
impregnable fortresses, and will be known in history as, 
perhaps, the ablest of all the confederate generals in tli.e war ; 
but he was informed by the rebel Secretary of War, he says, 
that he "had failed to arrest the advance of the enemy to the 
vicinity of Atlanta, and expressed no confidence that" he "could 
defeat or repel him," and was relieved of command. His 
failure in the waning fortunes of the Confederacy Avas a crime. 

BATTLE OF PEACH-TREE CREEK. 

While the armies of Sherman, seperated from each other, 
were marching to unite, and the army of the Cumberland was 
crossing Peach Tree creek. Hood thought his oppei-tunity had 
come to crush that army thus left alone. He wanted to show, 
too, doubtless, that he would make a new departure from 
Johnston's strategy. He marched out with nearly his Avhole 
force and when Thomas' men were resting at noon, unconscious 
of any immediate danger, though well deployed, fell upon 
them with columns in heavy masses, without even skirmishers. 



226 THE TIIIItTy-TIIIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

TIjc ])\()\v fell oi) tlif Twentieth Corjjs, and purls of the Fourth 
and Fourteeiitli. Tho rchcls r-aine on, urg-cd hy the promise 
of their offirers that if they could l>reai< through our lines "the 
^'ank's were gone up," and they seemed determined to prove 
it ; but our men met them with the old [jiuck. I'homas was 
full oi' re-oun cs and Hooker full of fight. The flivisions had to 
fonn front in almost every direction, and take attacks first in 
one direction and then another. AVard's division was comfort- 
ably eating its dinner in the flat fields beyond the creek, when 
the fire along the skirmish line became sharp, indicating there 
was trouble ahead and the division sprang to aiTns. Tlie One 
Ilundi-ed and Tliiity-Sixth X. Y. was on the skirmish line and 
marie a fine resistance. Scjon the enemy was reported as 
advancing in several lines and seemed about to crush Newton's 
division of the P'om-tfonth ('oi-])s, next on the left. Here were 
some hills just in front. In the absence of orders, as time 
pressed, Cajjtain, afterwards Colonel, ^Vinkler, then com- 
manding the Twenty-Sixth \\'is., moved forward his regiment 
and Coloiifl ll;ijii~(;)i his brigade on the right, to the first 
range of hills, seizing it, then down the slope, foUoAved by the 
rest of Wood's i>rigade, halting in a ravine, as the enemy's 
lines came down the range of hills Ijcyond. Here the Twenty- 
Sixth Wise, was subjected to a heavy fire from the advancinjr 
lines and also fioni an enfilading fire at the left, and suffered 
severely; but it )>lu(kily held on, and when the enemy was 
within ten j;aces it si)rang up, poured in a heavy fire which 
scattered the enemy's front, and led the advance of Wood's 
brigade uj* onto the hills beyond, taking the enemy here in 
flank with to'iible efl'ect, and njlieved the pressure on 
.Newton's fli\ i>ion ; it captured the colors of the Thirty-Third 
Miss.; the Cohjnel and every oflficer in that regiment was 
killed oi- wounded in the fight. The valley between the ridges 
was filled with d(;ad and wounded rebels, ('oloi)el Wood said 
in his r(!j)ort that thr- bnmt of the enemy's attack, in his front, fell 



THE RATTLES OF 1*EACH-TKEE CREEK AM) ATLANTA. 'J'J i 

on tlio Twonty-Sixtli Wi!?c., imd that its tiiihtinii" ouiUl not he 
oxc(>1Um1. It was relieved soon hy tho SovcMity-Third ().. 
wliicli moved into a sliowcr of halls. It had ([nitc a tiiiht. hut 
the iMUMny nuidr no ])ro*>Tes8. (n-ary'sand ^^'illianls■ di\ isions 
on tho riii'ht had an ociually hard fii>lit and as stuhhornly drove 
the enemy l)aek. Hooker's Corjjs expended in the hattle a 
hundred rounds ot" anununition per man. ^^'oo(^s hriuadiOost 
one hundred and forty-three kilU'd and wounded: the division, 
five hundred and twenty; the corps, seventeen hundred. 
Ward's division captured seven battle Hao's. The artillery tire 
on our side was ])artieularly eH'eetive : ten <:uns were got into 
j)osition in the nick of time, hy Thomas' personal direi-tions. 
Two furious assaults were made by Hood with uTcat odds, and 
tlu> tiuhtino- kept on from the middle of the afternoon till (hirk, 
but he never irot throuirh our lines or captured a _a-un. and his 
men lay i)iled up by thousands in front of the army of the 
Cumberland. So en(h>d the battle of reach-Tree Creek; a 
handsome piece of work on .Toe Hooker's i)art, that he left to 
remembc>r him by. The Thirty-Third only shared in the ulory 
of the day through the bravery of tluMr conn-ades of the rest of 
their division, (Wanl's). It was about tlu> fu'st instance^ they 
were not in battle with the rest. The enemy now retired 
from the front. Two days aftcM'wai'd the Corps marched 
forward (^xpectino- to find Atlanta ("vacaiated, but it found tlu' 
enemv instead, a mile or two b(>yond, snug in their strong- 
works, and went to intrei\ching themselves. 

That same day, -Inly 2"2d, Hood attempt (>d by a similar 
nuMemiMit to surprise and defeat the army of the Tenni^ssee as 
it was on the march to take |)ositioi\ on the i>\lrem(> left iA' IJie 
line. He iraiuiMl the left and rear of McPherson's army lu'l'ore 
he was discovered, the cavalry being absent. McPlu>rsou 
himself was shot (h)wn by the enemy's skirmishers and his 
riderU^ss horse came Hying back Ix'foi'c liardly anyone knew 
thev were there. Hood mad«' a fierce assault, and soon at'ti-r, 



228 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

another in front from Atlanta which In-oke throuo^h the lines of 
the army of the Tennessee, capturing batteries, and came near 
cutting otf that army ; but Grant's old army, under the 
temporary command of Logan, fought as they had under 
Grant and Sherman ; restored their lines and repulsed, it was 
said, seven assaults of Hood, killing over three thousand of 
his men and retaking l)atteries. This battle is known as the 
Battle of Atlanta, and will long be remembered as the battle 
in which McPhersan , one of the most lamented and one of the 
ablest commmanders in the war, fell ; 3'oung — only thirty four 
years of age ; tall, handsome and noble, full of vigor and spirits. 
Officers and soldiers, and even an old soldier like Sherman, 
could not hold back tears in talking of his loss. He was killed 
fighting his class-mate at West Point, (Hood,) with the 
assistance of another classmate, (Schofield). Sheridan was in 
the same class. Grant spoke of McPherson as one of the best 
soldiers and "my best friend." He received a medal of honor 
from Congi-ess and was made a Brigadier-General in the 
regular army, as Sherman was, for services at Vicksburg. 

Curious incidents are told of this battle. It is said that an 
Irishman who came to tliis country in search of his brother, 
who enlisted in our army, was sent out as part of a burying party 
in this battle and among the rel)el dead found his own brother. 
A German was tending in the hospital a wounded countryman, 
and in the delirious ravings of his prisoner, discovered he was 
a brother whom he had left a balie on the Rhine. A federal 
sergeant shot down a daring rebel officer in the advance line. 
It was his son. Such incidents were frequently related when 
border regiments met in battle. 

The loss of McPherson happened to be of special interest 
to the Twentieth Corps. Sherman decided to recommend 
Howard to the President for appointment to the command of 
the army of the Tennessee, to succeed McPherson. Hooker 
was one of the senior officers ; had commanded the Army of 



GOOD BYE TO JOE HOOKER. 229 

the Potomac, and in the west, two corps, the Eleventh and 

Twelfth, and Howard beinc: his sul)ordinate, he felt that this 

important command should have fallen to him and not to 

Howard, and took the choice of Howard as a slight ])ut ujwn 

him. If Sherman had put the same estimate upon Hooker 

and had the same confidence in him as his men had, he would 

at once have l)een selected. The Twentieth Corps loved Joe 

Hooker and believed in him ; they would follow him anywhere ; 

his commanding figure riding into battle was an inspiration to 

tight at any time, and an augury of victory. That was no 

slight matter to consider in a commander of men ; but 

Sherman, in his "Memoirs," says with grim irony, that he did 

not even consider Hooker in his selection. Hooker asked to 

be relieved, his application was approved by Thomas, and his 

request-^ivas promptly granted by Sherman. His men had not 

the heart to blame him, but if he could have submitted, and 

contented himself with his cor})s ; they l)elieved he would have 

made such a record, before the campaigns were over, that 

"Uncle Billy," whom they confided in equally, ^vould no 

longer have distrusted him : and when, long afterward, the 

victory was won and they marched in the great review, half 

the glory seemed gone because Joe Hooker was not there to share 

it with them. As he rode along the lines the day he took leave 

of his corps, (July 27th,) erect and soldierly, a tinge of 

sadness on his ruddy and usually jolly face ; the cheers could 

not keep down the tears ; bronzed old veterans of the corps 

wept like children ; few eyes were dry — as if they were losing 

a part of themselves ; and the Thirty-Third, as he turned to 

them and said "God bless you," and shook the hand of the 

Lieut. -Colonel, knew they were losing, not only a favorite 

commander, but a personal friend. The Thirty-Third had 

many reasons to believe it was a favorite of his. "Farewell, 

Joe Hooker," never again is the Thirty-Third to be under your 

command, or to see your face, till the happy days of peace 



230 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

come ao'tiin : your nuiiie will alwavs be dear in their hearts and 
be associated Avith the most precious memories of the war ; 
g'allant comrades died willinody, fiirhtino: under your leadership. 

The new commander appointed for the Twentieth Corps 
was Slocum, the favorite commander of the old Twelfth 
Corps. 

After the battle of the twenty-second, Hood retired to his 
fortitications in Atlanta, Sherman's Armies closed in around 
them, erected counter defences and a siege began in earnest. 
Heavy guns were mounted, and b}- Sherman's orders they 
dropped their huge shells into the city every ten minutes, 
m'ght and day ; so that gentle slumber was courted under 
difficulties within the besieged city. 

Sherman had no idea of making a direct attack on the 
strong defences of Atlanta. Before his Armies had any time 
for rest here, he began the flank movement. On the day Gen. 
Howard assumed command of the Army of the Tennessee, 
that Army was moved from the left, where it had torn up 
twenty miles of the Georgia railroad and bent the rails into 
S's, to the extreme right of the line and was thrown for^vard 
so as to cut off, if possil)le, at least to threaten, the Macon 
line of railroad, running in from the rear of Atlanta. The 
Army of the Tennessee was successful in dangerously threat- 
ening Hood^s communications, and in liringing on a battle, in 
Avhich it was attacked, near the road eujihoniously called 
"Lick Skillet," as tiercely by the enemy, as it had been on the 
other flank ; but Hood was fought back, and the ground Avas 
held. Part ofj^the Twentieth Corps, including Ward's division, 
Avas sent to Howard's assistance. Sherman received intelli- 
gence that Hood had sent eight to ten thousand of his cavalry 
to cut his connnunication in the rear. Now was Sherman's 
chance. While they were aw^ay, and Hood had no caA^alry in 
his rear, Sherman determined to strike it with his cavalry. 
Tavo cavahy expeditions Avere sent out b}^ Sherman to make 



SIEGE OF ATLANTA. THE LAST FLANK MOVEMENT. 231 

the raid in the re;ir ; unfoituiiatcly they proved [ailurcs. Both 
bodies were surrounded. MeCook gallantly cut his way out. 
Stoneman, and pail of liis men surrendered as prisoners. It 
is s;ud that ai)i)le jack and peach brandy were the sirens that 
lulled his out-posts to sleep and helped to vanquish his 
troopers. The flankino; process was eontiiuu'd next by Scho- 
tield's Army which was transferred from the left to the right 
of Howard ; a corps commander, Palmer, was ordered to 
assist Schofield, Avith the blunt order from Sherman, "The 
Sandtown road and the railroad, if possible, must be gained 
to-morrow if it costs half your command." It was not gained 
through the cori)s connnander s fault, Sherman thought, and 
his resignation was accepted. The condition of things about 
Atlanta meanwhile was neatly described by Sherman in his 
despatclfes to Halleck : " We keep hannnering away and there 
is no peace inside or outside of Atlanta * * it will be a 
used u}) connnunity when we are done Avith it." To Gen. 
Grant, "I will make a circle of desolation around Atlanta." 
That turned out true. Sherman was made Major-General U. 
S. A. at this i)oint in the campaign, and was disappointed 
because the President did not Avaittill he had cajjturcd Atlanta. 
Meanwhile the Thii-ty-Third Avas peacefully having dress- 
parades, and living on green corn and cucumbers and such 
luxuries as were to be found in the rear. The l)and was 
travelling about ser enading generals, and finding out Avhich 
lived best. One bill of fare is given as a sjieeimen, "Roast i)ig, 
roast beef, chicken pie, oysters, stewed tomatoes, raspberry 
and peach sauce, etc." Who Avould not be a soldier guarding 
supply trains. 

These jolly days of rest and feasting in the Thirty-Third 
Avere abruptly cut short by an order to move Avith the Avliole 
Corps back to guard the river and the Armies' communica- 
tions, Avhere the regiment was soon relie\'ed from duty \v\ih 
the train, and ordered upon familiar duty, picket. In its tour 



232 THE THIKTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

of soft duty with the wagon train it had missed only one 
battle in which its brigade took part, Peach-Tree Creek, and 
some skirmishing, but quantities of shelling in front of 
Atlanta. The order to go into the intrenchments at the Chat- 
tahoochie, meant business. The Corps held the key to the 
communications of the three Armies, with the order to hold it 
at all hazards. While the remaining Corps of those Armies 
proceeded to execute the last masterly move of Sherman in 
the game for Atlanta. They withdrew from their trenches, 
disappeared, one day, from the view of the rejoicing city ; 
and after the whole rebel press had duly exulted over 
the retreat of the Yankees, car-loads of secesh women 
had gone up to join in the juWjee at Atlanta, and the popula- 
tion had illuminated with tar-barrels ; they appeared one tine 
morning, twenty miles in Hood's rear on the Macon railroad, 
the line of vital importance to him, in irresistible force, 
made a wreck of the track, cut off and defeated a Corps of 
his in a liattle at Jonesboro'. Hood believed the game was 
lost, burnt a thousand bales of cotton and other supplies, blew 
up eighty odd car-loads of ammunition, engines * * all 
which made a night of earthquakes in Atlanta, and sullenly 
left the doomed city to its fate. The next morning, Sept. 2d, 
Col. Coburn with a detachment of eight hundred men from 
Ward's division, in which were two companies of the Seventy- 
Third Ohio and with which Avas Cap. Tebbeits of the Thirty- 
Third, A. D. C. to the division general, marched toward the 
city, and the mayor appeared on the road, meekly uncovered, 
and informed Col. Coburn that the fortune of war had placed the 
city of Atlanta in his hands. Thus the objective point of Sher- 
man's masterly campaign, perhaps, his most skilful one, was 
successfully reached and the Gate city, which the rebel south 
held of so much importance to them, the centre of a net Avork 
of railroads radiating to all points, fell into our hands with its 
foundries, rolling-mills, machine-shops, government works, 
arsenal, pork-packing establishments and clothing factories. 



THE CITY SURRENDERED. GENERAL JUBILEE. 233 

It can 1)0 imagined wliat was the rejoicing among the trooi)^, 
when it really turned out that Atlanta was taken ; loud shout- 
ing and cheering ran along the lines, every one had a hurrali 
for "Uncle Billy,"' even staid and jihlegmatic Thomas " snap})ed 
his fingers, whistled and almost danced," say the Memoirs. 
President Lincoln proin})tly rendered the thanks of the Nation 
to Gen. Sherman and his Armies for the success of a cam- 
l^aign that would be "famous in the annals of war." Grant 
said to Sherman that he had "accomplished the most gigantic 
undertaking given to any general in this war, and with a skill 
and ability that Avill be acknoweledged in historj' as unsur- 
})assed if not unequaled. It gives me as much pleasure to 
record this in your favor, as it would in favor of any living 
man, myself included." Spoken like Grant. Halleck wrote 
him, "Ixlo not hesitate to say, that your campaign has been 
the most brilliant of the war." The Twentieth Gorps was 
selected to occujiy the city. The Thirty-Third marched into 
it through the })rinci})al streets, the band playing "Hail 
Columbia" and "The Red_Wiiite^and Blue," reported to Gen. 
Slocum and was assigned to comfortal)le (juarters in deserted 
buildings, and the duty of guarding rel)el prisoners. The 
Second Mass. and One Hundred and Eleventh Penn. were 
detailed as provost-guard, all under Col. (V)gs\vell, of the 
Second, post-commander. The negroes, l)lack, yellow and 
white hailed our men as their deliverers sent of God. "Bress 
de Lord," they shouted as they showed their ivory, "dc Yanks 
am come, "yah I yah I yah !" The .Vrmies that had followed on 
the track of Hood, were ordered back to, and around Atlanta. 
Sherman's own entry Avas quiet and un})retending. He says 
pleasantly, in his Memoirs, he found encam})ed in the city 
"The Mass. Second and Thirty-Third regiments which had 
two of the finest bands in the Army ; their nnisie was to all of 
us a source of infinite pleasure during our sojourn in that 
city." Atlanta Avas to become the residence of the regiment 
for the autumn. 



CHAPTER VI. 



THE MARCH TO THE 8EA. 



The Involuntary Exodus, of tlie Inliabitaiits of Atlanta. Hood on the Hoad to 
Nashville. Corse "Holds the Fort."' "Twentieth Corps, "Gay and Festive," in 
the City. Theatre Season Run by the Thirty-Third Band. Railroad to the 
Kear, Wrecked. The Burning of Atlanta. 'J'he March Begins. The Day of 
"Jubilo" Comes to the Negroes. Foraging on the Country Systematically. 
Campaign of the Bummers Opens. Valifint Governor Brown and His Legisla- 
ture Skedaddle. The Left Wing Eats a Thanksgiving Breakfast in Milledge- 
ville, organizes a Yankee Legislature, and Dines en route. Scientific Plunder- 
ing by the Bummers. The Piison Pen of Blillen Empty. Augusta of No 
Account. The Lost Armies of Sherman Turn ITp at the Sta. Fort McAllister 
('aptured. Savannah in Possession of the Ruthless Invaders. A Christmas 
Present to President Lincoln. January, 1865, the Thirty-Third, with its Divi- 
sion, Crosses into South Carolina and Squats Among the Palmettoes and Oranges. 
In the Swamps. 



The Thirty-Third, soon after entering Atlanta, was relieved 
of the duty of guardino- reliel prisoners in the outskirts of the 
city, and ordered to report for special duty to Col. Wm. Cogs- 
well of the Second Mas.s., the post-commander. From this 
time, during its stay in Atlanta, it ])erformed together with 
that regiment and the One Hundred and Eleventh Penn., the 
very pleasant duty of provost-guard of the city, which was 
to preserve order, arrest i^risoners, keep the regiment's boots 
blacked, clothing brushed, guns and ])rasses sliining, and the 
members themselves generally comfortable. To this end, 
snug huts and quarters were constructed in the city. The 
rest of the lirigade and Corps, meanwhile, was encamped 
without the city, in the line of fortitications on which it was 
ke[)t constantly employed, making the works Avell nigh 
impregnable. The remainder of the Army of the Cumber- 
land was encamped near the city, the Army of the Tennessee 



INVOLUNTARY EXODUS OF THE PEOPLE OF ATLANTA. 235 

at East Point, Army of Ohio at Decatur. Here, at Atlanta, 
Lieut. -Col. Ryder resigned, was honoral>ly discharo-ed the ser- 
vice and Maj. Doane was promoted to l)e lieutenant-colonel and 
connnander of the regiment ; Capt. Teljbetts was made 
major. 

Sherman decided for strategical reasons to "wipe out 
Atlanta" as a city of residence, and reduce it to a fortified 
garrison, and ordered all the inhahitants to leave, either for 
the North or the South, as they pleased. For this order, the 
press and people of the South heaj)ed ei)ithets upon him 
mountains high. He was })olitely styled, "chief among sav- 
ages," "leader of highwaymen," "the foremost villain in the 
world," but it did no good to call "Uncle Billy" names. He 
moved right along, the non-combatants must leave ; there was 
no help for it. There were sad and funny scenes as the 
]ieople moved away from their homes. One writer describes 
a train of wagons "crowded with a medley of poodle-dogs, 
tabby-cats, asthmatic pianos, household furniture, cross old 
maids, squalling, wondering children, all huddled together." 

After this eventful episode was over, all was <j[uiet in 
Atlanta for some days, till it was reported one day, about Oct. 
1st, that Hood had m^'steriously changed his })osition from 
the Macon to the West Point railroad, and next that he was 
across the Chattahoochie River. Sh(n"man instantly divined 
that his object was to break up his connnunications. So he 
gathered up all his troops, except the Twentieth C/or})s, which 
was left to hold Atlanta, and swiftly followed him. Hood did 
not wait to risk a battle with Sherman, l)ut attacked a few 
Posts, most of which baffled him, notably AUatoona, where 
gallant Gen. Corse pluckily "held the fort," for Sherman was 
coming, he knew, and sent the characteristic reply to his 
signal message from the top of Kenesaw, "1 am short a cheek- 
bone and an ear, but am able to whip all h — yet." His 
bravery has passed into song; he has gone into the Hymn 



236 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTEY. 

book, in fact, the last place he would ever have thought of 
his going. Hood burnt a dozen or two miles of railroad, 
and endeavored to blow up the railroad tunnel at Daltou, but 
that did not matter, thought some of the rebelsol diers. One 
of them said, "Don't you know that old Sherman carries a 
duplicate tunnel along?" He burnt some bridges, but that 
did not matter either, every one on the railroad was num- 
bered, and for every one, Sherman's enterprising chief of the 
construction corps had a spare one always ready, and if bridge 
number ten was burnt, a telegram went back "Send number 
ten by the next train," and it was soon on the spot and comple- 
ted. And then Hood marched out of the way into the north- 
west of Alabama, to begin his march for Xashvillc, Avhcre Gen. 
Thomas, the noble old war-horse, "slow but sure," as Halleck 
called him, had already been sent with the Fourth Coi-ps and 
the Army of the Ohio to anticipate him, and with them, the 
garrison troops left behind, and the new levies, together nearly 
eighty thousand men, he made a defence which has l)ecome 
historical. 

While all this was transpiring back along the old line of 
march and fighting ground, peace and quietness reigned in 
Atlanta. Not a hostile gun was heard there for two months, 
till a brigade or two of Georgia jNIilitia appeared on the scene 
one day, and they were quietly made to skedaddle. Every- 
thing went "merry as a marriage bell" with the soldiers, and 
the feAv inhabitants that still lingered there. Hooker's old 
Corps that had been so hard marched and hard fought, relaxed 
itself, and the l)r()nzed and staid old veterans became gay and 
festive. Games, parties, dances, serenades, suppers, con- 
certs and an actual Theatre, divided the time with drills, 
picket and parades in the gay garrison town. One night 
while the Thirty-Third l)and was serenading (len. Sherman, 
he proposed that it should give a concert in the theatre tor 
the benefit of Mrs. Wekh, the widow of the late Masonic 



THEATRE SEASOK EUN BY THE TTllItTV-TIlIin) P.AXT). 237 

Gnmd Master of the State, whose house he was occupying as 
headquarters, and who was very poor. The experiment was 
promptly undertaken. Friends of the beneficiary were to do 
the star singing. The band rode to the theatre a few times 
in hacks to rehearse, and on the night set, gave the following 
progranune which was duly printed: — 

VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONCERT. 

Ath;eneuin, Atlanta, Ga., September 24, 1864, 

BY THE CELEBRATED 

BRASS BAND OF THE THIRTY-THIRD MASS. VOLUN^TEERS 
AND AMATEUR VOCALISTS. 



PART FIRST. 

1 . Faust JVIarch. Soldiers" Chorus BAxn 

2. O ! Mio Fernando. From La Favorila Band 

3. Then You "11 Reinenil)er Me Mrs. Welch 

4. Ever of Thee. Duet Mrs. Welch and Mr. F. Odexa 

;'. Drunv Solo Mr. I. Smith 

0. Mary of Argyle Mr. F. Odexa 

7. Pot Pourri. From Eriiaid Band 

PART SECOND. 

1. Anvil Chorus Baxd 

2. Castles in the Air. Piano Solo Mrs. Welch 

8. Violin Solo Mr. I. Smith 

4. Come Where My Love Lies Dreaming'. Quartette. 

Mrs. Welch, Miss Welch and ]Messrs. Odexa and Xash 

5. Labyrinth Waltzes Band 

(). ^Maiden, 'Wake From Thy Slumbers Mr. F. Odexa 

7. National Airs Baxd 

Tickets One Dollar, admitting a gentl<>meu or a gentlemen and lady. 
Doors open at 7 o'clock. Concert to commence at 8 o'clock. Tickets may 
be purchased and seats reserved by application at the ticket otHce at the 
AtlnxMieum, second door north of the Trout House. Ticket office oi)en 
from 9 a. m. to 8 p. m. Keep this programme. 

The concert was a success artistically and financially, and 
netted $200 for the beneficiary. Several similar concerts 
were given with varied programmes, "Thirty-Third INIass. 



238 THE THIliTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT. 

regiment Quick-step (I. Smith) l)nncl;'" Clarionette solo, J. 
Calnum ;" "Lecture, AVoman's liights, A. P. Hazard;" 
"Lord Lovell," \*y the same ; "Quartette by the Glee Club of 
Knapp's Battery," l>eing some of the additions. Then the 
season began to wane ; prices were rather high for enlisted 
men, getting only $13 a month, and it was rather necessary 
to get up something st)'iking. A bright idea struck Hazard, 
and he got up a play. So the following addition appeared 
on the progranmies for October 29th, printed on old blank 
discharge papers : — 

To conclude with the laughable pantomime entitled 

THE (XJBBLEE'S FEOLIC. 

Peter Cnm])s, the Cobbler Mr. G. W. Homan 

Tom Wax, his apprentice A. P. Hazard 

.Tack Bobstay A. IT. Holmes 

Charles Alphonso Augustus W. M. Holmes 

Lilly White Chaicoal S. Keith 

Sally Crimps Miss S. Welch 

Polly Crimps Mrs. Welch 

Dolly — Maid of all work Miss Hattie 

Afterwards the farce, "The Lover's Serenade" was given. 
Hazard was musician, author, actor, stage manager, printer, 
bill poster and property man. The theatre had a great run 
till the very last night before the march, when it took $667. 
The season lasted four weeks, seventeen nights, and the band 
took $8000 in all. It gave $2000 to Mrs. Welch and out of 
the balance kept enough to pay its numbers the amount due 
from the officers according to their enlistment agreement to 
the end of their three years. 

The last night before the city was evacuated, the last train 
that left it was kept waiting till midnight to take away one of 
the stock actors. The yield of this bonanza suddenly 
stopped. 

Early in November, Sherman marched back with all of 
his Corps that he did not leave behind under Thomas, and all 



KAILKOAD IN KEAIJ WRECKED. BUltXING OF ATLANTA. 239 

this bliss of metropolitan residence vanished, and the theatre 
business was wound up and work had to be resumed. 

"Be ready to march again," were the orders ; where, was 
a mystery as usual. Something leaked out, however, so that 
the object was soon guessed to be Savannah or jMobile. It 
Mas a})parent a new campaign was a-foot. It Avas the begin- 
ning of the famous "March to the Sea." As soon as Sher- 
man had captured Atlanta, he began to consider what next? 
and he seems to have cast his longing eyes towards the coast. 
The lust move of Hood decided him, and with the approval 
of Grant and Halleck, he determined to cut loose from his 
base and march for a new one by the sea. His blunt and 
characteristic despatches about this time to Grant and others, 
as they appear in his "Memoirs" and in history, may be 
taken as his texts for his new movement, which has now 
become famous. "It will be a phj^sical impossibility to pro- 
tect the roads, now that Hood, Forrest, Wheeler and the 
whole batch of devils are turned loose, without home or hab- 
itation." "I can make this march, and make Georgia howl." 
"I will make the interior of Georgia feel the weight of war. 
The utter destruction of its roads, houses, and people, will 
cripple their military resources." "Move through Georgia 
smashing things to the sea." "It will be a demonstration to 
the world, foreign and domestic, that we have a power which 
Davis cannot resist. This may not l)e war, but rather states- 
manship." "If you can whip Lee," he said to Grant, "And I 
can march to the Atlantic, I think Uncle Abe will give us a 
twenty days' leave of absence to see the young folks." His 
first preliminary was to send back to Chattanooga all the 
sick, wounded and non-combatants now left in Atlanta, all 
surplus bao:2:a2:e and stores, and then to "make a Avreck of 
the railroad from Chattanooga to Atlanta," as he said, which 
was really burning his ships behind him like Cortes. His 
Army knew from a good deal of experience in that way, how 



240 THE THIUTV-TIIIUD MxVSSACHUSETTS IXFANTRY. 

to destroy railroads as well as how to repair them. For 
miles back of Atlanta after the l)iisiness began, the track of 
destruction was marked by day by a line of curling smoke, 
and by night ]>y a broad streak of light that seemed like the 
Aurora Borealis. The next preliminary was to finish Atlanta. 
In a day and a night it was made a Carthage. All there was 
left of the battered and honey-combed city was scientitically 
demolished under the direction of Capt. Poe, chief of engi- 
neers, Gen. Cogswell furnishing the details of men to do the 
business from his provost guard. Powder and fire reduced 
the great depots, store-houses and public buildings to piles 
of tottering walls, and gaunt chimneys. The foundries and 
machine shops that had been kept running night and day, 
casting cannon shot and shell, went down, and with them 
hotels, theatres and negro markets, the latter never to be set 
up again. That night was one to be remembered. Xo dark- 
ness in place of it, a great glare of light from acres of burn- 
ing buildings. This strange light, and the roaring of the 
flames that licked up everything habitable, the intermittent 
explosions of powder, stored ammunition and projectiles 
streams of fire that shot up here and there from heaps 
of cotton bales and oil factories, the crash of fiilling build- 
ings, and the change, as by a turn of the kaleidoscope, of 
strong walls and proud structures into heaps of desolation ; 
all this made a dreadful picture of the havoc of war, and of 
its unrelenting horrors. As the band was playing in the 
tlieatre that night, the flaming red light from the approaching 
fire, which flooded the building, the roar of the flames and 
the noises of the intermittent explosions, added scenic effects 
which were not down in the bills, and will never be forgotten. 
And when later in the night it serenaded Sherman and played 
in the light of the flames "John Brown's soul goes marching 
on," the members must have appeared to the crest fallen 
chivalry like so many Neroes, fiddling with delight at the 



THE NEr.i!0?:s' 'day of .iriur.o' comes. 241 

1)urniiig of Rome. It seemed like ;i demoiiiacul triumpli over 
the fate of the city that had so long detied Sherman's Armies, 
and over the approaching doom of the Confederacy. It ^vas 
war's necessity. The next morning, the sixteenth of Novem- 
ber, 1864, the Armies stripped for a swift campaign, began 
their long march. The last to leave were the regiments of 
the provost gnard, the One Hnndred and Eleventh Penn., 
the Second and Thirty-Third Mass., the last of all the Thirty- 
Third. As they marched np over an eminence and tnrned to 
bid good bye to Atlanta, they saw a scene of desolation that 
may well hannt their memory. Miles of rnins, and black 
clouds of smoke settling down over all, like a pall. That 
was all that was left of the boastful gate city. In a turn of 
the road, it Avas left to its desolation, and became a thing of 
the pastr With that turn in the road, the tried old regiments, 
inured to changes, left their past campaigns to the past, and 
from that moment looked forward, with assured confidence in 
their leader, to the victories of the future, and marched 
hopefully ahead. Some band in one of the divisions struck 
up again "John Brown," and the men, regiment l)y regiment, 
joined in the chorus, "Glory, Glory hallelujah," and they 
marched on as a triumphant xVrmy of deliverers, as they 
were indeed to the sable bondmen of the South, wherever in 
their long march they were to reach them. The Corps which 
set out on this march were organized into two wings. The 
Sixteenth Corps had been broken up and its divisions distrib- 
uted betAveen the Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps. These 
two Corps, the Army of the Tennessee under Gen. Howard, 
were to be the right wing, the Fourteenth and Twentieth 
Corps of the Army of the Cumberland were to be the left wing, 
called informally the Army of Georgia, under Gen. Slocum, 
about sixty thousand men less now than Thomas' Army. 
The cavalry Corps was made an independent conuiiand, under 
Gen. Kilpatrick, about fifty-five hundred elicctives. Brig- 



242 THE THIRTY-THIRD MAS8ACHU.SETTS IXFAXTRY. 

Gen. A. S. Williams was assigned to the comniaiid ot the 
Twentieth Corps. Thirty days half rations were in the 
wagons. That was a hint of the length of march, the other 
half rations, and all the forage were to come from the 
country. 

It was a serious circumstance in war, that the two hostile 
Armies which had fought inch by inch to get at each other, 
were now both marching as fast as they could, away from each 
other, Hood for Nashville, Sherman for Savannah. 

The two wings in Sherman's Army separated at the start, 
to march habitually over diiferent roads, through diflerent 
series of towns and settlements, though in the same general 
direction, and within supporting distance of each other. 
Each Corps in fact generally, on this march, took a separate 
road, to keep out of each other's way, and to find fresh 
neighborhoods for foraging, so that from any commanding 
hill could have been seen where the Armies were on the 
march, four long lines of glistening muskets, slowly moving 
along, broken up by the white tops of the supply wagons, 
(each Corps had five miles of them) and far off around all 
in front, flank and rear, Kilpatrick's sleepless cavalry, the 
eyes and ears of the Army. 

The route of the Thirty-Third oSIass. and of the two other 
reo'iments of the provost guard of Atlanta, now in a provis- 
ional brigade under General Cogswell, was that taken by the 
Fourteenth Corps in the left wing and lay directly eastward 
from Atlanta, along by the wreck of the Georgia railroad, 
through Decatur, and for a long distance kept in sight the tall, 
sugar-loaf top of Stone Mt. standing alone in a level region, 
apparently challenging everybody to ask what it was doing 
there. Then it took them across Snow Finger Creek, on 
throusrh Lithonia and Con vers, still alon^ the Georsfia railroad, 
Avhich looked like a stream of fire ; and the second day, across 
the Yellow river to Covington. Every roadside on the march 



FORAGING OX THE COUNTRY SYSTEMATICALLY. 243 

down into Georgia was sprinkled and sometimes blaek with 
exulting negroes, who swarmed in from every cabin and 
])lantation for miles around ; seemed even, sometimes, to 
sjn-ing up out of the gi'ound, and who came as if they had long 
heard ahout it, and yearned for it, and were warned by some 
under-ground telegra})h that the day of the I^ord had come. 
They were frantic Avitli joy, leajjed and capered about with 
shining eye-l)alls and glistening ivory, the old and youno;, 
black and yellow, some of them men and girls, embraced l)oth 
the flags and the soldiers ; many of them stared as if they 
believed the world was about to come to an end. "I'm 
1)ressed if I thought there were so many of God's critters in 
de world at all," said an old "Aunty." Wherever Sherman 
rode, they crowded al)out him shouting and praying with a 
touching eloquence. They evidently regarded him as the 
great deliverer. A grey haired old saint w^as fully satisfied he 
had found, at last, the "Angel of the Lord," whom he had 
waited for since he was knee high. They all thought the 
jubilee had come and the only thing to be done was to join the 
aniiy of the Lord and march on to freedom, which most of 
them did at once. They joined, shouting "Glory be to de 
Lord!" "Bress de Lord, de day ob jubilo hab come!" 
''God bress de yank's ; ]\Iassa Linkuni done 'member us." "Dis 
nigger is oft' to glory." "We'es gwine along, we'es free.'' 
They joined from eveiy cross-road and plantation, in motley 
Ci'owds ; gTinning, slouching field hands ; shouting, dancing, 
j«llow and ebony girls and boys, negro women with bundles 
of babies and old clothes, toothless old "Aunties" and grey 
headed darkies, bringing all their own old traps and such 
ffooda: of their masters' as thev could lug, or tried to lug; with 
the 'he^p of mules and old horses, and rickety old carts. 
These ^laotley reenforcements, as the troops marched on into 
the oouJtta;y, swelled into an army almost of itself, and with so 
imany moitc mouths to feed, became a distressing problem. 



244 THE TIIIRTY-TIinU) MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Most of tliem had to l)e turned liack, with kindness and pity ; 
and their jubih^e had to he postponed for niihtary reasons, till 
a more conv^enient season. Sherman would only permit the 
able-bodied to come along, for they, only, would l)e useful. 
How to feed his army successfully, without a base, was the 
critical question of the campaign. The campaign opened well 
in this respect. The second day out, the Thirty-Third had for 
supper : beef-steak, pork-steak, broiled chicken, sweet pota- 
toes, radishes and honey. Almost the tirst day out Sherman met 
a soldier who had been out foraging on his own hook, and had 
a ham on his musket, a jug of sorghum molasses under his 
arm, and a big piece of honey in his hand from which he was 
eating. "Forage hberally on the country," the soldier dryly 
said for Sherman's benefit ; quoting from his general order 
issued just before the start. The General tried to be stern, 
])ut laughed inwardly. This })ai"tizan foraging was not the 
thing contemplated. The order prescribed regular details of a 
company or more each day, from each brigade, under its 
proper commissioned officers. It came the Thirty-Third's time 
often, to send a company out on this pleasant duty. For 
miles on either side of the road they scoured the country, 
ransacking plantations ; and brought in, in old wagons and 
carts, on broken down horses, on anything the}^ could find, 
corn, meal, l)acon, ham, sweet potatoes, molasses and other 
sweets ; arms full of hens and turkeys, and drove in cows, 
hogs and shec}). These they l)rought to the road on which the 
column marched, and loaded them into the connnissary 
wagons, from which they were regularly issued ; all that was 
not smuggled in on individual enterprise, as in the case of 
Sherman's chance acquaintance, for the stragglers, cooks and 
servants, and hangers on hovered around the foragers ; often 
got the start of them and ate up the country clean. One day 
the regiment's pork seemed to drop at its feet like the 
Israelites' manna. As it was marching through a wooded 



ACTIVE 0A:\1PAI(:N of the HUMiMEItS. 245 

country, ;i dozen or two porkers, lank, lony' lei>;<:;ed, slab-sided, 
swift as deer, but still lio<>-s, tietually charged upon it to, 
l)reak through the lines. The men prompty fixed bayonets, 
charged bayonets, then all they had to do was a movement not in 
the "Manual," "Shoulder pork," and several days rations were 
all issued. The independent foragers had as little respect gen- 
erally, notwithstanding the orders, for other pi-operty as for 
connnissary stores ; they fully appreciated one of the ol)jects of 
the campaign, viz. to make (rcorgia feel the weight of the war, 
and insured the complete success of the campaign in this 
regard. The negroes Avere always ready to turn up "Old 
jMassa's" things, (oldmassa being in the rebel Army generally,) 
furniture, pianos, valuables, etc., in their hiding places which 
were burned, or handled so they would never be recognized 
again as-furniture or pianos, so that wherever the l)ummers 
went, they left a track like that of the locusts. The orders 
were also to destroy the railroads along the march, ))urn the 
ties, heat and twist the rails and burn the bridges, as the 
two wings and their foraging parties stretched across forty 
miles of country, at least, in their march. As they marched 
along into Georgia they swept a belt forty miles Avide, as 
clean as though the Huns had sAvarmed oA^er it. It Avas such 
a suggestion on the subject of Avar, that prol)abl_y, at this 
distance of time, the mere mention of Avar Avould make a 
Georgia planter's teeth chatter. Sherman told the band one 
night, that his Armies Averc destroying a million and a half 
dollars Avorth a day. This campaign shoAved Sherman's 
statesmanship as Avell as his generalship. From Covington 
the march of the Thirty-Third Avas across the Ulcafauhachee 
Iviver, destroying the bridge, after passing through Sandtown, 
then suddenly turning to the right, doAvn through NeAvljern and 
Shady Dale in the rain, over muddy, slippery roads, the Avind 
bloAving a hurricane through Eatonton Factory, across Little 
River, then leading the Fourteenth Corps through Eatonton 



246 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY*. 

and across Little River again, on pontoons, over frozen roads, 
the vt'ater frozen, even in the canteens, a little snow storm on 
the way, to remind them of honest New England, through 
Meriwether on to Milledgeville, the capital of the state, 
where they arrived, the band playing national airs through 
the streets, and rejoined the Twentieth Corps and their own 
brigade, going into camp in the square near the State House. 
Their brioade was now under command of Col. Ross of the 
Twentieth Conn,, Col. Wood being absent on leave. Here 
the Thirty-Third men ate a jolly breakfast of turkeys, chick- 
ens and hoe cake on what was Thanksgiving day at home, the 
twenty-foni-th of November. The Fourteenth Corps came up 
here the same day. Gen. Sherman quartered in the preten- 
tious executive mansion, which the valiant Gov. Erown had 
fled from, as well as from his Capitol, after having exhorted 
the auo-ust legislators to seize their muskets and "meet the 
ruthless invaders, etc.," resolved himself "to defend his home 
to the last." The arrival of a captain and ten scouts cleaned 
the town ; the Governor, patriotic legislators, able-bodied 
men, generally fled, and the mayor went into hysterics. An 
old negro told, with all his ivory glistening, how "Gov. 
Brown done runned away widout any hat." The governor 
had previously sent away all his furniture, but Sherman did 
not mind, he unrolled his blankets in the bare executive man- 
sion as he did in every camp. Some of the ofiicers and 
soldiers organized a Legislature in the senate chamber ; 
a committee on Federal rehitions was appointed consisting of 
Col, Carman, Cogswell and others, who having discussed the 
situation, it is said over brandy smashes and "Bourbon," 
reported an act to repeal the ordinance of secession, which 
was passed nem, con. After a good deal of eloquence 
inspired by victory, the smashes and "Bourbon," the house 
J>roke up in a row at the cry "the yanks are coming." Relic 
hunters ransacked everything and carried away, before the 



SCIENTIFIC l'LrXI)El!lN(i OF THE m\LMEKS. 247 

provost guard aiTivecl, books, urchivcs, minerals, fossils and 
millions of State bonds and unsigned Georgia State money ; 
some of it was used to cook coffee with. Some of the 
darkies when they got hold of it said they Avere richer than 
''Old massa" now. Public property only was burned, the 
arsenal, penitentiary and depot. There was no i:)resent 
necessity for the penitentiary as all the convicts in it had 
been freed to join the rebel Array. A large part of the old 
truck in the arsenal, would probably never be needed again ; 
it consisted of cutlasses and the pikes of the middle ages 
stored there to be used in putting down insurrection of 
slaves. At Milledgeville were found in the rebel newspapers 
flaming appeals from the rebel leaders, "Arise for the defence 
of your native soil." "Destroy all the roads in Sherman's 
front, flank and rear," "and his Army will soon starve in 
your midst," said Beauregard, who had been put in command 
of that rebel Department, "Every citizen with his gun and 
every negro with his spade and axe," "Georgians, be Arm," 
said Senator Hill, "Assail the invader in front, flank and rear, 
by night and by day." "Let him have no rest," said the ]M. 
C's, a college classmate of the writer, Julian Hartridge, at 
the head. But they all kept wonderfully out of the way so 
far. At the first approach of Sherman's advance guard, these 
whites who were spoiling to spill their blood for their country, 
were, in the expressive language of the negroes, "heap fi-ight- 
ened," "dey dusted out yer sudden." The only fighting on 
the way to Milledgeville was a little between the cavalry, and 
a fight between a brigade of infantr}^ in the right wing, and a 
small force of the enemy near Macon. 

The left wing started Thanksgiving day from INIilledge- 
ville, the Army of the Tennessee from a point farther to the 
South for the next stage in the journey, leaving Macon 
behind untouched, crossed the Oconee, and made for Ogee- 
chee River. The Thirty-Third now marched with the rest of 



248 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

its Corps. That Thanksgiving day in Georgia wai^ so cold 
the troops set fire to the fences by the roadside, not merely 
for mischief, but to keep warm. The fences were made of 
pitch pine, and as Eoss' brigade marched all night behind the 
trains, it was a grand scene ; they saw two Avails of fire 
between which they marched, extending as far as the eye 
could reach, with here and there l)urning cotton gins and out 
buildings, and the heavens above, and all before, around and 
behind them, light as day with the flames of the burning 
pitch. Then in a day or two, the weather became beautiful 
and was even fearfully hot, and it was the Sunny South once 
more. 

The Twentieth Corps moving on through Hebron found 
the bridges burning across the Buffalo Creek ; it was all a 
swamp, and there were nine bridges over it, but it did not 
marter, for as one of the natives said, "You uns build a 
l)ridge in two hours." "We uns" simply brought up the 
pontoons the day the Corps was crossing the creek and 
movino- on Sandersville. Wheeler's cavalry findiuo- thev 
were on the false scent at Macon hurried ahead, tried to do 
what mischief they could, to harrass the advance, and gave 
Iluger's brigade, Avhich the Second Mass. was in, a brisk 
skirmish at Sandersville, but it handsomely pushed the 
rebels, fighting in line of battle through the streets of the 
town and cleared the way of them. The Army of the Tenn- 
essee, in its march made the Georgia Central railroad a heap 
of burning sleepers, and rails twisted into corkscrews and 
anacondas. Corse's division of the Arni}^ of the Tenn- 
essee Avas heard from at Tennville ; an old darkey said they 
"had sot fire to de Avell." 

From Sandersville the march of the Twentieth Corps was 
for two or three days through swamps and mud, through the 
town of Davisboro', and then through a region where rivers 
ran all over the country. After passing three miles of Ogeechee 



SCIENTIFIC PLUNDERING OF THE BUMMERS. 249 

swamp, corduroying the roads, and across the Ogeechee 
River, over pontoons again, the bridge being destroyed, the 
march brought it, after crossing Rocky Comfort Creek, to a 
heap of ruins called Louisville. 

To this point the route had been through a rich country 
— barring the swamps — a garden all the way, immense planta- 
tions loaded with abundance, planters' houses filled with 
luxuries, farm-yards stocked full of hogs and poultry, stacks 
of fodder, corn-houses brimful of corn w^aiting to be appro- 
priated, and which did not have to w^ait long after Sherman's 
foragers appeared. These foragers came in loaded down 
with hams and quarters of pigs and sheep, l)ags and teams 
full of vegetables, with mules girdled with turkeys and 
chickens, trundling in wheelbarrows barrels of sorghum 
syrup and w\ash-tubs full of honey, convoying teams full of 
corn, flour aiid meal, and driving in scores of cattle. 

The lawless and independent bummers had rare chances to 
plunder. They found richly furnished mansions to ransack, 
cellars filled with rare old wine, for a carouse, and after going 
through the place, capering about in a rough waltz in the best 
parlor Avhile some brother rascals Avere pounding music out of 
the five hundred dollar piano with musket Initts, and dancing 
on the mahogany, smashed the piano and everything they 
could not lug off", loaded up mules with strips of the Brussels 
carpet and ancestral ))edquilts for blankets and horse trap- 
pings, decked out the negro Avenches with laces, silks and 
satins and family rings, they set fire to the house, and hove in 
sight of an admiring camp, with their plunder and their 
retinue of mules, old horses and young wenches, and the 
pockets of the men full, the backs of the entire party, human 
and animal, covered Avith all conceivable traps. The bum- 
mers Avere very awkward at first in stealing honey. They 
tipped over the hives, went for the honey, and the bees Avent 
for them ; result, various gymnastics that made the beholder 



250 THE TIIIKTY-TIIIRD MASSACIirSETTS I^FAXTEy. 

wonder if the gentloinaii in blue had escaped from some 
Innatic asyhnn. The}' then tried smoking out the bees. They 
soon attained perfection in the art of robbing bee-hives. 
After they knew how to do it, they grabbed the bee-hive 
itself, shouldered it with the mouth backwards, and then 
started on the dead run. The infuriated bees started by 
instinct for their old haunts, and the locality of their home in 
the opposite direction, and woe to the foragers, the horse 
and mule teams which they met in their flight. Such antics 
and such swearing, such kicking and prancing, such spilling 
of mounted bummers, collections of fowls and provender ; 
such a stami)ede sometimes of a whole train of foragers and 
mule teams ! Tiie l)ummer meanwhile unmolested marched 
into camp carrying his l^ee-hive with its treasures in triumph. 
Every proprietor who w^as at home, (few of them were, 
however,) whether one of the old planters, or answering to the 
description of "white trash," when he mournfully saw his 
poultry-yard and cellar cleaned out, and his corn-bin emptied, 
most vigorously protested he was an original Union man, and 
voted against the ordinance of secession, and doubtless many 
of them did, but the merciless bummer had one invariable 
answer, "Too thin." The corn went into the wagon, and the 
chickens went away cackling good-l)ye, just the same. Barn- 
yard game was so plentiful that every company, almost, had its 
pet rooster, dog, cat or donkey. Game-cocks were so com- 
mun that they might be seen on the breech of every cannon, 
the pack-saddle of every mule, nearly, and for a while, a 
cock-tight in camp at night was as regular a thing as tattoo. 
Beyond Sandersville, all this plenty seemed to gradually 
disappear, and in a few marches more came a poorer country, 
sandy and barren, with great rice fields and level pine forests, 
apparently miscalled there, "The savannas." It was pictur- 
esque travelling by day among these silent and aged giants, 
with their heads, bright green tufts, up one hundred feet 



PRISON PEN OF MILLEN EMn"i'. AICUTSTA OF NO ACCOUNT. 251 

without an intervening bnincli ; and a night march presented 
a wonderful scene. The h)na- tiickerinij cohniin of bhi/inir 
pine torches lighting up the dark bodies of troops, the groups 
of horsemen, the long rows of wagons here moving slowly 
along, there plunging into a gully or swamp. The regiments 
marching along in one place compactly, then stringing out 
into irregular tiles of torches crossing a stream, and to add 
to the effect, the mingling of all sorts of noises, in the echoes 
of the forest, the shouts of teamsters, the neighing of mules, 
the roll of the drums, the blasts of bugles, the cries and 
songs of the soldiers, and now and then, the sweet strains of 
some band. The camps at night were even a more wonderful 
sight, square miles of burning pitch and })ine. The march 
through Cxeorgia was a thing to be remembered. While 
the infantry were trudging along at this point of the march, 
Kilpatrick's cavalry galloped ahead on an errand of mercy, 
to liberate the unfortunate six thousand Federal prisoners in 
]Millen. When the cavalry reached there, they found these 
prisoners had been removed by the rebel government two 
days before. The cavalry pushed on toward Augusta, where 
they. did what Sherman called, some "spirited fighting" with 
Wheeler's cavalry. 

AA'lien the Twentieth Corps had passed Birdsville, crossed 
Buckhead Creek, and were within six miles of Milieu, they had 
an o})portunity to see the al)and()ned prison pen at "Camp 
Lawton." The Thirty-Third ate its dinner M'ithin a mile or 
two of it and Avent to see it. There it lay, in the centre of an 
un])roken forest ; fifteen acres of desolation, where all the 
miseiy of the suffering men seemed to linger l)ehind, ghost- 
like, in the air. The high stockade, sixteen feet high ; the 
interior rail fence ; the dead line ; the stocks for punishing 
prisoners, as in the good old times ; beyond the dead line, in 
the open area of forty acres, open to the sky, the sun and 
dews and frost; the villages of huts and kennels, the "Gopher 



252 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

holes," dug out of the earth. And there, also, was the village 
of graves, nine hundred of them, for the one month's occupa- 
tion by the brave Federal soldiers, under the tender mercies 
of the sons of the Huguenots. The pen told its silent story 
of horrors to the marchers by; a mere epitome, though, of 
Andersonville. That marching army was now fearfully 
avenging both. 

The Twentieth Corps crossed the Augusta and Savannah 
railroad. Fence rails had been piled on it, set fire to and for 
miles it was a track of blazing flames. The Corps passed in 
sight of Millen, its depot was blazing and its tairy outline an 
exquisite skeleton of light. That was a sample of the army's 
revenge. The four columns of Sherman pivoted on Millen, 
turned aside from Augusta, where Bragg had an army in 
waiting, for its defence, and went to the right, down the 
peninsula between the Ogeechee and Savannah Rivers. It 
was no matter if chickens and turkeys were left behind. The 
troops fairly tired of them and longed now for the promised 
oysters at the sea-board. Their mouths fairly watered, day 
by day, as they thought of oysters cooked in all styles of the 
art — stewed, fried and roasted on the half-shell. They counted 
the days for these luxuries and for a smell of the salt sea. 
On they marched, through the tall forests, the "Piuey woods" 
stretching for nearly sixty miles, the sandy plains and the 
swamps, on corduroy roads, bridged across or waded across 
the creeks and bayous, passed on through immense corn fields, 
a thousand acres in extent, changed from cotton fields by order 
of the rebel government, through rice fields ; the weather so 
warm, sometimes, that the troops sought the shade by day and 
could not sleep by night for the heat and mosquitoes, so cold 
airain, that water froze in the canteens. 

One of these warm nights, the band, as a little compen- 
sation in the way of music, serenaded some secesh young 
ladies, who were crying because, as they said, "The d — d 
Yankees have taken away all our eatables." 



FORT MCALLISTER TAKEN. MARCH TO THE SEA ENDED. 258 

The Thirtj-Third passed near Sylvania, then through 
Springfield, over Jack's Branch, by Mount Zion church, and 
on the tenth of December reached dry land again, and the 
Savannah and Charlestown railroad at Monteith Station, near 
the enemy again. From here, the same day, it turned south, 
moving towards the city, the first brigade skirmishing in line 
of battle, while the third brigade and the rest of the division 
were tearing up the track of the railroad. Cannonading and 
musketry were heard on all sides, as in the fighting days of 
the Atlanta campaign. The enemy, after a while, retired 
within their formidable works, and the division halted about 
four and a half miles from the city. On that day and the 
next, the four Corps were all up within four or five miles of 
the city and it was completely invested. The two wings 
extending from the Savannah to the Ogeechee River, and 
before them the enemy had a formidable series of works and 
impassible swamps. A siege looked probable. 

Admiral Dahlgren's fleet lay in Ossabaw sound, patiently 
waiting for Sherman's long lost army to make its appearance. 
Kilpatrick communicated with it, but Fort McAllister, on the 
Ogeechee, ])arred the passage of the fleet. The next object of 
attention was that fort. General Sherman ordered, out of the 
Fifteenth Corps, his old division at Shiloh and Vicksburg, 
now under General Hazen, to storm it. It was afternoon on 
the thirteenth of December, when the division reached the 
neighborhood of the fort. Their lines were formed at once. 
Sherman watched them anxiously, across the river, with his 
glass. He saw the handsome line come out of the timbers as if 
on parade, move perfectly steady across the open space, under 
a terrible fire of the heavy guns, close in around the fort, 
disappear, appear again on the ramparts and then he saw the 
old flag wave there, in the crimson of the setting sun — in 
victory ! all in a little over fifteen minutes. The way was 



254 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

open to the sea. Hiircl-tack was sure, full supplies probable, 
oysters possible. It was glorious news that spread through 
the army. Best of all, the mails came, twenty tons of them 
for Sherman's army, and home was heard from again. 
Lincoln was re-elected. The march to the sea was an accom- 
plished fact. 

Sherman l)orrowed some heavy guns of General Foster, 
at Hilton Head, to bombard the city, and Dec. 17th, sent in a 
demand upon Hardee for its surrender, which was refused. 
Preparations were made by Sherman to carry it by assault, 
Dec. 21st. On the morniug of that day, when the troops 
were in line for what promised to be an awful duty, it was 
found to be evacuated. Geary's division, of the Twentieth 
Corps, marched in. Savannah was at last in possession of the 
ruthless invaders and the campaign was ended. 

Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, next day, his 
famous dispatch : ''I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, 
the city of Savannah." Before Christmas day, came the news 
to Sherman's armies here, that the other part of his Army of 
the Cumberland uuder Thomas, had defeated Hood at Nashville. 
The troops were nearly wild with joy, as was the whole 
country. Sayaunah and Nashville were the two victories that 
made the campaign complete. 

Thanksgiving day, the Thirty-Third was in the capitol of 
Georgia. Christmas, now in its great commercial city. 
Savannah ; at least its band was there, that day. Sherman 
had promised the baiid of the regiment that it should be the 
first band to play in the city after its capture, and Christmas 
day, according to promise, it was playing "John Brown," 
"Yankee Doodle," "The Star Spangled Banner," "Dixie," 
in Pulaski square, to an over-joyed crowd of darkies of all ages, 
sizes and colors, swarming to hear the "Linkum band ; " singing, 
shouting, crying and dancing for joy, that "De day ob de 
Lord hab come." They swarmed in to the number of 



SAVANXAH IN POSSESSFON Or THE KUTllLESS INVADERS. 255 

thousands, and there was such a mass that Sherman, rehic- 
tantly, had to order the square cleared, finally. Some of the 
members of the regiment went into the city Christmas day 
to celebrate the victorj' on their own account, were rather 
misunderstood and not appreciated by the provost-guard, and 
were ignominiously quartered in the guard-house. A few daj-s 
after this, the band_j\vent into Savannah and serenaded 
Secretary Stanton and all the principal generals of the army 
and admirals of the navy, who were assembled in council, at 
the head-quarters of General Sherman, which were in the 
elegant mansion of Mr. Green, a British merchant prince, 
made wealthy by cotton. His house was rich with mahogany, 
walnut and gold ; with costly furm"ture and i-are works of art ; 
tilled with tropical fruit trees and exotics. Mr. A. P. 
Hazard, of the band, in some ''Reminiscences of the 
Rebellion," published in the Brockton "Enterprise," gives an 
account of the band's evening entertainment at Mr. Green's, 
after the}' had finished playing, and also adds an incident illus- 
trating a Yankee's enterprise in Savannah, at this time, as 
follows : — 

"Later in the evening we were seated at a table spread 
with Irish damask, Sevres china, Bohemian glass, roast pig, 
chicken, English roast beef, and all the side dishes, while 
some of jNlr. Green's own particular port wine of 1800, and 
Maderia of 1802, waltzed gracefully from plate to plate, appar- 
ently, as thoroughly appreciated by us hard-worked musicians, 
as by our Generals' more pampered palates in the adjoining- 
room. After supper, we played a few more selections, bade 
the Secretary and Major Generals and the rest of the big guns 
good night, and retired to our camp in the outskirts of the 
cit3% there to lie down on our army beds (i. e. a hollow 
between two rows of old corn hills) to sleep, or reflect upon 
the vicissitudes and hardships of a soldier's life. 



256 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

A LIVE YANKEE. 

One incident which occuiTcd at this time in Savannah may 
be worthy of notice. A live Yankee hearing that Sherman 
had started for the sea, and severed all communications behind 
him, loaded a small schooner at one of our northern ports 
w^ith three hundred barrels of greening apples, at live dollars 
per barrel. He then sailed south, having an idea of his own 
about where Sherman would strike the sea. He laid off and 
on at the mouth of the Savannah River, and came up to the 
city the first craft after the gun-boats. He sold his apples to 
sutlers at forty dollars per barrel, and they again sold them at 
retail to the rank and file at the modest price of three for a 
dollar. I invested five dollars in the delicious fruit, disposed 
of them in about twenty minutes, and, like Oliver Twist, 
wished for more. 

What Georgia's whole contribution had been, in this 
campaign, towards supplying Sherman's Armies, can be judged 
by taking one regiment's showing of the amount of supplies, 
ofiicially gathered in authorized foraging, and making a proper 
multiplication for the entire strength of the armies and mak- 
ing, also, an allowance for the enterprise of the bummers. 

Lieut. -Col. Doaiie, in his report dated Dec. 24th, 1864, 
states the amount of supplies so obtained by the Thirty-Third, 
in the campaign, in less than a month, as follows : 

"Three hundred and thirty (330) bushels potatoes; two 
thousand eight hundred (2800) pounds fresh pork; ten (10) 
bushels corn-meal ; five (5) barrels sorghum ; three (3) barrels 
beans ; three hundred and seventy-five (375) chickens and 
other poultry ; eight thousand two hundred and fifty (8250) 
pounds corn; also three thousand two hundred (3200) pounds 
fresh beef, received from brigade Commissary." 

On the last day but one of the year 1864, the Corps was 
reviewed in the city of Savannah by General Sherman. It 



THE DIVISION CROSSES INTO SOUTH CAltOLINA. 257 

was a lovely clay, and a gala spectacle. There was a great 
turn-out of the darkeys, and curiosity was too much for the 
secesh, who tlocked to the windows and sidewalks, to get a 
sight at the Yankee monsters who had penetrated the sacred 
precincts, murdered Avomen and children for pastime, and 
burnt tlieir country for fun, as they went along, as the secesh 
asserted. There was some foundation in the last belief. The 
terril)le Yankees marched along with the same old swing, and 
as an army of victors, through the lazy old streets where the 
pervading colors on either side seemed to be the green of the 
l)eautiful shade trees that adorn the city, the bay, magnolia, 
orange, live-oak and the evergreen, and the black of the 
acres of the admiring and exultant African, descriljed as 
resembling an eclipse. The veteran regiments carried their 
old colors that had been victorious from the mountains to 
Atlanta and from Atlanta to the sea, as if they were good for 
another victory soon with dear "Uncle Billy," under whose 
approving eye they straightened up to their best marching. 
When the third brigade, the last of the column, marched by, 
Sherman said with his laconic praise, "The marching could 
not be better" ; it was like winning a battle. 

The next day the division marched to cross the river, got 
as far as Hutchinson's island, but pontoons could not be laid 
beyond, and they had to return in the cold and rain. The 
only advantage gained by the march seemed to be by the first 
division, which, in the absence of the third, moved into the 
comfortable winter quarters which the third had built, in the 
hope of a long stay, and it was only let in on condition of 
doubling up. Two days after, on the second of January, 
1865, the regiment marched with its division again to 
Hutchinson's island, but the pontoon bridge was not com- 
pleted, and again it had to come back to the city ; then it 
embarked on the steamer "Planter" ; which had been pluckily 
taken from the rebels in Charleston harbor by a colored man 



258 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

named Small, who now rejoices, or formerly did, as Brigadier 
General of South Carolina Militia ; landed on South Carolina 
shore, marched across a few miles of rice swamp and went 
into camp on the plantation of one of the high-toned chivalry, 
Senator Langdon Cheves, a signer of the secession act. The 
negro shanties furnished the necessary boards and brick, and 
at short notice, a camp of huts four feet high apppeared 
among the orange, palmetto and live-oak trees of the 
deserted plantation. The officers and band made their 
quarters in a frame house, with actual papered walls, where 
they had, on occasions, tolerably festive times. It w^as a 
beautiful camp, and life was easy. Rations were at tirst scarce, 
and half-rations were issued of flour and rice, with the occa- 
sional luxury of sweet potatoes, nigger beans and doughnuts. 
While here, the band gave one of their Atlanta concerts in 
the Theatre at Savannah, and serenaded Secretaries Stanton 
and Welles, who were on a visit there to Sherman. 

Colonel Cogswell, of the Second Mass., w^as brevetted 
Brigadier-General for gallant conduct in many a campaign ; 
w^as assigned to duty on his brevet rank by the President, an 
unusual honor, and Jan. 16 was assigned to the command of 
the third brigade, third division. It was soon perceived he 
was right on his military. 

Two Aveeks seemed to be as long as the luxury of this 
balmy camp among the orange trees could be permitted, either 
by military authority, or the clerk of the weather, for Jan. 
17th, it had to move from here, leaving its camp to the bugs, 
the Senator's and his son's mansions to ashes, and march 
through pine swamps up to Hardeeville, w^here it w^as stranded 
in a solid week's rain, which astonished the oldest inhabitants 
and put the whole country around, afloat. It was a general 
freshet. The roads were deep under mud and water ; mules and 
w^agons traveling along, sank out of sight. Supplies had to be 
brought in boats. At Purrysburg, a few miles above, the other 



THE THIRTY-THIRD CA.>IPED IN THE SWAMPS. 259 

division was reported as doing picket duty in l)oats and scows. 
The swamps of Savannah became lakes of shiny mud. At 
Sisters' feny, the Savannah was three miles wide, and the 
remaining division of the Twentieth Corps and the Fourteenth 
Corps, which were on the other side of the river, were delayed 
a week or two in crossing. The Thirty-Third, as usual, 
philosophically made itself comfortable. The deserted houses 
of Hardeeville came down in a hurry and a camp went up 
ditto. It was reasonably water-proof. Profitable use Avas 
made of the spare time by some of the Corps, to tear up the 
Charleston and Savannah railroad, which ran near Hardeeville. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE MARCH THROUGH THE CAROLINAS. "TO RICHMOND" 
AT LAST AND HOME. 

The Marcli and South Carolina's Punishment Begin. Columbia in Possession of tlie 
"Abolishionists" — Liliewise on Fire. News of the Evacuation of Charleston 
and AVilmington. Wagon-Loads of Madeira for Rations. Ludicrous Trains of 
Refugees. Kilpatrick Barefoot Running for Dear Life. "Fift 3 Mils to 
Fatviile." The Battles of Averysboro' and Bentonville, the Last. Junction 
with Terry and Schofield, at Goldsboro'. Style Again in Camp. The Maiden 
"School Marm." News of the Fall of Richmond and Lee's Surrender. 
Antics of the Troojjs. Johnston Parleys. Painful News of the Assassination 
of President Lincoln. Johnston's Surrender Sure. The War Over! Series 
of Fourth of July Hilarities. The Homeward March. In Richmond at Last. 
On the Old Battlefield of Chancellorsville. The Great Reviews at Washington. 
Mustered Out. Ovations on the Road to Boston. In Faneuil Hall Again. 
Paid Oft". Home Finally. 

Meanwhile Sherman had phmned his next campaign, 
which was to be the hist required ; it had received the approv- 
al of Grant and of the President, and he was chafing at the 
rains which delayed his start. He did not much enjoy the 
luxuries of the rebel city. There were too many rebel women 
to trouble him, and he wanted to be in the pine w^oods once 
more. 

His plan was to start again with his Ariilj' of sixty 
thousand men, that he had brought from Atlanta, as he had 
from the l)eginning contemplated, and make what he and 
Halleck pleasantly termed, "Another wide swath through the 
Confederacy." 

His texts for the campaign are found in his correspond- 
ence that winter, now published in his "Memoirs." "We can 
punish South Carolina as she deserves, and I believe that the 
whole United States, North and South, would rejoice to have 



THE MARCH AND SOUTH CAROLINA'S PUNISHMENT BEGIN. 261 

this Army turned loose in South Curolina to devastate that 
State in the manner we have Georgia." They were certainly 
gratified before winter was over. "The whole Army is l)urn- 
ing with an insatiable desire to wreak vengeance upon South 
Carolina." "I would make a bee line for Raleigh or Weklon, 
when Lee would be forced to come out of Richmond, or 
acknowledge himself beaten." The campaign fulfilled these 
dire prophetic threats. 

While the Twentieth Corps w^as getting into its present 
position, the two Corps of the right wing were carried around 
l)y water to Beaufort. They were western men, most of 
them never saw salt water before, were dreadfully sea-sick on 
the voyage, and said they would rather march a thousand 
miles than spend one night at sea. They thence marched to 
Pocotaligo. Sherman and his staff left Savannah and joined 
them. As soon as the rains were over, the last of January, 
the preparatory marches were made by different divisions ; 
Ward's division in two marches, starting on the twenty-ninth, 
over horrible roads, half frozen, half muddy, to Robertville, 
and on Feb. 1st the campaign began in earnest. 

The enemy threatened dire things. The Palmetto State 
was to whip the Yankees if no other could. One of her 
valiant chieftans, Gen. Wade Hampton, now senator from 
South Carolina, promised to stay the progress of the invaders. 
The renowned Beauregard had been appointed to the chief 
command of all the forces to oppose the progress of Sherman, 
and was expected to do great things. 

The right wing had a fight at Rivers Bridge on the Salke- 
hatchie, called in that country Saltketcher, where the enemy 
tried to stop its march, but a division swam the river and dis- 
lodo-ed the rebels. . The leadino- brigade of the Twentieth 
Corps marching Feb. 2d, had a skirmish the first day out, Init 
without much farther trouljle marched on thi-ough Lawton- 
ville, then on over the Salkehatchie, Feb. Gth, at Beaufort's 



2'62 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INF AK TRY. 

Bridge. The next day while the right wing was marching 
toward Mcdway, a station on the raih'oad between Charleston 
and Augusta, there were indications of the enemy's proximity, 
and two divisions deployed to meet them ; just then a bum- 
mer hove in sight on a white horse, with rope halter and rope 
stirrups, with a swallow tail coat on, and a silk hat, tearing 
along the road and shouting as he approached Gen. Howard, 
"Hurry up General, we've got the railroad." The advance of 
the bummer's Ijrigade had captured it and no fight was neces- 
sary. After crossing Beaufort's Bridge, the Twentieth Corps 
passed on a narrow road through a half mile of swamp and 
dense jungle, where a handful of the enemy could have 
stopped a whole division, to Graham's, a station on the same 
railroad, joining on the way the right wing. 

The swamps and the poor country, inhal)ited l)y poor 
whites, were gradually left liehind, and foraging on the 
Georgia principles became remunerating. Turkeys, geese, 
ducks, hams, chickens, pigs, sweet potatoes, honey, corn, fod- 
der and peanuts also appeared amid rejoicings. There were fine 
mansions filled with costly furniture. After the Army passed, 
columns of black smoke were about all there was left of the 
mansions, and indicated that South Carolina's punishment had 
begun. The valiant last-ditch natives, hung out white flags 
all along, l)ut they did not work, they were a trifle late. 

Two or three days were devoted by the Corps to paying 
its respects to the South Carolina railroad betAveen Grahams 
and Blackville, treating in all about thirty miles of it on the 
Sherman patent principle, making "Lincoln gimlets," as the 
men called them, out of the rails, so that nol)ody l)ut a junk 
dealer woidd have any farther use for them. Along the 
railroad referred to were great piles of cotton. It was a new 
sensation to bivouac on two hundred dollars Avorth of cotton 
for a bed. Before the next night all of it was in ashes. 
During this while, Kilpatrick was pounding away up near 



THE BUIMMEKS WAY OF riTNISIITNa SOUTH CAROLINA. 263 

Aiken, to encourage the belief that Augusta was the intended 
point, and to keep there the rebel foree under Dick Taylor. 
On the tenth the march was resumed across the South Edisto 
Swamp and IJiver, where nine streams ran through a swamp 
half a mile wide each side of the channel. The water in the 
swamp was three feet deep, covered with a crust of ice one-quar- 
ter of an inch thick. The regiment had to wade it, except the 
channel where the bridge was. It seemed at every step as if a 
knife was cutting the ilesh ; everybody screamed with the pain, 
and the chorus of shouts was so funny that everybody had to 
laugh in turn. jNfany men were used up by that swamp. 
Then the march was by White Pond, with no rebels to molest 
them, though some of the right win«: had to swim the river 
and drive the rebels away so they could lay their pontoons. 
That wing after crossing the north fork of the Edisto, paid a 
visit to Orangeburg on the Columbia Branch of the South 
Carolina Kaih'oad, and ripped up for miles, as far as the San- 
tee Kiver, the raih'oad that led to Charleston, getting that 
chance to send their compliments to the city that tired on 
Sumter. 

The left wing, meanwhile, was delayed by rains and ^vater, 
occasionally getting a touch of cold ; one morning's wash in a 
brook left icicles in the hair, for instance ; it got on after a 
while, crossing the North Edisto where Gen. Ward, the com- 
mander of the third division, led a skirmish line on his 
kicking stallion, on through lowlands, and a country here and 
there covered with black-jack oaks and lofty pines. Quanti- 
ties of these monarchs of the southern forests were dead 
and dry from girdling, and were standing skeletons with dry 
cones and pine needles ready for fires, which the all pervad- 
ing and all destroying bummers always started among them, 
and they made an exciting spectacle as the flames darted 
alono: swifter than a orovhound could run. For miles around 
there was a sea of pitch Ijlack smoke high above, which blazed 



264 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

acres and acres of burning tree tops, the flames of their fat 
resin lighting uj) the country at night far around. At one 
place twenty-five thousand barrels of resin were piled up 
where it was made. The pile was soon afire, the blaze rose 
three hundred feet, and the jet black smoke, miles high, 
spreading out then for miles, and making a very respectable 
thunder cloud. The heat from the burning mass was so 
great that no one could get within sixty rods of it. Resin was 
worth thirty dollars a ])arrel at home, and the soldiers had the 
satisfaction of thinking they burnt up in that fire three 
quarters of a million's worth of property belonging to South 
Carolina secesh. What with l)urning piles of resin, burning 
resin factories and dwelling houses the whole region seemed 
to be one vast bonfire. The South Carolina chivalry had 
probably already reached the conclusion that Sherman is said 
to have predicted in Savannah they Avould, as he pointed 
across the river, "I'll go over there, and what I can't eat I'll 
burn, and I'll make them think h — 1 is coming anyhow." 
Every day that the Inmimers operated in South Carolina must 
have added some new proof that they certainly came from 
the infernal regions. Hazard gives a description of one of 
the little characteristic practical jokes sometimes played on 
fugitive F. F. S. Ca.'s on this march. 

"music HATH CHARMS." 

"One day as we were marching by a fine house, 

and myself wandered into the parlor. There was a beautiful 
grand piano there, and over the small fire-place a fine oil 
painting, used to cover the opening during warm weather. 

pulled out his jack-knife and cut out the picture, rolled 

it up and stowed it away in his immense haversack, the grave 
of many a relic and the magizine from which he often pro- 
duced unheard-of luxuries, — French mustard and Dutch 



COLUMBIA IN POSSESSION OF THE ABOLITIONISTS. 26,5 

cheese in the centre of South Carolina, eighteen months since 
we had seen a sutler. A couple of Germans from the 
Twenty-Sixth Wis. regiment loafed into the room. Upon 
spying the piano one seated himself before it and began to 
play opera, ballads, marches and, at last, jigs and "hoe- 
downs," upon which Dutchy number two mounted the instru- 
ment and began "shaking her down" on the top. At the 
final wind-up, where the dance ends up with a bang, he 
brought his foot down, and with it the butt of his rifle, driv- 
ing it clear through the piano. We then dragged it into the 
road, where we took the large bass wires for bails to our 
cofi'ee kettles, using the rosewood case to cook the coffee 
with. In the sheds belonging to this house we found a thou- 
sand bushels of peanuts, or "goobers," as the natives call 
them. We camped near, and we lugged off the peanuts, not 
by the pint or quart, but every man with a blanket full, as big 
as a feather bed. We roasted them in our camp fires, and 
had peanuts enough. 

The left wing, after marching to near Lexington, turned 
short to the right, and reached the Congaree, opposite Colum- 
bia. On the same day, the sixteenth of February, the right 
wing arrived there. The bridge was burned, and a few shells 
were tossed across to stir up the rebel cavalry on the other 
bank, and give the rebel capital a little notice of what was 
coming. Gen. Howard's Army pontooned the Saluda Kiver 
and then the Broad, the next day sent a brigade ahead and 
the Mayor of Columbia surrendered the city. 

The Thirty-Third was not privileged to witness the 
entrance of Gen. Sherman and his leading generals into the 
pioneer secession capital, which was said to have had all the 
incidents of a triumph. They were received with waving 
handkerchiefs and bits of old flags ; for beside the entire 
negro population, which, as usual, shouted and danced and 
blessed the Lord and "Massa Sherman for the arrival of the 



266 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

jubilo" ; there were many really original Union men and 
women among the throngs, and a few hundred escaped Union 
prisoners Avho were overjoyed to get to the old Army, and 
under the old flag again. Officers, many of them who had 
been sent the rounds of rebel prisons, Lil)by, Danville, 
Macon, Charleston, under the lire of our guns, and were in 
the prison near Columbia, escaped in various ways, almost 
always by the help of negroes. No one could realize their 
delight as they saw the head of column nearing the city with 
the old Corps banners and the dear old flag, and heard the 
bands playing "Hail Columbia" and "Yankee Doodle," sights 
and sounds they had not seen or heard for weary months and years. 
Those who saw Sherman that day, say he enjoyed more the 
hand shaking with those rescued and gallant old soldiers, than 
his capture of the city. 

Regiments raced to see which would be the first to plant 
the stars and stripes on the capitol, in which the first 
ordinance of secession was hatched. They were soon floating 
there, and the troops across the river saw them, as tangible 
evidence that the unapproachable, invincible Capitol of South 
Carolina, the "Holy of Holies" of secession, was in the 
possession of an army of abolishionists. Wade Hampton, it 
seemed, who swore with such round oaths to fight from house 
to house, had stepped out on the first train. The Thirty- 
Third saw that night the blaze of the great fire which nearly 
destroyed Columbia. When the right wing entered the city, 
piles of cotton were burning in the streets, set on fire by the 
retreating enemy. At night the whole city caught fire from 
this burning cotton, very likely, though it was contrary to 
Sherman's wishes, with some aid from the Army of the 
Tennessee's men, in the city, who shared in the prevalent 
thirst for vengeance, on everything that helped originate 
secession, and it has been said, slaked their carnal thirst on 
stronof waters and choice old wines from deserted cellars. 



COLUMBIA ON FIKE. DESTIU CTION OF UAILIJOADS. 20)7 

The wind blcAv a hiiiTicane, some thouoht, ai)propriate to the 
occasion. The fire took the t)l(l Capitol, with its secession 
memories, public buildings, churches, colleges, business 
blocks ; swept away splendid residences, with their beautiful 
gardens and fine shade trees, and, though Sherman and his 
Generals did all in their power to have the fire stopped, next 
morning eighty blocks, one-half the city, were a i)ile of ashes, 
bricks and rubl)ish. The next day, the government shops and 
founderies were set fire to, deliberately, the powder mill ])lown 
up and the confederate money factory finished. The soldiers 
found "millions in it," which they spent or gaml)led away with 
great gusto. Three days after, this home of traitors was left 
beliind, to its humiliation. It had one comfort. The wreck 
was not so bad as that of Atlanta. 

None of the left wing was permitted to enjoy a visit to 
Columbia. It had other business in hand. It marched up the 
Saluda, by Saluda factory, which was in flames and its two 
hundred operatives were suddenly thrown out of work ; queer 
specimens they were, of southern ftictory women ; tobacco 
chewing, smoking and dipping, "Unkempt, frowzy and 
ragged," as they were described. They w^ere wringing their 
hands and bemoaning their fate ; poor, pitiable things, if they 
were dirty and unattractive, they were innocent of causing any 
trouble, l)ut they had to sufier its consequences, just the same. 
Such is war. Near by wei-e the wretched huts, without 
chimneys, of "Sorghum camp," where tw^elve hundred of our 
prisoners had been kept, in a1)out the standard way, until they 
were hurried oft' on the approach of Sherman. It was called 
"Sorghum," because that w\as the principal article of diet there. 
Across the Saluda river, the march of Slocum's column was to 
Allston ferry, on the Broad River, crossing which, it proceeded 
to make a wreck of the Greenville and Columbia railroad, up the 
river, wdiile the right w^ing was doing up Columbia and this 
same railroad, doAvn the Wateree. 



268 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

The march was resumed, lioth wings araving at Winnsboro', 
on the Charlotte and South Carolhia Railroad, the twenty-first 
of February. The Twentieth Corps found that, with the 
Fourteenth Corps ahead of them, on the march, foraging did 
not pay ; the country was thoroughly eaten up. The same 
discovery would have been made, doubtless, with the order of 
march reversed. The Charleston and South Carolina Railroad, 
running through Winnsboro', Avas doomed, of course, and its 
primitive, strap iron rails, for miles and miles, were twisted 
by fire into all sorts of kinks and corkscrews. 

The advance guard of enterprising and mischief making 
foragers tried to experiment on the town, on the Columbia plan, 
to produce results similar to those that happened to Columbia 
and set it on fire. Only the timely arrival of the troops and 
the personal efforts of the Generals, saved the place. It was 
said that Slocum, Williams, Geary and Barnum Imrned their 
wliiskers and scorched their clothes, trying to put out the fire. 
The place was full of refugees from Vicksburg, Nashville, 
Atlanta, Savannah and Charleston, as they were, in succession, 
taken by our armies. Winnsboro' was a sort of last ditch 
where they never expected a Yankee army could come. 
Major Nichols, A. D. C. to General Sherman, who, like his 
chief, had grown to l)e very fond of the Thirty-Third band, 
and ahvays called it "Our Band," made an entry at this place, 
in his diary, now published as part of his "Story of the Great 
March," paying a great compliment to the band. "As I am 
writing, I hear the exquisite music of the band of the Thirty- 
Third Mass. regiment, who are ser enad ing one of the general 
officers. This is the best band in the army and the tavorite of 
all of us. It is playing operatic and national airs. * * * 
Those soul-stirring anthems of 'John Brown' and ' Rally 'Round 
the Flag,' are now the familiar airs here." 

From here, the Corps pushed on through more sterile 
country ; but there was fun to relieve the monotony. Besides 



YANKEE CUTENESS IN UNEARTHING rKOVENDEll. 269 

cock fighting, which furnished, occasionally, an evening's 
amusement and was reckoned a legitimate part of Sunday's 
services, at some of the headquarters, there was another 
sport now in vogue. The forests and fields were filled Avith 
ral)bits, which, as they were started up l)y the troops, were 
running about in every direction, the soldiers after them, in a 
merry chase, forgetting their long march and their knapsacks. 
The woods and hillsides re-echoed the shouts, "Catch him, 
catch him !" "Stop that rabbit !" If he was captured, he made 
a supper for some mess, or became its pet, just according to 
the plenty or scarcity of good foraging in the neighl)orhood. 

The whole army, which had marched almost directly north, 
and at Winnsboro' threatened Charlotte, now made a gi^eat 
right wheel to the eastward, which was dreadfully distracting 
to the rebels. A long march, over horrible hills, brought the 
Thirty-Third to Rocky Mount P. O., going into bivouac, then 
having reveille at midnight, crossed, by pontoons, over the 
Catawba river, one thousand feet wide. Rocky Mount was 
one of Cornwallis's line of outposts, in the Revolution, and the 
scene of a skirmish. Along east of the Catawba, were battle- 
fields of Gates and Cornwallis. At Camden, a dozen miles 
l)elow, through which the right wing marched, one of the 
noted battles of the Revolution Avas fought in 1780, between 
General Gates and Lord Cornwallis and where Baron DeKalb 
was killed. Soon after crossing the Catawba, the division 
received the glorious news that Charleston was evacuated. 
Sherman's strategy, as he anticipated, had done the work 
without striking a blow. His flanking process had done the 
business, as usual. Some of his army mourned because they 
were not there to sow down with salt the hot-bed of secession. 
News also came that Terry had taken Wilmington. 

It was pretty fair foraging along here. Plenty of pork 
and molasses, and some of the foragers brought in tubs full of 
honey. The natives, in their flight, hid away things so that it 



270 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

sometimes required Yankee 'cuteness to unearth them. The 

timely exercise of this faculty often produced surprising 

results. One day a forager noticed an ornamental shrub 

growing in red clay in a yard with marks of black loam on it. 

It struck him it was not in its native soil and he went for that 

bush. It easily came out of the ground, and out of the hole 

under it, of which it was the tell-tale, came also, a whole 

stock of provisions and family clothing, and a bran new trunk, 

brought in by the last blockade runner, containing a rebel 

general officer's uniform and horse equipments. One of our 

men, relates Hazard, while crossing a ploughed field, was 

attracted by suspicious signs and ran his ramrod into the 

ground. A foot down it struck something solid. The 

ubiquitous and kind hearted Amasa Glover told the result, as 

he ran down to the band, with tAvo tin cups running over, one 

with syrup, the other with peach butter ; canteens full, rivulets 

of the delicious sweets running down his person and clothing. 

"Plenty more right up here ; forty-two hogsheads full." Sure 

enough, they had dug out, below where the cute Yankee had 

thrust his ramrod, forty two hogsheads of syrup, sorghum and 

peach butter. Sometimes a mistake was made. The natives 

here keep their lard in calabashes, or gourds. One of the 

band, in passing a log house one day, levied on it for a 

calabash of lard. The usual batch of doughnuts was fried 

that night, with the contents of the calabash. A peculiar 

flavor, supposed to be an excess of soda, was perceived ; but 

hard-marched men, with sharkish appetites, did not stop for 

trifles. Daylight revealed the fact that the doughnuts had 

been fried in soft soap. 

Not long after passing Rock Mount, the rains set in and 
the regiment trudged along on two or three marches in the 
red clay mud in which mule teams and artillery floundered, 
about the way things used to move near Staftbrd Court 
House, Va., one of the old homes of the regiment. All 



NARROW ESCAPE OF A THIRTY-THIRD BUMMER. 271 

hands had to corduroy roads and dig out stranded teams. 
Passing by Russell's plantation, the Corps arrived at Hang- 
ing Rock, on Little Lynch Creek. Here the brigade camped 
on one of the old battle fields of Gates and Cornwallis, and here 
a long halt became necessary, for after it had crossed the 
Catawba, the rains swelled the river, the pontoons were car- 
ried away, and the Fourteenth Corps was for a time cut off. 
Affairs came to be very serious. Gen. Sherman ordered 
Gen. Jeflerson C. Davis, its commander, to abandon a few 
hundred of his w^agons, kill the animals, if he could not get 
them across the Catawba, and push on ; but the sturdy and 
humane old General got the animals all across, after a fash- 
ion, and pushed on through the mud and rain, and caught up 
Avith the column after a week's delay, which gave the troops 
of the Twentieth Corps, that were waiting for them, a com- 
fortable rest. The district of Lancaster, through which the 
march now led, is very beautiful, gently undulating and 
sprinkled with low pines ; the land is fertile, and wheat, corn, 
oats, cotton and fruits are abundant. In the last of February 
now, the trees were beginning to bud, and the dafibdils were 
ready to bloom. There were some drawbacks hereabouts to 
a soldier's life. The rebels began now to cut the throats of 
foragers, and to leave them as hints by the wa3'side. Kilpat- 
rick was ordered to improve on the system, and retaliation in 
the cavalry style soon stopped the business. Hazard narrates 
a thrilling story of the narrow escape of one of the Thirty- 
Third men, who staid behind foraging a little too long, as 
follows : — 

"About this time the Rebs began to hang our foragers when 
they captured them. We found ten of our men hung to trees 
at one time, with placards on their breasts: 'Death to Fora- 
gers.' Gen. Sherman sent word to Wade Hampton (the 
author of these hangings) that for every one he should hang 
he would hang three. This explains the following : A pioneer 



272 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

of our regiment, a withy, left-handed, tough and gimpy 
fellow, named Peck, got permission to go with the regimental 
foragers for one trip. So he mounted his mule and sallied 
forth. After reaching the foraging grounds on the extreme 
left flank of the army, the foragers divided into squads of 
four or six and went for the different houses thinly scattered 
through the country. The squad Peck was in, took a house 
furthest from the line of march, and had good luck. Tur- 
keys and chickens were plenty. They were about loaded 
when Peck spied a particularly tine turkey which he at once 
began to run down. He ran mider the house (set up on 
blocks fifteen or twenty inches) and Peck followed, seized his 
game, and was backing out when, as he emerged, he felt the 
smart jab of a bayonet, and was saluted with "Come out o' 

that, you Yankee," and found that he was a prisoner in 

the hands of a dozen as villainous looking guerrillas as ever 
existed, and his squad he saw were going across the open 
country to the main road for dear life. 

The Rebs immediately run him off two or three miles 
further, and came to a halt in a swamp. They then took a 
vote as to whether they should hang Peck then and there, or 
wait till they had captured enough for a mess. That vote 
was a trying- thing for Peck. The result was declared five 
for immediate dispatch and six in favor of catching some 
more Yanks and hanging them all together. They left one 
Reb to guard him and the rest started out to get some more. 
After they had disappeared the Reb says to Peck : — 

"Now, look yer, if you'ns tries ter get I'll shute, 'n 'yer'd 
better not try none o' yer dog goned Yankee tricks outer me." 

"Of course not," says' Peck; "but you must allow I 
ouo-hter have a drink o' water after running as far as I have." 

The Reb's horse and Peck's mule were hitched to a tree 
beside a In-ook, about three rods from them. The Reb gave 
Peck permission to go down to the brook and drink, with 



A EACE FOR LIFE. 273 

"none of yer monke}' shines, now," and the assurance of 
being shot dead if he walked in any other than the straight 
and narrow path. Peck started for the brook, determined to 
do or die. He went round the tree by the horse, stooping 
down apparently to drink, but reached up, pulled out the 
halter, gave the stallion a fearful kick, and as he sprang, 
swung into the saddle, with the Reb's bullets whistling around 
him. The Reb emptied the seven cartridges of his Sharp's 
carbine after him, then mounted the mule and put after him. 
Peck kept to the swamp, fearing to strike into the road on 
account of the other Rebs ; but he knew where the road lay, 
and after a while he made a venture and came out into it, and 
there, not ten rods behind him, was the gang of Rebs canter- 
ing leisurely along the road. 

He put his horse up to his best, and the Rebs didn't let 
any grass grow under their horses' feet, but on they came, 
firing and yelling. Peck lay first on one side of the horse's 
neck, and then on the other, just as the bullets came the 
most or least ; but, as luck would have it, no bullet touched 
Peck or his horse, and now it was a race, as the Rebs had 
emptied their carbines and would lose no time to re-load. 
As Peck was dashing along, it occurred to him that when they 
came out upon that road in the morning he noticed about 
twenty of Ivilpatrick's cavalry hidden behind the bushes in a 
place where a belt of timber crossed the road. His only 
chance lay in the cavalry not having moved and his ability to 
distance his pursuers. He scanned the outlook ahead, and 
could see no belt of timber near or far like the one seen in 
the morning, and he could see that the Rebs were gaining on 
him, when, as his hopes were fast sinking, a turn in the road 
disclosed the welcome sight of the belt of timber. But 
should the cavalry have moved his chances would be gone 
again. On, on he went, the Rebs yelling and certain of their 
prize, upon whom no second vote would be wasted, until as 



274 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Peck dashed through the opening his glad eyes took in the 
forms of the more than welcome cavalry. No sign did he 
make to them, for he was in full view of the Kebs who would 
take alarm at the slightest motion from him of the presence 
of friends; but he loudly whispered, "Let me through — 
take them as they come in." On he sped down the road, and 
on came the triumphant, unsuspecting Bebs, till, as they 
rushed by the timber, every one of them was covered by a 
good cavalry carbine, with the command "Halt! dismount!" 
Then Peck returned, relieved one Reb of his cap, another of 
his shoes, and gradually re-clothed himself, administering 
a rousing kick to each as he regained his wardrobe, of 
which they had robbed him. With the help of some of Kil- 
patrick's cavalry he escorted the ten captured Rebs to the 
provost-marshal, was given high praise for the masterly man- 
ner with which he had conducted, and returned to the regi- 
ment the third day, satiated with foraging, and looking ten 
years older than he did three days before." 

Crossing the next stream. Hanging Rock Creek, near a 
great natural curiosity, where the stream is reached between 
dreadfully steep banks, the Thirty-Third struck into a wretch- 
edly muddy, slippery road. "The men," says a diary, "slip- 
ping, stumbling, swearing, singing and yelling," making a few 
rods at a time and then stopping, reminding them of the 
horrible night march at Falmouth, after Fredericksburg. 
The morasses and mire about the Lynch Creeks, Little and 
Great, on March 1st, furnished opportunity for skilful pon- 
tooning and extensive corduroying, and for gentle patience on 
the part of the troops and mule drivers. They were not all 
angels in this respect. The engineering on roads and bridges 
being mostly done by the men standing up to their waists in 
water, and generally at night Avith the light of blazing 
torches, which looked in the distance, through the forests, like 
myriads of flickering fire-flies. 



bummer's plunder WAGOiN-LOADS OF MADEIRA. 275 

111 the absence of any fighting, the exciting event here- 
abouts, was the discovery of the safes of some of the Charles- 
ton Banks hid in the woods, some silver quarters and half 
dollars in them, very little gold, and millions of Confederate 
scrip, which at this stage of the war would hardly buy its 
weight in merchandise. March 2d, the Thirty-Third crossed 
the Big and Little Black Creeks, the rations only "meal and 
sow belly." The next day it entered Chesterfield, and in 
another march crossing Thompson's Creek, the regiments in 
the first and second divisions having some skirmishing, 
reached with the left wing, Sneedsboro' on the Great Pee-Dee, 
while the right wing entered Cheraw, right on the heels of 
Hardee. A darkey told Gen. Sherman the guerillas hurried 
out of Chesterfield "In sich a hurry you could have played 
cards on der coat tails." 

At Sneedsboro' the foragers of the third brigade brought 
in as per diary inventory, of Hart, "Four open buggies, one 
top do., one sulky, one hack with mules appropriate, all full 
of hams, shoulders, lard, meal, flour, sweet potatoes, dried 
apples, etc." Hazard adds a touch to this item of his fellow 
member, descriptive of foraging plunder at this or some other 
time. "A cow and mule hitched to a family carriage, the 
carriage loaded down with hams, bacon, flour, meal and inci- 
dentals ; a jackass in a trotting gig with a dozen hams swing- 
ing from the axletree and shafts ; a cow and a buggy ; mule 
and phaeton were frequent ; and one day a regular old stage 
coach came in, drawn by four animals of as many diflerent 
races, all loaded with food and goodies, turkeys and chick- 
ens. 'Our shop-lifter,' a discarded, supposed to be good- 
for-nothing drummer boy, detailed to the band, "came in 
dressed in a complete rebel naval oflicer's uniform, and 
mounted on a coal black stallion with hams and chickens, 
pails of honey and peach butter, bags of flour and eggs, 
hung around on all prominent points and bearings of the sad- 



276 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

die and equipments. Each of the band that night invited in 
one or two of the intimate friends we had among the privates 
and gave them a supper to be remembered." He was a "boss 
bummer," whatever he was as a drummer. There was some 
brilhant foraging in Cheraw, too. Gen. Frank P. Bh\ir, Jr., 
commanding the Seventeenth Corps, captured eight wagon 
loads of venerable Madeira in bottles covered with the dust 
and cobwebs of age, which had been sent there for safety by 
some of the ai'istocracy of Charleston. His troops got a 
ration or two of it. Piles of Charleston carpets furnished 
excellent saddle cloths and blankets for various headquarters. 

Among other prizes of war captured there, were thirty- 
six hundred barrels of gunpowder, twenty tons or so of it, 
and twenty-five guns, mostly twenty-pound Parrotts, which 
came from Charleston, and had sent acres of shells at our 
fleets ; one of the guns was a thirty pound Blakely with this 
now rather stale inscription on it, "To the sovereign State of 
South Carolina, By a citizen abroad, March 4th, 1861." With 
a propriety that was quite poetic, this gun and the others of 
the twenty-five were used to fire a National salute by the 
troops of the right wing, March 4th, 1865, just four years 
after, in honor of the second inauguration of Abraham Lin- 
coln as President. As if the old gun said, in honest hands 
now : "A fig for the sovereignty of a rebellious State." 

The gunpowder prematurely exploded and Cheraw had a 
genuine earthquake, houses were shaken to pieces and hill- 
sides torn out. It was here the old darkey explained to Gen. 
Sherman the movements of the rebels. "Dey frightened at 
de berry name of Sherman ; dey jumped into de river and 
some of dem lost dere bosses. It's de name of Sherman shu, 
and you keep a comin' and a comin' and dey allers git out ;" 
and he displayed the remains of his ivory. After a day's rest 
at Sneedsboro' the Twentieth Corps marched down to Cheraw, 
the Thirty-Third in the night's bivouac, burning up at their 



JOE JOHNSTON AGAIN. 277 

fires all the out buildings and garden fence in reach, and 
the next day passed through the broad elm-lined streets 
of Cheraw where half of the inhabitants had a "Mc" to their 
names from their Scotch ancestors ; marched by smoking 
cinders and still burning public buildings, over the pontoons 
across the great Pee-Dee River into North Carolina. The 
common bridge had been burnt as usual, but there wfs no 
attempt to oppose the passage of the wide stream. 

The defence of South Carolina by the "haughty Gascon," 
Beauregard, had been a farce, and Sherman despised his adver- 
sary accordingly. But it became a different matter now that Joe 
Johnston was restored to command, though reluctantly by 
Davis at the demand of southern leaders. Sherman just now 
received news of the change and prepared to keep his Armies 
well in hand, ready for any stealthy blow that he exi)ected 
his now formidable adversary to aim at any time at one of his 
columns. The rebel chief, however, had not the numbers he 
could once control, to hurl against Sherman. His old Arm 3^ 
w^ould never come to roll call again, its graves lined the road 
to Nashville, and recruiting in the Confederacy was about 
"played out," as the bummer expressed it. There was a 
noticeable difference between the "Old North State" and 
South Carolina. Every thing seemed more thrifty and tidy, 
the farms better managed, fences in good order and were 
more respected by the soldiers ; barns w^ere well built and not 
so promptly torn down for fire wood. The corn and cotton 
fields had not so shiftless and forlorn a look as in the State 
last marched through. There was more Union sentiment 
among the inhabitants that were left, and that seemed to the 
troops to account for a more respectable look of things, and 
did account for more respect by them for propei-t}^ though a 
good deal of forest and a good many buildings got afire here 
somehow. One old church the Thirty-Third made quick time 
with ; it was all down in ten minutes, but it did not seem to 
matter, for the natives here had little use for a church. 



278 THE THIKTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT. 

The tall pines in the forests bnrnt easily, for they had all 
been tapped to make tar, turpentine and resin, furnishino; the 
traditional employment of Xorlh Carolina people as per the 
geographies. The men found these pines made a beautiful 
flame, and in every direction the fatty pitch was blazing up, 
fillinir the air with black clouds of smoke and the smell of 
burning pitch. The burning of turpentine works was some- 
thing to remember, and was frequently seen, the flames some- 
times covering an acre, roaring like thunder and surging like 
the waves of the sea, dashing up a hundred or two feet high 
into fantastic shapes. There was so much bhick smoke and 
soot floating about that soldiers sometimes looked like negro 
regiments. The roads and weather for the few days' march 
after getting into North Carolina were variable ; sometimes 
rainy, the roads muddy, slimy, full of holes, the men slip- 
ping, sliding, stumbling over logs and pine stumps, the 
forests gloomy, then all was bright and sunny and pleasant, 
the roads sandy and good for marching, the trees when not 
afire filling the air with the perfume of the pine and cedar. 
Then rain again, in a perfect deluge, the country floating in 
water forming lakes, the roads a bog and beside them deep 
ditches. Roads had to be corduroyed by the men up to their 
knees in water. 

Some of the columns were enlivened with the pres- 
ence of regularly organized trains of refugees, loaded 
in all sorts of vehicles and outlandish crafts ; family coaches 
full of ladies of polite society, rheumatic old carriages and 
army wagons, containing poor whites, men, women and chil- 
dren ; country carts, farm wagons and nondescript riggings 
black with old aunties, gray negroes and little pickaninnies, 
and stacks of household goods and apparel that they 
were lugging away were crammed in, and were sticking out 
in every place. These motley trains were mostly under the 
charge of escaped Union soldiers. 



LUDICROUS TRAINS OF REFUGEES "fATVILLE" REACHED. 279 

The cavalry had a fight herealiouts, ^larch 9th, and 
the infantry had an excitement in the news that Hamp- 
ton suddenly surprised one of Kilpatrick's brigades, cap- 
tured their camp and his headquarters, that the redoubtable 
o-eneral escaped by running for dear life bare foot into 
the swamp; but that he rallied his men, made a plucky 
charge back on the rebels who stopped to plunder, recapt- 
ured his camp and headquarters and came off with glory. 
The flag and uniform of the general were saved by a refugee 
woman. 

After a while a guide board was reached with this 
laconic inscription on it, "lift 3 mils to Fatville," showing 
that phonetic refomi in spelling had broken out early here. 
Six days' march, the last dozen miles on a plank road, brought 
the army on the eleventh of ^larch to the place contemplated 
by the guide board, Fayetteville, according to the old fogy 
method of spelling, on the Cape Fear liiver, and onto the 
heels again of Hardee, who had just got across, burning his 
brido-e beliind him of course. Dinner was served in the sub- 
urbs to the Thirty-Third, on corn meal, doughnuts and flap- 
jacks, ham and other luxuries. The staid, church-going 
descendants of the old Covenanters, who had been the carpet- 
baggers of that section generations before, were suddenly 
startled that Sunday on which they were visited by our 
army, by the ungodly whistle of a steamer. It was a tug 
boat sent up the river from Wilmington by Gen. Terry who 
knew Sherman would be on time, and would come on the day 
fixed in his message. News was 1)rought from Washington 
ao-ain, and the mails were once more at hand. Sherman 
could not afford to spend much time over Fayetteville. Every 
day, he wrote Terry, was worth one hundred thousand dol- 
lars, and he proposed to be in Goldsboro', April 10th. He 
stopped long enough to demolish to pretty fine pieces, the 
maguificent Arsenal here, stolen bodily from the government 



280 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

by the enemy, with its millions of dollars' worth of machinery 
and material, and which Hardee would have lugged away 
with him, but it was too bulky. Of course, wrote Sherman, 
the srovernment will never trust North Carolina with an Arse- 
nal again. The Thii-ty-Third saw rising from its sightly 
eminence among the trees the smoke of its ruins, and the 
smoke of the public buildings as usual. The regiment 
marched with the left wing through the town in review before 
Sherman, Slocum aiid a Commodore; over the pontoons onto 
the plank road and then on — the cherry trees in blossom, 
elms and maples in leaf — after Hardee. He was soon met, 
and for two or three days' marches, there w^as a running 
skirmish witli his rear guard in which the third brigade took 
part. 

THE BATTLES OF AVERYSBORO' AND BENTONSVILLE. 

Kilpatrick found Hardee on the evening of the fifteenth at 
Taylor's Hole Creek, obstructing the road to Averysboro' and 
Raleigh, towards whicli latter place Sherman intended to 
make a feigned movement. Kilpatrick pushed on his men 
and had. quite a tussle, finding Hardee's infantry in force, in 
the narrow neck of land full of swamps, between the Cape 
Tear and Black liivers, in front of the junction of the Golds- 
boro' and Raleigh roads. He was endeavoring to retard 
Sherman's advance to give Johnston time to concentrate his 
Army farther in the rear to make a more determined resist- 
ance, Roger's brigade, now under Col. Hawley, in wdiich 
was th« Second Mass,, was sent ahead in the darkness and 
rain five miles, over a horrible road to support Kilpatrick, 
arrived and went into bivouac in position for the next day. 
Early that morning, the sixteenth, this brigade, supported by 
the cavalry on the flanks, moved forward with skirmishers, 
drove the rebel skirmishers and had a severe fight, maintain- 



Cogswell's skirmish line drives the enemy. 281 

ing their ground unsupported by any infantry for a long while 
against superior numbers. The enemy attacking vigorously 
with artillery and infantry, l)ut in vain. 

When the Thirty-Third came u}) about nine o'clock, 
it found the Second Mass. fighting with its accustomed 
gallantry, and the rest of the brigade lighting well, as 
it always did. It got out of ammunition and Cogs- 
well's brigade relieved it, threw out a skirmish line almost 
as heavy as a line of battle, which was put under com- 
mand, of Capt. Graves: two companies of the Thirty- 
Third were in it, and advanced, supported by the rest of the 
line on the South Carolina chivalry, which it drove out of 
their rifle pits for a mile or two through dense woods, over 
ridges and down through swamps, wading through water knee 
deep to within a hundred and fifty paces of heav}' works held 
in great force. The fighting here, up to this point, had been 
done altogether by the skirmish line, and they had been hard at 
it all day under a galling fire. While Cogswell's brigade had 
been pushing ahead on this part of the line, the first brigade 
of Ward's division advanced on the left and captured a sec- 
tion of artillery, and Hawley's brigade had l>eon thrown in 
again farther to the right, took the reljel line there, Rhetts' 
dismounted brigade of artillery in flank, drove them to their 
works ; both briii'a<les contributing to the ij^eneral success. 
The whole of Ward's division was engaged before the attack 
ended. The defences were too strong to be carried without 
too much sacrifice, and a halt was made for the night, and 
breast-works thrown up, and the rain set in. Not an inch 
w^as lost so far. The loss in the regiment was one man killed, 
Private Holbrook of Company H, one officer and nine men 
wounded. Gen. Cogswell in his official report of the opera- 
tions of his brigade in the Goldsboro' campaign, spoke of 
Capt. Graves in complimentary terms as follows: "I desire 
also to mention Capt. C. E. Graves, Thirty-Third Mass. Vol. 



282 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Infantry, for bravery, coolness and good judgemnt while com- 
manding the skirmish line, March 16th." Capt. Graves after- 
wards received the brevet of major for his gallant service this 
day. The brigade Ipst one hundred and eighteen men, more 
than the loss in any other brigade in the Corps. The losses 
in the Second Mass., as on many another field, were of lives 
much lamented. Capt. Grafton, an accomplished gentleman, 
killed in command of eight men, the remnant of Gen. Under- 
wood's old Company 1 ; Lieut. Storrow serving on Cogswell's 
staif, and seven brave men in the ranks. 

The next morning the enemy had gone. The whole 
division pushed on through the village of Averysboro', 
not a dozen houses in it, but all filled with the enemy's 
womided, deserted and starving. The next day, back, 
and struck ofi" over to the road to Goldsboro', Sherman's 
real objective, the left winff making a right wheel. The 
regiment forded Black River, the men mostly stripped to 
the buff, beloAV the waist. The day after, Sunday, the nine- 
teenth of March, as the regiment was jogging along enjoying 
the- balmy air of spring, snuffing in the delicious fragrance 
of the apple and peach blossoms, about noon a mounted 
officer rode up and reported that the Fourteenth Corps was 
fio-hting heavily ahead and the orders were to hurry up to the 
sound of the cannonading, where a battle was in progress in 
front of Bentonville. 

The attack on the left wing was from Johnston him- 
self, his first appearance on the scene since he was 
relieved from command before Atlanta. A Federal sol- 
dier who deserted from the enemy had just infoj-med Gen. 
Slocum that Johnston's whole Army was there, Bragg, Har- 
dee, S. D. Lee and Cheatham. Sherman after the repulse of 
Hardee at Averysboro' thought the road was safe to Golds- 
boro' and sent off his right wing, going with it himself. 
Johnston skilfully seized his opportunity, when he thought 



Cogswell's brigade in the battle of bentonville. 283 

that wing was at u safe distance, and hurled all his forces 
upon the other, as it was marching in tlank, hoping to crush 
each division as it came up, in detail. The advance of the 
Fourteenth Corps, Carlin's division, was attacked ahiiost as 
soon as it started upon the Goldsboro' road, at first by cav- 
alry ; its three brigades were deployed one after the other, 
then Morgan's division was put in as soon as it came up, and 
the whole line ordered to press on ; the left brigade met a 
superior force of the enemy's infantry advancing, and AV'as 
crushed in, and so was brigade after brigade. Johnston was 
making a great left wheel to sweep in Slocum's wing ; the 
rio^ht briofades of Morgan's division changed front and were 
faced about to fight an attack in the rear, and Davis put in 
his escort and train guard, but they were being overwhelmed 
and twisted by attacks on so many sides into a line like a 
corkscrew^ when Williams' and Ward's divisions of the 
Twentieth Corps formed a second line to check the enemy's 
advance and try and save the day. The Fourteenth Corps 
had been fighting against overwhelming odds, and some of it 
with the greatest pluck, but Carlin's division was badly used, 
and a good deal of it so badly demoralized, that "Acorn 
run" became a by- word with the Twentieth Corps. (An 
acorn was their Corps badge). Xo troops could have fought 
better than Morgan's. 

Williams' old division, now under Gen. Jackson, was 
first put in on Davis' left. There was an interval between 
the two Avhere one of Davis' brigades had l^een driven 
out, and late in the afternoon Cogswell's brigade was put 
into this interval, deployed in two lines, three regiments 
in the first, and two in the second, the Thirty-Third on 
the right flank of the second line. The brigade advanced, 
the right in a wood thick with underbrush, and suddenly 
came upon a rebel brigade moving to occupy the same inter- 
val for mischief. The two lines were so amazed at each 



284 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

other's sudden appearance that neither fired a shot, and 
the leading rel)el regiment, the Twenty-Sixth Tenn., being 
practically cut off, surrendered as prisoners, Capt. Bias- 
land of the Thirty-Third taking their colors ; the rest of 
their brigade retreated so that nearly all the lost ground here 
was recovered. Cogswell's brigade was theiL moved to the 
risfht to connect with Morgan's division of the Fourteenth 
Corps, and advanced into a most terrific fire of the enemy's 
main line, taking it unflinchingly, though, under as much 
cover as it could find, and firmly maiiitaining its ground into 
the nio-ht. The fiorhting had been fierce along the rest of the 
Twentieth Corps line, but the enemy could not drive it or 
Morgan, and so Johnston's attempt to destroy the left wing 
in detail was battted by hard fisfhtinof and ijood luck. The 
Thirty-Third was not nuich engaged, except its skirmishers 
on the right flank. It had five wounded. 

This battle, says Van Horn, "Takes rank among the great 
decisive battles of the war." Eight brigades of infantry resisted 
the whole army of the enemy, behind substantial defences. 
Johnston's force was estimated at thirty thousand. He says in 
his "Narrative" that he only had about fifteen thousand 
besides-his cavalry. It was the last battle of the Thirty-Third 
and of Sherman's Armies. The regiment threw up works that 
night but the pickets were all quiet. The next day the brigade 
w\as relieved by the brigade of the Fourteenth Corps which had 
been driven out and joined its own division. The whole left 
wing remained under arms on the defensive. Sherman's 
object was delays until his whole Army was up. The second 
day after the battle, the right wing was back and Sherman 
w^ith it, presenting a long and sufiieiently formidable front. 
Gen. Mower had a sharp fight with his division, made an 
opening in the enemy's line, and a skirmish was ordered 
along the Avhole front, but nothing decisive came of it, as 
Sherman had directed there should be no general battle. 



JUNCTION WITH rKlUn AM) SCUOFIKLI) AT GOLD.SHOKO'. ^85 

Johnston's opportunity hud })assed, the right wing was after 
Cox's Bridge in his rear, over the Neuse Kiver, and he slipped 
away. Before he left, the Thirty-Third Mass. and Twenty- 
Sixth Wis. made a reconnoisance, in which shots were 
exchanged, and one man was mortally wounded in the 
reoiment. 

The road to Goldsboro' was now clear, and the march 
w^as resumed for that city. It was a fearful road for a part of 
the distance, if it was open. The wind was a hurricane, and 
sand and smoke flew promiscuously, though everything else 
was summer ; if it was March, peach and cherry trees 
were in full blossom and already leaved out. Xear Cox's 
Bridije troops were passed belonging to a Corps never met 
before, the Tenth, and in it, one full division of full blooded 
Africans, as good looking troops as any, if they were sable. 
They w^ere the troops of Terry from Wilmington, and his 
junction with Sherman was thus successfully made. The 
Thirty-Third with the rest of its column passed over the river 
on pontoons, and on the twenty-fourth of March into Golds- 
boro'. In passing through Goldsboro' that day, the army 
marched in review before Sherman and Slocum and other 
o-enerals. The veterans of so many successful campaigns 
who had marched from the mountains to Atlanta, from there 
to the sea, and from there through the Carolinas to the sea 
ao-ain, marched proudly before their wonderful leader, proud 
of their battle flags inscribed with their victories, and not 
only the veteran troops in regular marching order, 1)ut the 
veteran bununers too, marched in review with their ludicrous 
mounts and go-carts, barouches, down to wheelbarrows loaded 
with all sorts of plunder, trophies of their victories as well, 
and all Goldsboro' noted that significant part of the proces- 
sion. It found here the troops of Gen. Schofield, of the 
Army of the Ohio, last from Newbern, comrades in the hard 
campaign from Chattanooga through the mountains, and not 



286 THE THnrry-THiiiu Massachusetts infantry. 

seen since Atlanta, the victors with the rest of Thomas' 
Army in the battle of Nashville ; cheer on cheer went np to 
o-reet them. Sherman's plans had been successfully worked 
out. After four hundred and tweuty-tive miles had been 
tramped, from Savannah to Goldsboro', in winter, large rivers 
crossed, the two last battles of Sherman's Armies fought, the 
sea was reached again. That campaign Avas ended, and the 
congratulatory order was read. The troops were promised 
rest and repairs ; they needed both badly. They had been 
marching steadily tifty days, part of the march known as "the 
forty days in the wilderness" ; ,had worn their clothing pretty 
much to tatters and had not had time to wash even what they 
had left. They were dirty and ragged, as well as saucy, and 
were something else which was descriptive of tenants that had 
lodgings inside their flannels. Brooks with plenty of water 
in them were in demand. Soap was issued, the first for a 
long while. Quartermasters were busy in getting clothing 
and issnins: it. The commisaries likewise as to rations. 
There was a plenty of both at hand. Pickles were among the 
luxuries, and to get pickles at that stage of the Army's pro- 
ceedinffs was an event in the soldiers' lives. Sherman was as 
jrood a o-eneral in looking ahead for the material wants of his 
Armies, as he was in anticipating where the enemy would 
strike. The Wilmington Railroad was run to its utmost 
capacity day and night ; whistles were heard screaming on the 
Neuse River, as well as from locomotives. The men were 
ordered to lay out substantial camps a mile or two outside the 
city on hills, in fragrant pine forests. Tents were stock- 
aded up with small pines and other accessible timber. Bunks 
were built ui), tables and shelves and other luxuries were 
added ; at any other period of the war these would have been 
certain signs that orders to march would come pretty soon. 
Company and battalion drills took place. There was style 
again, guard-mountings, dress-parades and inspections. It 



STYLE AGAIN IN CAMl'. THE MALDEN " .SCHOOLIMAiai ." 2S7 

w;is Lynntield and Stallbrd Court House. A ton or two oi 
mails came. Foraging was good. A party sent out l)y the 
Tliirty-Third, after making a little excursion of ten days, 
returned with six buggy-loads of stuti', including a "school 
marni," a poor forlorn Massachusetts girl from Maiden, Cutter 
by name, who had not seen home for six years ; had been 
shut up in the rebel lines, since the war l)roke out, and who 
regarded every member of the Thirty-Third Mass. as her 
l)lood relation ; the claim was in no instance repudiated. She 
was respectfully and tenderly forwarded to the dear old Bay 
State. 

Col. James Wood, jr., of the One Hundred and Thirty- 
Sixth N. Y., who had formerly commanded the brigade down 
to Atlanta, came back here to his regiment from his long 
leave of absence, was heartily welcomed by the Thirty-Third, 
and was duly serenaded by the band. He was much respected 
by the regiment, and recalled pleasant memories of past 
campaigns. 

While the Armies of Sherman were resting here, in 
delicious camp-life again, their ever restless leader was 
busy. He took a run down to the coast in a locomotive, 
then steamed up to City Point to meet Gen. Grant, talked 
over plans Avith the lieutenant-general and President Lincoln, 
whose good soul rebelled against another battle, and hurried 
back to put his part into execution. The principal objective 
of both Grant and himself was, as he wrote Grant before 
starting, with the help of the commander-in-chief, to "check- 
mate Lee, forcing him to unite Johnston with him, in the 
defence of Richmond, or abandon the cause." "If he leaves 
Richmond, Virginia leaves the Confederacy." He promised 
Grant to start April 10th, and hurried back as rapidly as he 
went to complete preparations. AVhile on his visit he 
arranged with Gen. Grant and the President for a reorganiz- 
ation of his Armies, which was now ordered. Gen. Terry's 



288 THE TIIII!TY-THIin> MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Tenth Corps wjis added to Gen. Schoficld's command, the 
Army of tlic Ohio, making it now of two Corps, Terry's 
Tenth and Cox's Twenty-Third. The two Corps under 
Slocum, the Fourteenth and Twentieth, were now consti- 
tuted a distinct army, called the "Army of Georgia," as they 
had been hitherto informally. No longer to be of Gen. 
Thomas' Army of the Cuml)erland. But their fighting was 
all done, and their battles were all battles of the glorious old 
Army of the Cumberland. As only an army commander 
could by the regulations grant disc-harges, order court- 
martials, etc., Sherman deemed it necessary that the army 
commander of these two Corps should be with them in the 
field, as he could not be, while they remained a part of the 
Army of Thomas who was still in Tennessee. Brig. -Gen. 
Williams who had commanded the Twentieth Corps since Atlanta 
and had fought it well, had commanded the old Twelfth Corps a 
long while, and who was loved as old "pap Williams," and 
believed in thoroughly, a general of the Mexican war, was 
sent back to his division, and Maj.-Gen. Mower was assigned 
to the command of the Corps. Gen. Mower was such a 
fighter, no better than Williams though the Corps believed, and 
exposed himself and officers during the campaign so, that it was 
said that "Three successive sets of his staff'-officers were in 
Heaven." Sherman says in his "Memoirs," "I had especially 
asked for Gen. Mower to command the Twentieth Corps 
because I regarded him as one of the boldest and best fighters 
[n the whole army * * Gen. A. S. Williams * * had 
commanded the Corps well from Atlanta to Goldsboro', and 
it may have seemed unjust to replace him at that precise 
moment. But I was resolved to be prepared for a most des- 
perate, and as then expected, final battle, should it fall on 
me." 

Sherman had scarcely left Grant when the latter 
moved on the relel capital, and things were drawing to a 



NEWS OF THE FALL OF RICHMOND. LEE'S SUKRENDEK. 289 

crisis. On the sixth day of April, news readied Goldsboro' 
that llic'hmond and Petersburf^ had fallen, and that the rebel 
government had taken their carpet-bags and left. All was 
excitement at once. The camps were wild with rejoicings, 
and kept them up into the night ; cheers and band playing 
and singino; and extreme conviviality lasted till the small 
hours. With the despatch from Gen. Grant announcing the 
capture of the rebel strongholds came the injunction from 
him, "Push on from where you are, and let us see if we 
cannot tinish the job with Lee's and Johnston's Armies." 
The telegram Mas read at evening parade and kindled the 
enthusiasm of the men. Sherman had already promised to 
start on the tenth. Rations were issued for three days' bread 
and ten days' sugar, salt and coftee in haversacks, and for 
twenty days rations in wagons. That meant a campaign of 
thirty days. On the morning of the tenth of Apnl, reveille 
in the Thii-ty-Third was half-past three o'clock, and the regi- 
ment marched with its Corps through Golbsboro' out on the 
Smithtield road. The three Armies marched at the same time 
in the same direction, straight for Johnston's Army and as 
rapidly as possible. Sherman believed that Johnston and 
Lee would make a junction if possible, but, if they did, he 
did not fear both of them together, with the veteran Armies 
he had in hand. The head of the left wing was delayed by 
Wade Hampton's cavalry. The day after, the Fourteenth and 
Tw'entieth (yorps entered Smithtield, the advance guard fight- 
ing the enemy in the streets. On the twelfth, next day, 
when the Thirty-Third which had hitched along after the 
wagon train, entered the town, the glorious news came that 
Lee's Army had surrendered on the ninth, to the Army of 
the Potomac, at Appomattox. The message from Grant was 
announced by Sherman in an order to the troops. It reached 
the Thirty-Third in the main street of Smithfield. In the 
order was a brief "Te Deum" ; "Glory to God and our 



290 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSP:TTS REGIMENT. 

country, and all honor to our comrades in arms towards whom 
Ave are marching ! " "Amen" said the troops, "Let us march 
riirht alons!," and broke out into the noisiest demonstnitions. 
They saw the end approaching ftist. They cheered and 
shouted and yelled themselves hoarse ; the bands played their 
wind out. The Twentieth Corps exulted that it had fallen to 
the lot of their old comrades of the Army of the Potomac to 
capture the Army of Northern Virginia at last. The Thirty- 
Third was so light of foot that day, that it overtook Kilpat- 
rick's cavalry after crossing the Neuse. Kilpatrick had had a 
fight with Hampton and captured a load of ex-Governors. 
Johnston was steadily falling back. On the 13th the advance 
of the Armies reached Raleigh, the City of Oaks. The Thirty- 
Third got near enough to see the tops of the oaks and tops of 
the houses and were then marched to one side. The city had 
surrendered, and Gen. Sherman's headquarters were in Gov. 
Vance's "palace," a musty old pile of brick, skinned of its 
furniture by the fugitive Governor, and the old flag was flying 
from the capitol where the rebel rag had floated four years. 
There was a rest of three days for some reason, at and about 
Kaleigh. On the evening of the third day, the sixteenth of 
April, iifter taps, cheers were suddenly heard in a distant 
division ; then they were taken up by division after division, 
and came nearer and nearer ; then a band struck up "The star 
spangled banner," then another and another. The news soon 
came into camp that Johnston had surrendered. There was 
no more sleep that night. It had come at last, the end longed 
for, for weary years ; no more battles ; peace had come, 
home and the dear ones were a matter of a few days. The 
sensations that night of the war-weary veterans, who had 
been three long years from home, and who looked back to the 
battles and campaigns of three years — then to what was 
before them — will be remembered with a thrill for a life-time. 
It was a wild night and cannot be described, any words of 



NEAVS OF THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 291 

the writer would seem tame to the old soldiers who were 
there that night. There was the greatest thirst for news ; 
every oflBcer and man in the ditlerent commands seemed 
to be circulating all night long about the different head- 
quarters where there was supposed to be any information ; 
and there was an all pervading thirst too for the "critter 
that cheers" without any regard to its other potency. Men 
who rarely took it, took it that night, and men Avho were in 
the habit of taking it, took a good deal. Even that powerful 
siren could hardly lull the army to sleep that eventful night. 
The next day, joy Avas turned into mourning. The terrible 
news came that President Lincohi was assassinated. There 
was no such gloom in the army since the war broke out. 
Everything else was forgotten, even peace and home. Presi- 
dent Lincoln was endeared to the country, but in a special 
sense to the army. The Twentieth Corps remembered the 
great and good President with fondness, as they had last seen 
him, reviewing the Army of the Potomac at Falmouth. The 
guard about Raleigh, was strengthened for fear the army 
Avould take dreadful vengeance on that city. Johnston and 
his generals in the interview Avith Sherman, noAv become 
historic, expressed as much horror of the crime as our own men. 
For the next day or tAvo, particulars of the surrender of John- 
ston Avere aAvaited, but none came. It became a dreadful 
suspense. Then it Avas announced in orders that a staff-officer 
had gone to Washington to get the approval of the govern- 
ment of the terms of the surrender. The only thing to do 
was to Avait patiently. Preparations Avere made to stay 
aAvhile, and a regular camp Avas laid out. The Corps Avas 
ordered into the city for a review before Gen. Sherman. 
The days of revicAvs now Avere numbered, and their great 
chieftain Avould proudly survey his bronzed veterans ; and 
they could fondly catch his eye, but a fcAv times more at best. 
HoAV thin the hard campaigns had made the ranks I The 



292 THE THIRTY-THIKD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Thirty-Third made only six small companies ; the Second 
Mass., a year longer in service, only two, and it was in com- 
mand of a captain. That day the Thirty-Third was selected 
as headquarters guard of their division commander, and 
ordered to encamp upon the green turf in the grounds of the 
Lunatic Asylum, a pretentious pile of buildings of which the 
city of Kaleigh l)oasts. The detail ended picketing, now, if 
not forever, and afforded leisure for making an acquaintance 
with the capital of North Carolina, the city of an educated 
and relined })eople, the best families, the F. F. N. C.'s, the 
pure bloods i'rom the stock of the followers of the noble earl 
whose name their city bears. A neat and clean city, with 
spacious houses, line public buildings, and wide streets. 
Nature was more beautiful than architecture in the streets 
that season, in April ; magniticent oaks and elms were in the 
perfection of foliage, velvety lawns closely shaven, violets, 
roses, lilies, lilacs and apple trees in full ])loom, and the air 
was filled wath their fragrance ; beautiful and delightful, but 
it was not home, not half so delightful as the spring east 
winds of Massachusetts that were blowing around the firesides 
of those who were waiting for them. Nor half so intcjresting 
as the boxes from home that had arrived here, though they 
had been three months on the way. The Lowell city box 
was full of sensil)le things as usual, and everything in good 
condition ; other boxes had eatables, condition of contents 
disappointing. There were frequent serenades here. The 
band reported enjoying on its rounds such luxuries as "mint 
juleps" and "milk punch." 

Gen. Grant arrived in Raleigh after ten days stop of the 
troops, in and about the city, reviewed them, and then orders 
came to march towards the enemy. It was an unaccountable 
proceeding, but there was nothing to do but obey. A days 
march was made out on the Fayetteville Pike to Holly 
Springs. Then there was a halt of two days. Then came 



johnston'8 surrender, the mojmeward march. 293 

the news, on the twenty-eighth of April, that it Avas really all 
over at last. Johnston had surrendered for good, and then 
the mystery was all explained. Sherman's terms with John- 
ston were not approved by the new President, Johnson, and 
Secretary Stanton ; Grant's terms with Lee were then sub- 
stituted and accepted by Johnston, and his Army would now 
at last lay down its arms, and surrender its standard to 
Sherman's victorious and exultant veterans. There was not 
the exciting freshness in the rejoicings there vvas Avhen the 
thrilling news came the week before, but they were genuine, 
there was no chance for doubt now, and they made up for any 
omissions before. When the regiment arrived back again at 
its old camp in the asylum grounds in Raleigh, fire works 
blazed in the streets and in the air : torch light processions 
were going on, bands were playing, singing and cheering and 
other vents for rejoicing were in order till very late hours, 
repeating some of the j^articulars on the former occasion. 
Sherman left his Armies that night to attend to matters 
farther South. The next day at parade it was announced in 
the orders that hostilities had ceased, the war was over, and 
the march to Washington would commence next day. The 
next day, Sunday, April 30th, the regiment made a farewell 
march through Raleigh and started for Richmond, for the 
Potomac; and, better than all, for home. The orders pre- 
scribed a march of fifteen miles a day. But the daily 
marches generally proved to be longer, and Avhen 
some division was to be headed ofi", or the division gen- 
erals raced to see who could be at a point first, the 
marches were strung out twenty or thirty odd miles, 
as if a battle were impending somewhere. The line of march 
of the Thirty-Third Mass., and generally of the Twentieth 
Corps, "from Raleigh" was north-easterly, across the Neuse 
River and the Tar, along the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad 
across the Roanoke Valley Railroad, then the State line into 



294 THE THIRXr-THIRU MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

"Old Virginny," for the first time since September, 1863. 
The brigade had a sort of informal jubilee at crossing the 
Virginia State line, which was marked by an army cracker- 
box cover, so that it might have been called an official guide- 
board. Gen. Cogswell sent word to the Thirty-Third band, 
and it played as the second line was crossed again, "Oh 
carry me back to Old Virginny." Then across the Eoanoke 
River, striking the Boydton Plank road, the other end 
of which had seen hard fighting ; crossing it, and then the 
Meherriu Kiver, the season of the year. May, being 
in that country, our full summer in forwardness, the 
oak woods in full leaf, tobacco growing thriftily, wheat fields 
waving in the wind, flowers by the wayside, and strawberries 
ripe. After crossing the Meherrin River, the march led to 
the Lewiston Plank road, and on it a dozen miles, making 
very easy marching, then across the Nottaway and Little 
Nottaway Rivers, the Petersburg and Lynchburg or Southside 
Railroad, at Blacks and Whites Station ("no distinction on 
account of color") meeting here for the first time troops of the 
Army of the Potomac last seen at Gettysburg, the Sixth Corps, 
in it the Thirty-Seventh Mass. ; then on through by-lanes and 
cow-[)aths, woods and swamps, across the Appomattox River, 
passing some of Sheridan's men, by Clover Hill coal mines, 
across Swift Creek and Falling Creek, through Manchester, 
where the right wing joined the left, passing the Twenty- 
Fourth Corps drawn up in line as a salute ; theFourtieth Mass. 
with spruce clothes and shiny boots, not looking much like 
the bummers, but cheering the Thirty-Third lustily, and after 
three days' halt for rest, on the eleventh day of May, the regi- 
ment crossed the James, and marched into Richmond at last, 
nearly three long years in getting there ; marching and fight- 
ins:, in such long and weary and memorable campaigns. How 
the ranks of the Thirty-Third had been thinned since it started 
out from Lynnfield, so full to the maximum, so grandly fitted 



IN RICHMOND AT LAST. 295 

out, SO full of hope and expectation in August, 1862 ; to 
march "on to Richmond I" Out of the twelve hundred men, 
only a hundred or two left now. How many graves had it left 
on the long march, of the faithful and the brave ! How many 
dropped out for wounds or disease ! The Second^ Mass. had 
been four years to a day in reaching Kichmond since their 
Camp Andrew was established at Brook Farm, and their 
official existence began. Of their original officers, only four 
remained of the thousand men, less than one hundred. 
Remembering the past, and what Richmond had been to the 
Federal soldiers of the war, the march through Richmond 
was a memorable one. Gen. Halleck, who had come to 
Richmond, ordered the army to pass in review before him. 
Sherman arrived from the South just before the march began. 
When he heard of the order, he is reported as saying, "Not 
hy a d — d sight, my Army will go through Richmond at right 
shoulder shift, and go where they d — n please." Sherman 
says in his "Memoirs," "This I forbade; all the army knew 
of the insult that had been made me by the Secretary of AVar 
and Gen. ilalleck, and watched me closely to see if I would 
tamely submit." The army did march at right shoulder shift 
through the crowded streets of the many hilled, rebel city, 
the crowds remarkable apparently for the quantities of yellow 
darkeys; passing memorable placfes and objects, Belle Isle, 
Libby Prison, now the residence of Commissioner Ould and 
other rebels. Castle .Thunder, the noble capitol, and the 
Washington equestrian statue, coming to shoulder arms here 
for the tirst time, out of respect to the "Father of his country," 
then at right shoulder shift again, by the brick White House 
of the rebel President, and after but a few hours' enjoyment 
of a pleasure that had l^een looked forward to for long years, 
out into a night's camp beyond the city. From Richmond, 
the march was most of the way nearly due north, across 
Brook Creek, through Chickahominy and the Chickahominy 



296 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 

Swamp. How the men recalled the gallant fight! no^, the pluck 
and the deplorable losses of the Army of the Potomac in the 
McClellan campaign ! Then through Ashland, leaving Han- 
over Court House to the right, across the Richmond and 
Potomac Railroad, the South Anna, New Found River, Little 
River, the Virginia Central Railroad the North Anna River, 
the Mat, Ta, Po, and Ny, branches of the Mattapony River, 
through Spottsylvania C. H., and over the battle field, 
marks everyAvhere here of the fearful fighting, houses riddled 
with balls and shells, so that one diary says they are "well 
ventilated." In the forests around the town, not one tree in 
twenty standing, thousands of mounds, that told their dread- 
ful story, and the loose skull and lione, what they omitted. 
Then along the bloody line of march in Grant's and Meade's 
campaign, through the Wilderness into a night's camp, May 
15th, on the battle-field of Chancellorsville. The regiment 
knew the ground well, went over it thoughtfully. It was 
there in May, two years before. The members strolled along 
the Plank Road, to where they were in reserve that afternoon, 
hunted for their knapsacks, left there by order for a little 
while, to wit, two years, and found some of the mouldy relics, 
went out onto the hill where they laid that night with 
Birney's division. The other troops, as they visited the field, 
now saw how it all was. Saw where the Eleventh Corps was 
.swuno- out wMtli flank and rear unpi-otected, where it was sud- 
penly surprised, and how it was driven jn and fell back. The 
Thirty-Third looked it all over without a blush for its Corps. 
In the two years, as part of the Twentieth Corps, it had made 
a record that was proof it could fight as well as any troops in 
the two armies, and that the misfortune of Chancellorsville 
was not its fault. From here it was a familiar road down to 
United States Ford, the same way as before, in May, 1863, 
across the Rappahannock, dinner at Hartwood Church, as 
before, then over the road marched in going to Gettysburg, 



THE (iltEAT KEMKAVS AT WASHINGTON. 297 

across P^lk and Cedar Runs, through VVeavcrville, in sight of 
Catlet's Station. Turning off' then to the eastward, from the 
route of Gettysburg through Brentsville, the regiment per- 
manent (one night's) summer camp, the day as hot as when 
the phice was last visited ; over Broad Run and Bull Run, by 
Fairfax Station, the woods cut off too much alonsr to look 
natural, on the Alexandria turnpike. into camp on the 19th, for 
three or four days' rest near Fairfax Seminary, one of the 
first camps of the regiment. 

On the twenty-third and twenty-fourth of May, took 
place the great reviews ; on the first day, that of the Army of 
the Potomac, on the next day, that of the Armies of Sherman, 
the Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Georgia. 
The twenty-fourth of May was a proud and glorious day for 
the men of Sherman's Armies. A memoralde march. Over 
the Long bridge again, around the capitol, up Pennsylvania 
Avenue, through the countless throngs that crowded the 
streets, the doorways and windows and balconies, their great 
commander at their head, the observed of all eyes ; after him 
the great generals who had made their records, then, in turn, 
the Avar-scarred and toughened veterans who had made their 
immortal record, had fought the great battles of the west, and 
were fresh from their victorious march, two thousand miles 
from the mountains to the sea. As they moved on in firm 
ranks, with steady bayonets, brigade after brigade, division 
after division, corps after corps, for six and a half hours, 
seventy thousand of them, the great throngs that watched 
them all day seemed wild . with their welcome ; cheered and 
cheered, heaped flowers and garlands upon them, even on the 
horses of the ofiicers, and in every extravagant way expressed 
their gratitude. INIore observed even than the ranks, were 
their torn and dingy colors, their shreds of flags and broken 
flag-stafis, covered with battle names, though they could not 
be read, which told the work they had done. Proudly the 



298 THE THIRTY-THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INb'ANTRY. 

old regiments that day carried along these precious symbols 
of their victories and their valor. Proudly as the rest, the 
Thirty-Third Mass. carried along its torn tlags, the national 
color and the white Hag of the State, inscribed with the l)attle 
names as honorable as the rest ; Fredericksburg, Chancellors- 
ville, Beverley's Ford, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, or Lookout 
Valley, Missionary Ridge, iKnoxville, Buzzard's Roost. Resaca, 
Cassville, New Hope Church, Kulp's Farm, Kenesavv Mountain, 
Atlanta, Savannah, Averysboro', Bentonville ; along the avenue 
with its comrades of many a campaign, it marched in their last 
march together, sharing with the rest this magniticeut wel- 
come of the nation, past Willard's, around by the Treasury, 
up to the reviewing stand, their disabled old colonel, Under- 
wood, looking on them there with longing, moistened eyes, 
past the reviewing officer, the President of the United States 
and his cabinet, looking on their beloved commanders, Sher- 
man, Slocum and the others for the last time, and so on till 
the last crowds and the streets were passed, and then out of 
the city, three miles beyond into a beautiful wooded camp on 
the banks of the eastern branch of the Potomac. Here to wait 
two weary weeks, that seemed an age, till every necessary pre- 
liminary required by the regulations was attended to, and the 
necessary muster-out rolls were carefully completed by the 
best writers in the regiment, the last camp-kettle and tent-pin 
accounted for, before they could start home. On the first 
Sunday in camp here, they were visited by their old colonel. 
An extract from a diary is given on this subject, as one of 
mixed interest to the visiting gentleman in shoulder straps. 
"Gen. Underwood came out to see the regiment, he was very 
much pleased to see us, and we wei"e to see him. He was too 
tired to make us a speech. He has to walk with a crutch and a 
cane ; looks natural, l)ut a good deal older than he used to. 
The regiment fell in, and stood in line to receive him, and 
we greeted him with nine cheers, and the band struck up 



MUSTEKEI) OUT. HOME FINATJ.Y. 299 

'Hail to the chief.' He stayed most all the afternoon, and we 
had dress parade for his benetit. Theie were one hundred 
men detailed this morning to clean up camp because he was 
coming. Sundays aren't no account compared with shoulder 
straps." The old colonel's Sunday inspections were doubtless 
not forgotten b}^ the officer of the day or the men either. 

On the tenth day of June, two months only short of their 
full three years' term of service, the Thirty-Third Mass. was 
mustered out of the United States service, to the great joy of 
its surviving members. The next day they took the train 
from Washington, were in the streets of Baltimore again at 
midnight, breakfasted at the Union Association Rooms next 
morning in Philadelphia, halted at the Soldiers' Rest, New 
York, in the afternoon, being received all day with cheers 
and waving of handkerchiefs ; slept on the " Plymouth Rock," 
down the Sound, nuirched next morning through the streets of 
dear old Boston, had a public reception in Faneuil Hall, with 
speeches from the old adj't.-gen. of the state, Schouler, and their 
first colonel, Maggi ; took the train to Readville ; wevefurlonghed 
home till they were finally paid otl', and then the Thirty-Third 
IVLiss. Infantry Regiment passed into history. 



RECORD 



OF THE 



THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT INFANTRY 



MASS A OHU SETTS VOL UNTEERS. 



1861-1865. 



COPIED FROM VOLUINIE II OF THE RECORDS OF THE 
MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEERS, 1861-1865, AS PUB- 
LISHED BY THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL, UNDER 
A RESOLVE OF THE GENERAL COURT. 



COBBECTED BY THE AUTHOR. 





o 


H 


a) 


^ 


1-1 


< 


0) 


fe 


M 


"A 


S 


t— 1 






0) 






v 




H 


1 


H 


r-i 


W 




x 


K 




> 


h*il 




O 




<1 




rr 


o 


CO 




< 


C-l 


^ 










o 


Q 


o 


P5 


^ 



I 



ci <P 






2 .£P;i ■■ 



i: ^ = « ~ ^ 









> ^ rv''C r^ ^ 00 X 'w +j 
I >-.':3 '!« s -s >><'=" X 

u ^" -■■-«• u :j -T — ." 

• m — 

3 5 7^ g = 

; Z3 [j f^ -i; ~ 



I! 



.H3 . 

U . jj <u 

^7D O 



> 


> 

PP 


6 






> 6 c 



111 i I 
= 's ?; S «^ ^ c 



63 ® 



= cc^' £ 25 '*^ 



i "^ ' £ — ^ '• '. — ' " "-I 5 ?( - ~ .5 '■'"- ^ ^ 



t. > — -r — 

5 ^ 2J < ?' 



5i 'A "," 



^^ ^ ■/" '^a — staH ^1 ^t« i 






'~. 5 '-^•^ 



t S.or.o 



.-j . .2-6.2 . 

fcio-s a2 a-S a 
<u t- ^ » <u t" a) 

-fT '" , ic*co 10 »o «3 
CO '-c --r+^ "^ CD :£ o o 

O^S Q^XOOQO«JaO 

2^ So a)-"^'-'--'^ 

3 ?? 01 « 3 






pp 



' r* re -H -t* c<i c-i '^^ CO -h -+< -ti M fO M r» :o CO (M -fi M c-i c-3 ri M r» (M 



JC O to c 

-p CO «j co'— "lo'crorc-rccrrcrrirrt-'t-^crt-^co'c 



C4 w rj " 



: >-.-r; -w 



< '-' ir! '^ 



r-*lN rH r-l'-'O^O^tWC 



Ol O* Cv* OJ Of CO CO CO CO 

.-1 w IN — t-l 






>- o — t- ^ 

o Q> ^ a ^ 



o o 

4) "5 














c 
> 










i 

c 










S 
£ 








. c 

i 







55J?;2iza^ni<;?rH_:^,i:cq?:;e:jKcr.HZia-:;fq_:(XiHSOC2S5-:!:5«a2a;2;^i-; 



!»"0 0-t<»XOC-*O^COCOX( M IX | I l-H | ICOCO^OJI; 

Mcooocococoo^^^■*>cococolMO^Io^l I lc<i Icicocoroco 



c^ CD uo CO r— tc fN. 



CO(N-JHWCO I OIIMC^COCOCJC^ 






ro 



.2 s o S "S" 

« 2 „-S 



o =;; 

- 5 ^ -^ ^ a' _* 
cSt? ;>i5' cW o 



■ ■ ti 

t- . ^ +i ^ 

tfi-3 



«s c •::?*f a St £P _-^ o -= 9 - ' 
S j£i* o " b.S s^ «f r5 c_.-K 



c3 a 
?= rt S^ a .0 _^ _. 



w aa 
acs c« „ 



: X .s -3 "^i s ^ a a 



cc M o » >: I.*' .. 

, CQ t- fcc^ < t-. 

c s a ^ o . « 

'"a-2 !£■§-.£ 



P S C ~ « t .^ 



-H o>a 



Tlc^JOg £ ^^1 g 






•* £ — £ 2 



cu o 



S C 



.5?'E* '5. 'a .£f 'S ". 2 .3?* ■- " ? " ^. — 



— :_5 ^«5 -p bn):_5 i ; - -c S ^ 






-a> ?j 



. 2 C 1> 



a; T^ 9 ^1 O 

O -^ S H ^ "? c3 -: O ^ 



^ c3 -»- ^ :^ o O 












II llllllllll 



h m 



■ ■''^ OJ 0^ OJ 
t/j CO M 

o o o^ 

o o ^ ^ 
C 6 CS S cS — ' 

a'S, 3. .• 
X K X 5r 



jy "^ CO 25 o ,' 



in 10 *^ 'o o 

--' — — CO o 

X. X _ 

- .0) 



fo 



o:r:rooco:o:o:ooto^cot„wV_-0"0:-> 



!D— ^Xt'CO'-^tSt- 







U- 



UJ 



>?.°T O-S 



*■ m -> ''S 

c S3g 



a-3 
2^- 



. 0) 3 0) 



S <« o r ; , • ** • 



S^?? • oi cS t; e« (S ' 




"a^ S S ?c— '5 



^^SS 



— a -2^ i' . 73 .S ~^ <1 " 

t- s S s S b t. S s ii tx) c. 



OOP 



- ^ » , 



ii'-S's H j; 4> 






li 3 



s as 



'0000000=- 

"a'«'a'«'0T3'0 &,2 



O O 



o ~ ?» ^ sr 73 '-= 
. — =1 x -" S >>— , 






— !f * 






*3vi2SS3S'-'TSxS 

'.-ts . g *j +i +j ♦:> "3 . -f » ^ 

■S .§ O £ i .§ i 5 ^ O .S 3 .§ 



Jo O o;* 
CO o O 






„• bog Q'^'^ 

3 .d « 3 a'^ 
■ - . -cc - r^' 

<j M-ti? -ti W ^• 

3 3 3i 

^- «— — r-/ ^^ — f^ 






.v"^ IS ts o d 6 6 c I 



^OCDCo:DCO:£:00*-D 
ccxioooococfjaoQOXJCo 



5.200.2 



J 3 _!- ^ s ; 



I c<» M r* ■^' » ^* c^i r* ri c<i 



■M <?1 M « CO CO CO 



^/^l^ococcctccccco:ocococcccccccc^'^■*■*t"t^"*^-f-♦••^'f•+' 
*" -ji" go" c^r do" cT cT cc" c-r 00 cc" t^o ooTc^cTco" oo'co'co' CO co"o?"cc"co"c<r 



-^ w ri ^ • 



0) <u >i 

« C 3 3^ 

O 2 ® ^ " 

O O 4) ©2 






3 O 



^ ^_^ ^ 00 ^ „ 

Oc St- O S 



03 a ^ 5: 3 ? ? 



MP . - - 
^•5 »« 



5 p S o ?.|S|^| »||J o S I i c 2 - ^ 



^ 0) 



§fg2oSS>,ScSo®oc5ooaiO?.cs2i5*'-o®25j30Soa)Ct«2o 



s5coc3lSii-(cococ^cowwojc^o/corjcq<Mcoc^NC 



^IM^O-flO^COQO-t^-HO-^tO^OCOi-t 
0^ CI C^ (Ti CO W OJ W CO (M O) C^ !•! 0< CO 0< IM 



3'^ '!.'- 

3 c'^ 5 



=5 -^ r3 

3»"^3 ^ . 

.rt _ c .3 c-) 



3 Ji '^' 

w '-3 » - fcT - 
'^ X +^ tfi"^ ^ oj 2S 

©*3 >5:s- i;J 






j_; c-i ,^ . '^ '^ 



ru 






•r;S2«,-9,. 



>-.-3 ii ^^tXi3S-2Ma^ 






3« 3 
r=^' 73 iN S 

' s:"^ - - 

. ^ - a; r« 

; g-c tor 
' 3 t cs ° 

- © c4 u -g 

:^ aj; t- 









:«s= 



^ ;^ t- s 
•3 « O c« 



7! S»a« - --S 



■3 -k^ K « 



as 



> (1) O) C3 



S fe tsTo +j "o J3 (I* 



.^ r. W 3 , • 

^ 3 ©.5 ^ 
3 2 =^-=' 



= •23 
o p o 

r« C« 3 

OJ33 



»13 



5 >>* 



O73 



CO 



^.1 

c 5 






U^ 



^^ 



• 22 s -JO 












'^^".i 









> o > o o 



!0 o 












D OJ 4) OJ 4^ 0) a> 
« -4 ►^ — _i> ^ J « 
- t3 •« ■^ ij •« -^ !I3 



i^ .r?jSoes 






ira CO .3 

(OS -o 
X oc. x 



i ^ o i; -^ c 









tc 


S 


B 


x" 


,_4 


^^ 


If, 






— ■ 


.'ii 


■M 


52 


^- 


- 































, 




t. 


<. 






03 








n 


jj 


<0 


^ 


1) 


a. 


« 


ci 



S o" ■"' c3 O O C" cS '"' rt d 



o ° 
C.-S.2 






1 — ■" «s 2. 



^ ^ g^ .-H (l> 



Tt „' — '-'"2 — ■-" S !2 !2 --• HS " !° "^ ' 

,_; D 0) « 



3^ X X <D x X X ;^ 



§2 



Cc«i-;E-it»^ W^ 



;-; 3 



o M a. 

CO ^."^ 

ii. Zvi'i 

^ co" »" " 



j « 5.3 



SJ ^ 2i JS 33 S S 3 ^ " 



OQ :■* Oi C^ 0> 01 fM c<i -M 



<D»OX'-iO»ClQCOGOO[JO 



j2 5C JO 



u-roTx't-^ 



C^l C^ OJ CM 0( O^ r* (M C^ 



^3 SJ S S3 H £3 .%.' '^' 2! £3 .^ ?* S3 S? £! ^' '^ 



cTcT ^cf cTcTcrcTci'orcrsrcrcrcrirc: 



cTc! 



cTsrcTc-r 









-c!®-: 



oju • • : S ■ . . _; » 



-■■^i '^^ 



o^'<i3ostu<D ^qq; 



-h' — • — ■ _^ 5 — ■ ^' — -° -i — ■ — ■ -i — ■ -^ '"^ ^ — £ 3 J 3^-2 

bJ:-£So&S:^S:&SS:feiS&«ocXos3iS = 
OOOOt-COCdJOCCOO OJ l<;.Ot.t.CJc» 

H5i-l>ji-)Oi-Ji-Ji-!Ht^Ji-!i-!i-)HOOOa:r;::i<!h:;E-t 






^fl\ 



rHO-+<!MC5COOO-*C010-+iXICOJQOCiM^CO-fXC;iriXt^ 
C^C^COCOCSr-icNCOrOC^C^C^COC^"t-<{MC^CO"0?CO'— CO 















fcO+i qj 



:d'§O^.MK25S.: 






^3»0 .Sje— tJ^o2.- 



St; 



o > 



|S5i§||i2||g|g|^S2|-i 



rag. 



i -- „•?- ^ K V — 3 — _. '^ ? o » •'■-—■ _-> 5 t- 




S3 







6 2-«; 






'^5^ ^ .^ ^ — T-^-. oj jiji 






H 
O 



I— I 

a 

I 



Ci C5 C5 c; : 



riToriroTcrcrcrcr— 'iTcrt/rcr-frororcro? croroTr^riTrro'cr 









- to 



2 «: 2 



C 3 
1- tfl 

S<1 




OCliMOCCJCCCCOfClMl^XXOWCOrOiMUir^^CCrJf^CCQCXiCD-fOOCOO'-tiSih-iH^ 



CS^(MS^<MOiCSC^)<M( 



lctl?i1-H«^/c/c^T/l^?fO'^'-^(^4(N^c^'-<"C^^c^^c^^co-7''■ 




,oc^f::si-t-:3j^^j^^o3c6c3a;5Sc!j?os;c«Cooff2^c«rtc«ceccoc;i: 



"3 

4) 



h- 1 '^ *J -^J . HH 

o S £ *^ to* o 



CC 



f OS 00 K .— to +? - 'X < 

3 to -« [^i •« ,!r g r; t: 

1> to ,«^ '^ " <U X ^ (jj , 






O O 

aj* o 

-H^ ff of J 

» 7 E - n 






ro s. 



«3S-<^.o;^g 






J^ ;= rH ^ " " 



1 O SjO<f 






" s-st-c-oS-^tlS^ 



-fl £ s2 



3 « 0) 



o « 



¥ >> 



m "T: rt-i S' "2 ?3 --1 ^< C3 -J Q^ 



Or 

.-o ^ CO 
a> -a^ ^ 



^. |m • 

C 1)^ r^ 

C3 -^ .2 cc S 

, J3 •-! to rv, 

"si® 



1^ $, p ^ o ^ 

o g ^ r >,5 >, >^ o ^-rs 
•" - ■" .t: *^ .-s .-:; ts s ^ 



r<| oj 



° - C a 



o a.: . 



2I 

to-O . 
CO a>r 

— "S' 

5 ? 



3= g.S cs = g « 2 £ o b sa s-s 3 .2; 



^3 -^1:1 •-■3 - 
c< 4. c; cs a S CO 

05 rH tr.' E/2 ■> .^ to 

."Sit - -^ 
S-s CO S "^ '^ 

«— tcxj a 
' — ^ 4) d 



tl M 1'^ ~1 »J ^J ^> -I 01 -N C) -t< O -t"'' -t" C-1 -f ffj ?q 0^ O) OJ -r 01 IM Ol O) 01 0! O) O) Ol :-< Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 01 01 Ol Ol 01 

^toto'otototo'ototocotototototococototototototototototototototototototototototototototototoo 



a Ml 






•^<1 




■^C^O.|ift-44^iri-JffO'CIDCOOCSt-THTt<OOi-l»COXGOf^OOC^OCCOC5 01-t<OOtOOIlftCO'tlCC^'*XOCOO(»C) 
OoSe^SSSSolNm^SSwNOJNNSSAwNSSc^^eOCC'^MM — <N0^C<lOlO.l--ClCO(>l<NTf'COl-^ 



<iW^ » 



p^ »r<) 



■ - c ^ a: 

M^ <u o-ar5 ts o 






<£ a- 
«Wi 






•r.f^ 



.'-i i 



sago 



!^l 



Xd 



1 r.' o c ; 



icSc«cs:t:ooo3i;-j:t;jrj:;;:SS>i^ 



m 3 0) 



■•- S - C-- <" a i£ 



a<»o 

385 

ia'a'e 
a o o o 

^r t. I- tH 

'^ « ej cs 

sfe'.s.2.a 



<; -.fa 
^f5 a- 



_;>?5a 

g a c = 
■o o c <B 









« S ^ a 

M « cc ce X X ■/: X X X a; t» 









P 

Pi 
I— I 

H 
I 



to ^"^ CO 



03 « 



Oo 






•c -i 13 ts — -i •-; :j ■-= s (vT « c^ 
% "-"S l^ "" ^" " S "^ '^ jft't; -^ 



55 

5^ 


■> 5 > o 6 d 4> 5 > 6 6 6 d d d d 


■3" 








ICo 




'"•-'^OO^'^ ■♦^ c^C) 


"" 


^"c^'-r •r "5 — s d c d /3 2 ^ -g d d d d d d d 






^ V s = s' 3 iS'ifg !g' -^ s'S § g g ^ g § ig 








•S s-s.si; b.^«w" >,?;;i,^,-i-^-^r^^^^ 


U. k> 


i-laJhJi-; ^'' ._-^— ;- ^„-.--.-« 






e*-i «*- 


fl c 








HH 


Mfat/:a:■'-^!-^'-^ RH'^'-s 



* n M C-1 ■M ^ M (M ' 



oT cTo" cT cT oTsror cT cT cT go" oT i 



» c^ !M "M n c-i n M <N c^ M c^ r» ci c^ ^i !M r* n c^ 



lOlOiOO)OlOOlO»0*rtOO»0«5»OiO»CiiOOOO 



^ hj< 












® OJ © 4)^ 5 

oooo^i-(i)o 






: <u 






Sz»a . " .Sc;s<w 'O • 

■^S'-^o'S-S-S'Soo-S-s'SD.gSs 









^■Sk 






•2 B - ^Oj 

^ (a;i > q 0:1 o) 4^ 

3+3 B .M .-« .^ ti 
5 tK OJ H H H H 



bcB g 

uo'giJ b-Sb2 
B«5csB;>^r;B 

^T* ^'^ — ■" 2 -B 



m^vi 



be bo 



(IP <P 

-o'SBoSc 
ffl B O cs S B 

gcPM-^ tog 
BS^ B'Cg 



bO 
fcH - 






<^ • B 

Q4 -o'^ 



^e 






■3=; o git:* 

"3 S ^>^ I-ia;?=*mC/3'tc4B5^B 



- C.2 2 W q-'^ a 

c« ^ 5 .9 -S 

A^ 1^ Vl 



IP 411 
ce^^.S'S.S 0.5 «.2 .2^5.2 c 



c Sf4a 



(* o o 


2d I 
partn 
V. 

2d I 

Ga. 

serv 
do. 

servi 
do. 
do. 

oV. 

servi 
do. 
parti 
serv 
2d II 






Sl»'^H«3>M CH +^5 «-l ^<M O 


o 


*lQr:'.S° ° « - o fto'- 


tion 
ity. 


el, 1865 
er War 
t. 30, 186 
e 1, 1865 
864, Res 
piration 

do. 
bility. 
piration 

do. 

do. 
t. 30, 186 
5, 1863. 
t. 1, 1863 
bility. 
bility. 
piration 

do. 
Jer War 
piration 
e 1, 1865 
ability. 
, 1862. 


pira 
do 
do 

sabi 


at -o 


.? o " ^ --r "" .2 <" ® ; <p .2 .2 « o m = := " 


ra m o X 


QO CO X 00 


erred 
, 1865 
errec 
erred 
May 

1, 186 
1, 180 
1863, 

0, 186 

1, 186 
1, ls6 
erred 
edSe 
erred 

1862, 
1864, 
1, 186 
1, 186 
4, 186 
1, 186 
erred 
, 1863 
edBe 




rifi ^1 ^ nS '^ '"' '^ t^ r-( r-( t(-< -tJ '-M ,^ "t— i i-( ^-l i-( i^ ^' +J 


3 


Hr^E-iHW-5 ^1-5 HfiHO ►•s i-j-iH<P 


1-5 



^ G a® 

5 p H o 
i^-^ eS o 

: o -b 
v^ CO a 

.•«.,.. 

5 ..M lO lO 






"- » o 

ill 






" (S oj 



.-3 rj »o ' 

•-■ -^ T- 



cs _g •■- -i Ti . 



■S.H,oS 






. wo 



'■'^ S' rt rj -t ;-•; : 



T-l 'H rt rt "O X ,rt rt 



o a; 03 



t- 0) © « 



a © 3 



CI M C-) M C'l -t< M CI -*< M CI CI CI CI CI C-i d CI CJ CI CI CI CI CI CI 

CO t^ J-i CO ;s ;o ;^ ;r^ to ;n r.-i co en -n cr\ ro -.-! pV cV ?- .-r? .-? -p< -- ? .- ; 



c^^cr'CO^:c>:OsOO^:ocD:O^CD:D:o:^co;C';o:oi3CO 



Cl -t' Cl Cl M CI 

CO ^ :o CO ^' CO 



Cl Cl CI Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl c 



Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl M Cl 



COCOCOCOCO'OCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOicb 



o'lo'io'ioio'g 'aia^'aiS'Oia>S<o>o<o'a'aiaiQiQtO'OtS^'0'0'Oiai6 latotaic taiSia iota's us latS id ^u£ 



5 6B 

P^< 



U SB 

a 3 









;fq s.ir!- 



= 2= S § i:'5ls'5'3 



0) fe 

oa)a)3a>oa>-> :>a3 • 'gc 
S aaa a Sc'~''^£^ca£2'Sa 

>■>->'«'*, =6 i»t«cS ceo nS c« cS^^ cS cjj3- a t. 

;>^i?HH6H;?HPqf^«fr,HHSwHH5;^;HO 



' W ' 






!S 3 
! US cS 






Iq :« 







—. CO 0) 

» 3 3 

^ tea 

+-» 3 4) 



3 oTm-a '=^ " m-"= & a-S - . = 2 » >^ . 2 „• - 1." 
— ^ot.3;5jaoot;rt=S4'!u©oo.£i5 i"^ § 






!25 



H 

CO 



P 
I— I 

H 
I 

1h 
H 

I— I 



■gM. 









+j . Co 

p >j .OX' 
•S .o " .;:; i-H 

- -^ .^-"^ 



rt "5 '^ 2 ' 



2 c a 



^O 



u 0) . .^ aJ c 



t, rt " '-I 

^ ■ a 
'^ ^ ^ 



i9 ?o ^"^^^ 



iaD.!2 -^ ": 

. ^ K s^^ 

g <u X, =; s ■ 



a) o o c 

; O •- O 



S *! 



3 -a " _i< cs _!-. "d . I. S „- 



'5^" ;: -iS >£;!;;:; ^; 



r-l 11 rt >-.rH ,-1 r^ .= _- 

w c jj a 



©tn" — 



« y <u -e 
S =« S .2 



'E—'S, 

■X) "^^ CCl "^ X' X . 
rt ;_4 rH _q rM -H [^ 

p.^ o; o a> p^ 

.2 § « 9 ' 



fi-^S-^ S-^.sS 



C3 "^ P-4 

ES -g "S 

.o ■« =^ - 

t4 -3- '-s 



cs c^i -* c^ c^i "^ » CI ^^ » C--1 rj M ?^ c^ r* c-i M M M M *f m : 



Zi ■M r^l 7q 71 Zi C-t M ri C-i ■>* z^ ?4 C-» 






a 3 s 3 s 

<1 1-S<J ^T.-^ 






_- _Soooo 



a a -le o o M a 

o o ^ -^^ "t^ * ~ 

•g-g'Ea; S a a 2" 
aaa'SstaS'scsi^baaa'Sa >>— tao 5:" cs -^ 



C3a ?=^.a S.i2 S 



» o p 
2'a 



a > fcC; 



= «a: 



= «:= 



4) « 

a >.2f a 
3S« a 

03 5j^- C« 



£-2=2:5 






i^ 



<v 






a ^ a ? „ 6j 






O o S-i ' 

i-r a; o 



v^ boa) ^ 



^ 1 



pO .2 tS g 2 S to ." 



w 

t3 s " .!i"S 5 '.a 



!» 2 r -1 — I 



<^ 



.a w) 



*s -^ >^ - 

'3 '© ^ '"b a 

•" ;a £ ® t« a^ 

bd o a 2s 3 

« .ti O' c a a 









■ a ,— 



^— r i 



>H a ©r 



o.a > 






aWf 



.03 






5 ii,a.as 



;i::5 a 



a? K* <i> 



.2M S-: 

> .Ml 



S 3' 






•^21^^ 



^2 '- 

h^ '"' T? 






»C t^ lO Ifi 



00 cj;* ^ ac 00 



C oo 00 .?,i-j S 2 =c t5 p -^ 






OC' S S O -^ ! 






•2 ai- - 



t! C x .- O 



;.2 « 



*- ly 



!S.2, 



> -l 



0.-S 



5 S-a 



p c3 Qj o .,a> 

i' u-f jo lo Si "o "o 

r' o a., a^ "^ 00 J5 » '* 



s'-' H. 



rtrt"rtrt<^ 0) 4)iO^ 



Ph -2 » .i 
■Set £ 



X as 

» a; 3 



» a ^ a, - a - 



_ - ri !^a 



IC to "lO ^o . 



50 X' 0) ^ ^' ^' ^ ^'-' -^ -^ -O T-( hi u < ^ ,-*-, 



i 00 O 00 -fl^ 'X 



flx 



'^ m ^ 'S 

(U a; a; 3 



: r " '-' t- o '= ? 



60® V 
a3 0) » 



(M r- S t- 3 
B.' -■ C« n" !i ( 



<1-^-^P^S►T 












S'-j i^iOHC 



a)3D"3.S.©a 

DMCuS-<!:ai5M 



^ M) O ►^ &ii S *!! Ci I< ' 



c^ c^ c-5 <M mM o) <M c^ c^ e-i i-i oq c^l(^^ n o<i C3 |^3 (y C-) c 



^ C<1 C-l M C^l C-l -f tN 'M C-l M -^ C-? M -M 0-1 C^ - 



C£,:DOOOCDCOCOOCDOi05o;OOCDCo53COOCOCO^COOO<OOCD^O<D'^CDCDCO;DOCOCD:O^CO 
f^^zS^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'-^^ C£3;O^CCJ^fOXCDCO^COt-?OCDCDCDCOCDCO«OCCI50XCD 






(1) 3 



ga .. be be 

t< o a 3 



ss 



.5 s a =5 a ^ .5 .S s .2 



>^ i-i u ^ 

t- ^ 53 a 



■2 >i=2 



5 6 c 



a a o 
S S -f 



-1 a M > 



■" -^ a 

a s ~ 



5 bo : so : t^ 



2=2 a ,S 5 'e 2 's ® — 



r. 30 ^ -tt '^ c5 '■« a ^ 



^ ^ a a 

r-- n, -H O O O 

— - a > rs w *^ -k^ 









|j S ^ S ° S S Sq S S ?5 « S =^ s^ N ^ il r5 -S ^ ^ S rt S S S TO S CO A ■* S c^ iH cq C^ I<1 CO (N CC ^ « C^ T^ 



tC ■- t;, 



— © b(ll< My, 

tJDy t- © u -*- 

a: to " ^ 

"S> r5-£f>^^ = a 

- -5 M "^ ^ -^ >i: ^" -D 

-»5 3-nSP"S£t^a 
3?e£;"30 = o^ 



'. atH 



-- ^o?a 
c o a-j c t^ 

-r. a r" V 'S""? ,a h "S ^ 



o .-^< r 'a '-* 
■£ tjc-3 35 S 03 

© ^ O , — V '^ 

a o"T i:^ — 

5 3j ■, « .:- 






rti J^ S '* '^ j:^ 






—"•^ a 



5 £;• : a ., 

a 3 _ » 









'S--=;«2*"3oat:-:rS 



^ U I-, 

2 oi 3 



n a >>>-, 

J2 — ~ '^ 



f^ll-al- 









< 

I— I 

CO 
H 
H 

K 
o 

< 

P 
»— ( 

H 

h-l 

K 



W c ~ W .i; a 



'-i'c~"" m j;m 



s cH o 

^-H ci oj C ^ ® 



T- Ci-JH t.> 






S-l-l 



SO 



S- ^ fi « ■-:: . 






lO O C^ I 



; lo lo 



<.%%^ 



5 V l* t! =^ '-iS — — " — ■— tc 
^ j2 s '- =^ ^ "^ * ^ ^ ^ 

"d 2 'o .■£ " " >'"' "^ '"I'"' 






c;s-<-=" . 



' si S 3 ; 









. « 



I & a > - < s A.' _ 
! p « « 7 3 s s 

> x I-: <; -; |-^ •-: ►t! 



^^. H^ 



fl >. S 5 a ^5 
S S '^ '^- £ 5 g £ 

. 0) . "r £ » ^- » 

jDO;*— 4)33 



s 2 

S OS o 



> a 



<N (M «^ (M -t « II C>1 "^l ^) T^ C-J « J^ C-XM Cq !•) r-5 OJ M C) M C) CJ -f 






0<©CO«>0'CCD:Di-tCOcC!0:DCO?DO:0»Q50';DCOtC5CCOrHi-lr-ITfCD50;0'rJitOtOCOO<CO 






S s 

4) S 
>■ bo 
O 3 



en n 

a^ . 3 (D 3 

33353 



© 3 






o o o-^ 

O O ® O 



la • : • • S!^ 

S.5 ai a" s.Sl is.2 asgaS-gegg'^aS 



2-e<:i«S5 



,- »J a a 

) O 13 O O 
) 7} 5 * «3 
; Oir O O 



e^O>QOOO<MCCIMlN»-IOOT»'t-OCOe<It-»H.-(OOCi;000(MOOCr-ITf<CCi-ltOOMOOOOi-ICOCJ 
MCOr-(rH<NCOC<5Tt<I^t-l-<l<(MTt<COCOlMlM<N>-irJ<<Mr-(Cqr-l'^CAS<lr-IN«C<5CO<M'VCOC<5NP5CO 



8 ;.a ; 

glo 

i'a'3 

ca » t; 



a =4 ' 
SHfe 



■ W t: s 



a> » a 
bc.;s 3 






S 5 H- -5 =^^ 






WS :■'::: 

^•a^: a • . . 

t-s^i^SiJ^^iua . ; ;a 'a ■ : o 

*»-Sa^t:s^-5 .M .a :S 

^' r-- O O cS >■> 1. t; 3 ::2 0, 1^ • g Q 1-5 J 

^•- a a -^ ei'-r*?*'^'S'=t»a --^i?" < 







,c«c«e«oi«."oo'3Siu.at.SSSS5i?* 



tc2 

^ a 



aw 






/si 2 

o a 



>S -J 



o . so 



^1 

pi c 



QQ O 



Mi^ . .2. 



s 4.: ^3 fl s 



;* •^ E E ^- X E 

tst.^ <p uj -«^ o « .5 ^' 

a) '^ 3 C g>Z a "^ <u 
fcc "" c 'c 5: "d 'S ^' >- 

■a?ju t.T3-E t.^"a 

2 ^ C 4) » 5 * 



» . « . 

. .10 . t- 

IC vo >l 10 o 



;i; CSX 



S^-J 






q © a* ■ 






rt X ir X 2; a 



a 
o 

My 



:>i ^ ,-1 *■ c^ '-I ^ 



1 ;= Si-i »^ 



; <; x So 5 ^ 



<o'$o 



■ . « 



<a;.^^ O'l-i''-^ IJ-j-'D 

43 ® C ^ '^ S • C 

w S c« CS ^ C rt 

^ ^ .^ ^ ;> r^ <^ [>: 

G *^ ^H ^ HH r^ "^ H 



cSSa 


2 -^ • § ^-.2 





m .1-1 (U 


•5 . t-.-* ti :3 . 


•^ . 


= -ti . s 


a^:^ r~ a 


a 


ed Kegii 
d Sept. i, 
d June 1 
ed Regii 


■>5, expir 
d Marili 
, disabil 
t Eesaca 
3, disabi 
0.5, expir 
05, d 


"S, 

X 




2 2o.5S"- 


cc -X 


t: t-s 


















? c = ? 


(Be .5 • 'J^ 


c 




C OS C S 3 










;^HH/^ 


1-:. H T ?» '^ ^ 


■^ 



Cj C^ Tt* -t^ (M 



•* ^ CN -J- ^ 

!C « t= ;C O 



t£ O ^ to o o 






iM o) cq C'l n M eq 0^ c^ 01 



-aTo-roooc'i-rtcc^'o' e"tstcor«tcto<ctO!Offi«rar!= «Tifta'tc"^''jf^ r!0-««o 5= to »£»:£;£ 



? v^ 3J S ^ o; s 

5 s s 3 3 a s 



HT< 






S'^ 



tc 



Mo 



ai c« 



o d S ■ 






S = 5t? r 1 as .. ^ -_ 

? > P ^ ^ ~ o ;», ® <» ^ S <^ ^ 



c« X 



= .0 cS , - - . -^ .. „ 



-3 ^ a 3 



6 o >>2'3 00- 



g3S§SS?5?3^SSS§S§S ISS5?5§S;S^5S^gSS§??g?5?5SS I S3S??o3?5S3SSS5 



u o 



V • ■ M 

•S.a.£g 
a a a c 



U: 



.2 .i; -: a J H 



.a a 
aj-a i • • -a ■ o a c3 5S 

i-aB.'3 3-a--5-S25S-*(N .x,; = 1:- 
■^ E^^s-^>^'=« <«^~> fl'a^r: "a* .^•='0 

.?•= -^ ^^ s'-i'-i . -^ 2 5 g<1 o a M-'c^ 

rV* .'^ 5^ /-ri m r/^ ^/^ /-/^ r/^ r/> m 



E.a « .■^. , 
d o y: a ^^ - 



SEa-S' 



'HI £-2 
-.^-^ 

a >^ o . I 

: « 2-S ^ , 

-•5 S u a 

:s o o t- 



Ch-i 



a SS S 



1^; 



H 
H 

W 

P 
Q 

-5l 



C 

Pi 
I— I 

1 

kH 

JH 

Di 

I— I 



CIS 



. o 

3 « 



" ■. "^ "^ ". rt S ts ■-< 

> _- M > h « l- _' 



, « « 3. -< X 0) * J .i?j 



2 >=« q 

fa' 






c soo o 
w t-. o o 

C) V V V 

VlZ/lUl-JX 



o o ■^ 

L-S .1— 



2o 



S g g 2 S 



!= ^ ■-= ; 

;f;' 4; J>-' li 















g 5 cs g 



b aD ti -5 S3 of 

'" >"= ; 

'- pS -r O 
15 -3 -s 



I'-- X :: S 



't 'S^ S m 'SB'S (p 'So 
DXXg;sa»<p3 



^ Oj ^ " 0) .0) — 1-1 , ." 



5 0) a a) I. 






M N TJ ?J 



c^) CI CI c) C) n c<i M Ci C) CI c) o) M c< ci C4 CI CI CI CI CI CI CI c) ei cq ' 









CXI>;>; 



EEaS^ 



ES 






bBci c« ci tBS to 



CC K "^ ■-« TO . t^ wi ijju .w ^ t\, -j^ t^ w^ ^ ^ »v -fcj y wv s.\< ^-« -j uu i-i ci Cw wu »; 



fcu s >^ ss fe h 



C<MC^<CqCICli-lr-<C^CqC^r-i-#-'C0M'-iC<'-l'HCON-^(NO^Cir<0<IC»C0CICJ-*lr1— 'CI-^r-.Cl 



„- ao 



w -f be *^ +^ 






^Pi = i;'3=^ 









?^^5 __ 

= 55-535 _ 
= = S rr 



■S-? £ a M J 






^ 3 

o '«. 

: :o a 

^^ a: 

''-'•r t- 3 
> s; -i 



3? to o r^.-'tM-^ aj-c _ „ 
o 



a'^ '^. a" a 5' p 1 i ~ 1' i "S' 

P .. p - .- a ■? '-S S aT ;r! -= 'S 






■s 3 P 2 _r 



Pffl > 

_ CS-3-- 

Si-sis'! I 






iS3£« 



'A'S,-:zh-9 



>>to 

S03 o I 

g <U « O g 

«jS O 3^ 



3 ;j (-. t- t. 
ti 3 3 3 3 



5^ s 



\r.' O 



gd<2 3 ; 
>■ li •^ -5 "i 









•■« -r^ 



.o 



-^ -i H 9 . >, *J ^T 

R £ x £ >. « a •:= , 

» <J -5 -S ri !2 Oj -s 
''"'J: ® •''' -«"—■"■■'"' ^ 



~- ii S> y_ 
"" ®=2 x' 






■*-* fl3 '2 .t^ .« *^ - 

^- e M IS 5 m' £ -3 

ir, » "^ M r/1 X? X 



Br 



^O ;2 












0--« P'*J 



4) -•:=■* 








i;c--'ti«- 




"-^Od 


-j;-:^;:;;?'--- 


une 

arc 
ied 
arc 


«'S§g^i5 




'n rtCif-i 


CfiS'^P^H'-s 



-r^ fri ^ 
i". '^ j:3 

d 3 i3 






^ S « 3 » ci ;f 
r a> X "^-i; c ^ — 



_ 


>! 






,^- 





t; 







X 




















0! 


^^ 


^ 


■*^ 


^ 






















a 






,i= 


0) 


X 


x 


•s 


K 


s 



•3 -^,;;; r;-* 



X SfJ X S 5 









2 ? 2 '^ .^ 



3j g Oi ' . « 

■r-, r-l ^r, ►tn Z 



-r c-l >0 i>> OJI'l 'I" C-1 CI S'l ^ N 

O <£ -^ « '-= --O 52 O tC O ^ to 



r* c<i c» c-i c^ c^ c^i 'M c-i (M c^ N 'M '^^ c^i C3 CI 

;s « ^ to o o «£ — --o ^ ■— ti =0 -^ -^ o 3 



c^ -« M N -ti t; c 
rri t^ •* •- t2 ti t; 



O to '-O w to to to o 



dWN{MWmCC»(NC^TJ 



to to to tote 
iS^ 10 iO o 



p to to 



CC lO'x'^lO^lC 0-fi^»CClXlOlOOOl^lCOO»00»ii*i;OiO»rtOOir5 



t-l jq 




^ CC Ci t- Ci 

c-i ri 1-H CI T-l 



I o o 



rt 13 la C. O M ? 



; th -i< rH -sO rH o :c c: c^ O c; ; 



CJ 1-1 C< -»■ ^ ^> r^ Cl « ?-< C< Cl C) •^J• rH ; 










Si 



H 

< 

t-H 

H 
H 

o 
-x 



t-H 

H 
I 

<^ 

H 









5 ^tilSfa 

-.- O 3 <^, c5 o ^ - 

I .i«.2':i^5 
3~'5 " 5..- i; ^ « — 



^ -.SS 









> C CS 

•" '2 "« 






S?-1i 









* t- es s 






« ^: ■;d t! 

.^ X ^ 






tfS^ 



•^ ic '■» .! 






. « I, a> 1- 



5-0 



>>c o 

^ fl c« o 

X C X X 



ST® 



to a © w ^™ S 






; ««* 



"? i « M 



1-i T-H ^ ^ • Y-H ^ 



. » a) 
> > c 

C » 3 

12; >;^ 



fiQH5a>Ti 



«S2 5 
X X '^ p 

" .2 5 S 



X' 2; C 3o 






c-i ^1 c<i -N c-i c^i o -N c^ M !N -t ^' c-i lt: -^ ^^ c^ -I" ^J -t< t-» t-i -^ rj c^ m ri ri ^( c^ ri c-i :^ -f r<i Ti 'M -f rj 






C Ml 






S5 



a; S OJ 3 
- at S 60 



■< •^-<'^<< 



© 3 

3 5 



c be 

3 2 



« 3 




^0l-^-l^M'l'I-lCl5c^r-<(^^(^^e^l^^^5e<l(^^r1;^c^<^^e^^^|^^^^le-^■^<^lcor-ll^^<Ncq«^-lC<l«coc^r1^q 



t< 



,s'_'-.5 



DO* 

>• » 5 

0;5< 



s*-' 



IK 



.2 S 

2.3 
5-3 



:.2 si 

! t- OS 

;oof 



! c« 05 c« D ».S i< ® 

< fii fL, Pl( pmii 6^ Pm M ( 



; .5 S O ' 






^6 S. b 



fcM^f^. 






lis; 

2 S- 






O D 3 tc 
— -e— o 



! J » (U S ^O) - 

: * ^ a 's .■^^^^ , 



2HH 






S on n 

gg^-|o^go5 

. oi a g ~ <P £ _-+i- - 

Ph ^ .5 _-m « g -S S? 

I 5 3 c« c«^:::a i, g 



. -5 . . -» .^ _ _ g -gcc as *5 

"^ mm m S? ©.-; aj aJ © . <b •■« « • oj ,<.i*;2,-; aj S 

3 .... ■^^ p-2'N^'.2'-^.2 .2 " "iSS S^H.^HS^ S 2 

i* ^" ^' ^' 5 "3 rt BH'''. V -N^' "> 'r- "P ^ S^ M -? ^ ">^ c 3; M M ^ > C 

g^x ^i;;5„'-?4i a i„-x !S « J .xr:* ^s-:3f JTcc-S-* »; 2 c J? g. = = S-- x -^ i = ? 

1^ fa ^ - - - —3 cTcT - sT'^ S ■-■<^ - • . t? , ~ '.5 ^ - ^ " ?? _ . •— 1 - -"'J "-5^-^ ^.2 -" 

» iS '^ ^ ^ , SsosiJoj^^J'^j^^o — " — '-"-'-^-f' an'-' ? rt cT-g '^j;'^'^r;t;r'--''^'^'->'n .S' 

.^o3§ in::;:.2=«:;:g.2 5gS.2SgS£SgS.2 5.2S'3£>5£2 ?=g=«^g-S.2.2aS' 

fac»i-s i-:^l:iC,P;;:iH;:;'TH'^5.i^-!^'^C,SC;'=K;S?;>^'T.H'? HHHHm'tG^'^S 

M Ti ■N C3 rj M y ^ ja .v' ?-' ?J .^-' S? SJ TJ 'i T.2 .-.' 2? --'r!: .-J .-J ?J .^ .^ .-J TI 7'7iTt 'J TJ 3 -S ?"~ rf 'J V /J -J 'J 23 ?< 
o lO^cTo iC L*^ o ic tr; u-i ic L*? 10 ic o L* ic i;:r*c~ic'~'ro iStSi^ iSiSiSiSi^i::^^^ iSiSiStSuzSzTiSi^iC'i^^i^tSiO 






c^ 


— 


■X 


^ 


<!) 


2" 


s 




►t 


M 


^ 






^ 5 S® » 



S S 5 S a S S« g 2 52 g,s S ^S S >-^ ^3 o 5=^ 2 >>S 



lOOc;l--lCOoo'^^^5Cl^XrtX'«^^303o^^cotlCMO'*'-^x>cslC)C5lOoo^^•J5cc^-os•*lTH■^^o,--lXocooaom 
c•*^ir^>^c<^c^^c<lT^l-^?^THC^T-lCC^^O•v^-'C^^^1-1C^^cocq-J*^-^T--l^coc^T-tc^JCCt-^cOGv^■^c^<^^cc^^^T-^t--lC<^T-I■«^ 




^ ^ -^ J? t- ^ <3 -!^ j; "S ^' j- .- ^ = .^ .^ />; -^ :- 3 



1 '^ 6 (i^ p: 3 "J 5 i" ?:; <, H ?^ ?^ < ;_^ 






■<i-iK 









M 

H 

w 
o 

CO 

<'1 



l-H 

w 

H 
I 

>^ 
H 

t— ( 






'^*«da; ^ 






■> 6 . >^ ■> M > *^ > s > ►-^ > B 




Tj< -^ •* M <N ?^4 

<C tB -i o -i c 



:0w;£:CC0wtr!Ci:DCO:C'^!C:c:£^XOOw:C:0'i 



OC (N CC 1^ iC I 



3 3 5 



: o L* lo 1^ O ir^ »^ If; : 



: x> ^H »o lo »c ic ic lO ic w ic ic i^ w 






m X 3 xg !«( 

;5 4) 3 a^oc 0) 

C/C ^ Otj OJ X X QC 



_ r( ?' in M ri ri -m 

}i p CO ^ p -^ ts CO 

£" »c" o^ rT lo^ Iff irT u^ 



^.< 



a> 3 






±?60 ^S BO 
^3 ^ « 3 



r^ 




^ccc^ccc^lr^-*;^^c<^l-^wc^co<Nc^^oqcccsl-HC<^c^<^^^^i'^T^c^^l--^c^ccc^cqcO'^1HG^l^ 




fiflSSSlilobbbaoWWWWWWWW'^'^WWWh^hq^SISSSSSSb 









.H 



6. •'3 



1= >^,-;d 



iJ 5 



rjl> CDS 

03 -ti S <j = ^ 'o 



OP g S ^ = «5 01 
K-^ t- «i •- t^'^ 

t;^ > t- > ^ y 

£::3 oj o o aj.- 



T ^ C bo - - 



rt o 



<a 









! ^''— ' S . 



d) OJ 'j5' "^ '''^' '^ 









«— » a 



5 rt 



►rfi -tc 






^ X >■ 



PIS' 

X « '^ S 






o o2 ® 

'♦3 X '2 ^z '^ 

a!" cs o S 



1^15 



S g r- O «- 



^^15 



3 ."-^ « 

h-i — Q^ 



^ Q, w- 

x.Ax ox 

" *1^ - 

5 » 5 -^ s 



C^ •t' C-l •>) C-) M M c^ M r) ?< <N IM -J -f ?^ -f 

t^ i± z^ i^ i^ z^ z^ ta ta tr: t^ i^ -^ ^ ^ '^ •'^' 



IC3 5 
la iQ -f ic aC' 10 la'io'o 






O CD CO p ;o ^ « 



! M C^ r» C-1 ^] M C^t M M 

ip zp 'p xz -^ ~ zo io ■•::> 



1 c<i c^ ri ^ r> t-( ri ^* 

; zc !C tc -c to •-= -i te 



; to 10 10 ic 10 »c 






^ 3^ 3 






V 



. .S;2 



10C-. oa;cooocco3:occ=33a^ot-»o;iN3:tM»m3500oc5TO!2ooo-*ii-; S^/SiSSSSSfcS 

^rt^rtj^rOrtc<^T-i'VT-iriMcocoi^M:^co;-jt-i-*i>HMr-c»^;^rH<MCOr-ctMiMc<5 ev|C<5c^c<icqc<icqcq?< 



■^ ® m ? 

pT ^r s-T ' E '■ 

J, ^ D ® _-; 

^ ^ "= ? = " 



en O H v: 

rjisajc" 3 



5 £ 5»s 

CS CS X 






-^l.'ifSo^ 



bio 

2W S 






■^i^^sl-SS 



;^^ 2 :£ 5 >,: 






1 C'rt V\'A'>^r^'A-s.\f.7.'-s.-7.-7.-7. 



-J.'I.-J.r-r^T- r' r' r' < r' r' r' r' r^ ^ r^ 



V ?^ z 3; .' ;i^ C ^ ^ 






t— 1 

H 
H 

P 

a 

Q 

h-l 

I 

H 



O) ^ Jz - 






O CO 



.X a . 



oSiiS' c S 3 o 






^11 



. '-' _-e io (N S ?? S! 



-c-s — ,s.s g---'. -SS-'S-- '-<SS' ^^.--S-i .--^-s 



i -d Ci O ri -3 ~ .-i « -^ --J -i -3 !? i" ro •« * 73 - 



:^l 






CO) 
a- 1) 4J 






51: 



, „ „:■> o ,-c O 



->^ -n « 1) — 



S -^lilH 



fcJO— 

•^5 









SHt i^H 






c^ M M -M ri r* ^i ^i r* C'l t^ ^» ^' M ^1 ^1 <M ^ -i^ ?^ » ^ c<» ti r' cq r/ c^ ■>! -^ c<i ■>» -M M (M r^ c^ lo w 



io"ic »c » 



" 1^ ic irT o lo lo ic^ lo" »^ o^ »o^ ic' irT "i^ irf icT liT ic 1 cT ii:r ii£ irT »a" »c" ?^ o i^^ 



•^.^ 






►t^ 



000<COCOOO«COcSOCOOOO 



) D « » 
: ^ SJ & 

; o o o 

!i-;i-iK^h 



I Qj a> 1) ' 
COO 



^ ^ +^ <3J ^ (1) QJ 

s: ^ "" 

o o 



t-cioCiO»iM«oocqoc:>-ixoi-i'*o-*"mCrtCmxoOrtXMu:XTHiMC:iHccnio 

•Mr-<T-ICvjc^cOtMCM:iC^l«r-(^lt-lcOC^CqcCC^!MC^COCIC^r^G^<MC<lW<MiMT-lCCCC'-'^T-(CslC^ 



o o. r ,^ ■ - 



s'g^ 







« ^ a; -^ » 






« 


o-^ 


■?«|k-B 


ri 


o 


'? 


K = 






•o 


0) 

o 


So 


- rt c X .2 X o 






^.2 


SSi 




' ^ ^ <D 0^ r 



! C S » a s ? i,v, ? t; ? "§ T- § £ 



IN :^ w 



I ^1 ^) -r re T-l ?J C-) 



<s £c C5 S ii ir ii S -S p j3 tt S £ ii ;i' o Ji p b j= ti J; (i 



-1 -r ci ;>) 71 M •* <>J M -M C-) c-i r:\ ci tj 'M 



rT 1^ »^ lo" ic^ i^T ic^ o" ic" ics' iC^ »c 



C£ :ir ^ t2 w O ^ 

irT i^ la" irT"*^ t-^ ic 



< ^■ 


























c3 





■. : (c ; ■. ". '. ; -i ; : i ^ . . • . +-> . .55 • • • ■ G • • p • ,0 • ^ ^ _; ^ _: ^ ^ _j — _: 



O O O C 



cl) 


<i( 


!D 


D 





•1- 


a 


■> 


® 


0) 


m 












































n 


n 








n 






a^ 








I-; 


!-!►-! 




U 


~ 




H 


hJ 


l-l 


h-j 






H:i^:;H-i<;H::-3£ 



-OOOo'OCcbCcUOCCOC 



a<»<^a^-acM'l^l^^'Hlr^lC(»OT^lTHmNrH«cKmo^o■^^^!Mxccxoso»<x>ot:-*^-3;^occOv^xmxOM 







H 

H 

■J} 

K 

W 

t-H 

a 

I 

>-' 

s 



>^> o 
0)— ■ a> 

K > CO 



G=o 






xc^ 



> >• > © h-( 



(3 
H 

s •" d • 

■w ■" o ' 






2-S.2 






«5 fO CO ^ -O '-' 
» t? 'X .3 'JO . 



a) X » 

X X 



■SO- — 

•5Sc«a£r.2ao3Sg>,§o 

S ,5 !> » c6 ;3 a) "^3 » ^ r-l W _j s 
r^ S 1-2 (U X c2 « -^5 0) ^' -n !5 =c 

• 7 s^x axc^S^jJx 

> U r-i 'S rt'" •?; "^ "^ 'E 5- ,-1 o '^ 






,13 4) 



^ C*^ QJ X GO 




h-li:iOC<)lCiOlO»OlQ.lOlQiOlOOCiOtOlOlC-ri»OiOiOlO»OlOlOlO 



too-— ^'-C^CDO^O 
iC lO" »0 IC O lO lO' 1 



5 == i>,= 



^.2 



g S 3 ^ S 3 



ocooOOooooa)0«socc<c;aocoooooo ocaooooo^ 



iHC-iioC'iO'-imcst^'MOi— c:mc-imwiO'-<x:cc<io:ooxi<i 

>J (N ■* >) '.; C^ r<5 r-( CO tM r-l e-t H C~< (N CO C-l C^ ^4 T-i CO CC r^ CO :-) CO CO 



'Mt-(^05t'lCrH:OC^ 
CJ ?4 M i-(I-) iM M T^ C<1 



5"< 












2 ?^5;<:5e 



0. 



??a£? 



o 



tn OJ "*^ -*J ^ '-'^ v^ "' 



bfl 



~ .- ^ in D J3 



.=,"-•■ ?= S tl fe® bj 



;m« 



■a tjoo 

O O S 3 



.a^SSSS'ssca'Ss 



^ ^ w a M 

^ '^ a a; CC "^ 

^«^a = -E 

3^ a- -^.^. 
^ ij' S 3 a" a 
> cfi 2° c q 



•^.c«a'H5g»S 



a„ 03 



i$^B'^^ 



'-' OJ 0> IT! ^ 
oj S o S « 

^'>'> E'> < 

Jj <B « ^ OJ ■ 

/~ I o ^ o 



^2' 



•?. tl^ S ■"? » "^ 



'?4 b« 



;■■" 5"^ 






c5 0)' 
top _ to 

0.00 










« 






r» 











>> 








■e 




c . 




d ti3 


-flo 


tM 


K> 


Sm 



o a 
MS 



oJO «JK 



oh-i 5 ovH 



.£.£-.2 -.S ::: :i-c.2 5.2 « .£ ;= «J .2 >• 2 -; -»: ^ >>r .2 a;=f.; 






CD tw ■, 

oc X i ■_ 

T-Tx ' 
a)" 

c is 



1> D. Ci* ^ ^ 

fe « « r ® 



X s w S 



5 -«^ 



0) <u - 



« a, xS — "", ; 

!- -H '^ J3 •?: rH .i 



) " C yt T. :£; o •.r i~ 



O C X 5 

•5 . « " t* is _ ^ ., 



2 t-. p- 



ut -;; — ;i o 



h: ;i s ~ ^ '^> -fSS R 



5 CB 



X X t-- X' <y >^^^ X' — 4) X X "7 ^, ^^ ^' / 









►=sS 



^1 I 



<U _- » r- — T^ a' 



^5 2 



fi-iSWi^fe 



. 2 i> 3 *i -a 

' 5 ? o aj^ oj 

• S 1'^ 0) <U ti 



-,aiaja^.-.T-T^a. 






X gi-^g X J; 

X c; ^^ X cC 



2 =~ 2 c 

5 :; S a ct 



C<I ra T* >5 "N ■?! ri C^l ri C<) 0^ C<J (>» ^1 G<I C-4 ?^l ■* G^l « C^ G^ C^ C^ '>! ^1 ->; H* C^ W (N C-l C^l 



o c; :c 



^ p p p p 



rio"io"ic"io 






X CO CD o -c <c 






P P P 



< C^J (M C^l -T* S^l -M iM >» Cl C3 C-l CI 



t;C' cc cc p :5 CD 



to^ p -p ^ 









•^.^l 






to • 

fl : 

O • M 

o a> > 



rt : ^ 



> > — =: ^ 



C; T-( o X c: X' w -^ GC CO O X i-H -t" 

r-i M r4 i-H f-H n 'M ^t 1-1 :■] -4 r-l C-A M 



CD »ri rt iT! ci t' t-' -M r> 3i -M rH CO cc c^ X -f CI '"M i-i M ^ ic c. o r: t- X 



-r ^r-* f— ' tiJ tj n •— J <-** i^ i-~- - ' -" -'- 
■>i 7-4 rj CO CJ CO CO '-1 C^ C-J C^ i-H rt 



r^ ^f fj t,^ ^J^__. -p 1;^ i7\i 1— I -i") .;m u.^- '^. i;_ . . l— ^v 
C^C^^^iM^0-^C^CO'r4COCOGNi-iC^C^C^C^ 






o 









,2 >^i: 



:4a 



] o o 



<;p3oS 



O 3 cS 



ft 0.0, 'aft 

T ^ 1^ iff ^: ti"~ ^ - ^ ^ "i^ S 

l|it|ls|l"lii|'l 



^1 



U 



* cc « to • • 



» «s tc = 



■?3 






n»; 



« s 

coo 



=i S 5 "- .2, - 
>-.'cs t: 



; .>-. s s- = 5 

i - - 5 5 E 
; ,_, _ ^ ;i< ;::, 



^^ 5 c b 

si = fc-^ 






H 

fa 







g 3 j3 a 2 3 3 g 5? 5^ SJ -i i' .y -3^ SJ 3 -i' 3 i' 3 ;^ 2 -2 i' a .^ s e' 


r^ ^i' i' ^ i' -3 i' s 2 




L^ C: iC O ■— iC •. lO O 'C iC iC C5 »0 to lO C^ -:■ 1 C: 1 - Ci X o »c ic o jc *o o 


0*C'i^iC»CiOiOOlC 



Ci t-i r-i »-i ^ 



































































;_; 




































































































































: o 


































































. '*-' 












































































































































^ 






















































• ^ 


"d 




. o <u 




















%. 






'- 0) ■ 
























£| 








a 












a> 






















0) a 


:^ 










> 
















■- =*= ■ >.5J >, 












^ > > 


■ o 




"'^ ^^^^^^'^^^'^ ^^'T^Vj'^^^^^^Zl 


' '^5~' 














-ri c-i M M c': ^< i-i >j :m 



• ■>! — fC r-t IC C; T-i ^ cc ci X -f X C-l 1 



TO ;■< r^ ^1 --^ M 



! t^ t- t- 01 T-H C C C-) O -fH >J 




SsKKs;i;t:Si-:(-]r-;i-;>-iP?;p'i-=^r^,r^.^S^^, ocp^mPhPhAiPhSP^ 



flj jy aj 0) aj 



'Z ?« 5 r^ = c 



<s 




0) 


5 


n 


a 


d 


» 


O 




a) 




























o 


— ( 


o 


•^ 


-^ 


c 






o 


a 
o 


+j' 







s 






= 










0) 








































u 


'si 

0) 




X 


a 


u 


fe 




-t^'S 


ej. 




X 


o 


i?^ 




a. 


X 


CS 


>? 






0) 




i. 


o 


01 




■^ 


0) 


,,- 


•d 


1-c 


5 


oo 


■s 

7A 




1^ 






7: 




7 


« 


•7 


o 
x 


7 


>> 




r 
























^ 






a; 


_- 


o" 


ra 


„' 


r^ 


' 


^•^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


■^ 




Hj 


^ 


T) 


M 


^ 


0) 




OJ 




« 






0) 


ID 




1) 


c 


-^ 


;j 


— 














»^ 


;?; 


►t, 


^ 


•? 




c 


•? 


;> 


^ 


•^ 






6^3 



l^V 6 o 

1^ on U 



' - i? J -r :i 3 = 



0-2 -a - - 
'^ % S^ t " "" "^ ■£ 

C '. <P 2 13 » 



-4-3 -M 

S3 

■dTi 

c s 
o o 



^■■x'^S-2 



S •- 53 » 53 « - rH-J 
Sit^ I s = S 



CQ ., on fn 5 ^ 






s <M ;2 ■*H "2 "S *-l 

; o O O'^'-' O 

. 2 g o^Ji o 

- Ti ^ "^ *t <« "-? 



a-'faSj S'a 



r- +J X -^ « X X : 
-I u " — -rj '-' " ' 



sr;;_„s«««x. 



.rt'2s'-''-i'-i-'^'i 



S » 0) u 3 5 









OiOiOii^tOSiOiOiCt'iOMu^XiOOiOlO'XiOiOlOO 



C^ C^ M ^1 (M C-1 C< ■>! I^ CI S^ >) CI C-l (^1 -^l i^ ->l "*q *g fM (M 

p p e^ :C' o 'J -^ CO CO ^ .^o i? oD i «r i; S ^ o o S o 



t- l^ l^ L— t- 



• t— b- t- t- t^ r— t- I— t- t- c: I;- t- t— t- I 









>>>, 



O O o o « oi^ O O O C8 o :« o 



T ~. ^Tn-rr-n — 'Tl 



2 

6 ^ 






c o 



ca-jf 



> » o 






eooctoojocoicc; -+<^c£Ociccxoxc5rtrtrtO 



Oxc:xiSiX"HO;^io-i<ic-*iocoTt<xoxx(xio 







H " ^ " .'a^ '^ 5 : .J 



Q4 a. 

6.63,. 






■S'2a£P^;-3Ku5g.^-'5b 



S"© ><c'e'S S S 2 o ^-a 2 5 'Saw SiS.S.S.S 







ii t- f ti' t- 



IIIIIIS^IIIIJIIIIII 



QO o 

s^ S 

u = e8 






H 

fa 

t— I 

H 

H 

W 

U 

-i1 



Pi 



I 

H 
Pi 
(—1 

M 



■pa5 

Ml-* 



>■« 






■►^ OH o -:c O 



2 ^ S .S :^ _ 



X Sf ^ X £ X 
a; 3pH © O 0) 

^-^- 



s3 



Sis .1 'E 



2 <?^' ?s S » , 



.2^ 



•a : 



03 .= ^- *^ 



— ^r-.rH Oil 



aj S S 0) 553 4> 

-•"--- gas 

£ o - 






•=H^T Ht: 



a; (» oj 5 



■3 -^ S » b^O » 

. tl -B 73 "o ^ 13 c 

— S S a ^ © ^ 

-e a X > ^ X > 

r- a; "OJ a; "- <3J a; 



OJ i:^ ;i ?^^ T -7 i^ 
= >- tc J g < ^ 

S t'-' rH r^ t; ^ 

« . ■ ^ S a> 
P ei5 aj ^ ^ 

-T t <5 X S G 



,« 


m 


^ 


-• 









ri 




-ti 


.t; 


1 =* 


C 




2 


■rt 






^• 


52 









.^ 




— 


f-^ 


^ 


•0 


ce 


cs 


3 


cc 




£1 

a) 
M 




0. 
X 




^ 


^ 






















^' 


CM 





■3 

2 


■s 


■0 






i 


s 


s 




s 




[0 






i 




„- 


" 


10 


r-. 


•s 


u 


^ 


u 


re 


^ 


f1 


;a 





1 CM -f r) iM n c-i C-) -M -r ?) M ;i 1- -M CI -p c~) c-i -h C-) c) CM CI CM c-i c-1 c) CM CM t CM T:' _?j CM ;m J3 eg 

; -c 3 i; S o i i v; - v: i i v; i vr i CO ffi — t£ ^ «o ^ ;_ c; ^ p ;f p ^ jc ;- tc p 

>1 r>\ cc CM c .• CM 1^ T^ 1-1 .-< ^1 r^ C-1 




C-. L- o ^C o rH c-1 r; -<< CM ?c t^ -H u-c -^ -o X o -^ .-I X — ^c t; •* -■ X -H 2 -; X 1^ ^ ^ o CC 

^ c-5 r^ ^^ ;-5 CM C-1 >-l CJ -* CI C-1 CI CM CM M -< T CM CM i-l ^? C-1 :C CI CM OJ -f r^ CM •*! ^c ■* - . 




E 

u 

a 

a. 


> 






"? 

^ 
o 




> 
















fi 


3 


m 




o 








o 






■J 




1? 


cs 














^ 




3 




£ 






HI 












T3 


■■•J 




-^ 


X 


i_, 


X 


o 




A 


~ 


0) 


h'r 


a> 


lO 


■s 


'^ 




p 


3 


■J 






















* 




-1 


,- 
















« 


l^ 


t: 


•"^ 


^H 


u 
V 


»-t- 


o 


r- 


-3 


T^ 


<B 


0) 






vi:« 



SD 



o ^ fi S 



£ -j: ;q -j: >:5 



^Si^ c;^' 



0) • 25 p^ w 






» . • > S" 



S ._ .„ Z. 3 13 3 i J 



— O ^ "'"arTtJ 

O) (D HJ O) _- 1* 



= = !s 2 X .' 



S^: 



s f -.2 " ^ 
3 *x ?s 3 ^5 



O •- .0 • i« I: X X 

"^^ -rs .o~ ( 






^.-t;. :m t- ^ 



aj^ 5 aj 5 




10 




a, 


,.- ° ^-i 


■a'-^'^ 


fco 


i-"-^ 




X s ig X' w 


■^ lis 


< 




11 


'to-^ .C 


.0 1. 


Ti 


-, c 


^ 














"^ t^'tZ 




^ b. 














s ^ ^- S 


3 ^ ^ 


■n 


3 >■ 








V 


T 1- 


t. 


-il^lS'^H 


^2;h 


h-i 


'-:,A 


H 



g ^ .XI fc< . . . 

^; Hf-s iri,~:-v n -d 

^ -,- U -,'- _ 0) » 1) 

■a i' 't; ^ '^-: ■"S *" '-a 
a> — . ^ — -. 

_ ^ — R ^ ^ '- 

^, H «* "^ H H H 



::; =« 



_q > X ^ ~ . ee 3 cs . 
,> -^ -f. -3 -^ .j: .= .1; 3 

©■^i^Iaj .= 3 3)^ «■« 
• -(<■■_''"' 3 '^'^ "L'^ -r— -'■ - 

3 i 5 cB "=" " ;i 






i2 aJ rt !5' ?"^ ?3 rc 






iy ,^J .v' ^ ^ ^ .^^ ."y ?* ?3 r3 r^ ?i ^^ ?J Ti ?)J r3 






S 3 3 3 3 

5 = 3 3=^ 3 = 



0353 




05 



H 
W 

P 

K 

JZ3 

Q 

P^ 
»— ( 

K 

I 

>^ 
H 
P5 



H 
o o 



c; > 6 6 cs -^ ' 



^ 6 



rfo-S 






IB - 

CQ'-r 



ai a^ g g* la 

C D X at i- •^ 0) 

.jj t, rt ri -i _• L. 



a."- K <u (S ^ 






j s ± ^ 






■£ s ; 






j^-fi-'^rSi; 



f-'„''Q r* t. t. 



*-5 bZ X X. qj ^ 



3j dS'"';:^ 

I !? 5 M 






O lO lO »rt ^ 



"3 3 3 -o CO o 
>> D a> o) ,x oc cc 



: <» 



. » , 



;„-„-^'aj S„-?i^ 






ci > S C 
<U « g 3 



CH 



« « 3 urs H 



;i: o o o 5 

_ CJ CJ o S 

•- 0) <p a> 3 

W c/} L» •/} '-^ 






(M ° lo 'O u:: -i» § - 

■as „'-0 CD O » ^ ' a 

acJ2cC'Cc»ac^g 



cs a 



c-i c<i -r^ c^ -^ cvi ^ n c-1 M -ti c** c-1 ?i « c^^ *>/ 

«OtOCD005C>00!COtOCO?00:CtCCS 



■* t- t— t— I— 'M t- t-' k— t- t^ 1^ 



e<i c^ f^ ?) c<i u iM iM r) C-) i<i c<i ■» ci c^ <m i^i c^ c-i 



>=,< 



0<^ 






' ° A 



S'Sc 



t_, ;-< u ti^ OS 
o o o o te 



^?si 






XCC05CiC^Ot-l-+iaOCO'#C<100C<IO^ 



T-i rH iq rH ^^ ?) c 



< w*. M ^^ c 



ox^fajxcoi-Ht-o^i-fOooortMco 



C-l —I c-l ?) "-I rH ( 



M M C^ fO C-1 ^ W i-H '^ Cq C^ CO 



5^ 






qMMIcc 



SsW 



_- -I-: o 



S(2 



fi3StS.a"50'- 



2 S ^ >2 o c 

" tH tc t. "i ^ . 

•5 "3 '« "3 1^ S ■?. 
a> d .^3 .13 .d o °iH 






o t7 3 

5||||sf||^3§^||||^1 





u ^ ^S § 








ol 


as x2 2 
5i -S.- *^ »T^*: ^« 








^ eo V 


service. 
V. R. C 
V. R. C 

id Regin 
service. 
3, Gettvi 
. V. R. C 

service. 

do. 
partmen 
service. 

iitonvilli 

partmen 
V. R. C. 

service. 

partmen 
H, Chatt 
service, 
do. 






O' Oj 


iville, 
servic 

do. 
Ga. 
servic 

do. 


C 


d 


do. 
partm 

servic 
do. 


dersoi 
on of 

psaca, 
on of 








0; 


^ S 3 !^ Kj - o^ ^ ^ ^ 5 i? - .• '^"^ - -(<■ a ■ b'£ - 
oxx -.-S.-f .2-25 - a -.2 ^.air-'f c- ? -e^-x-* ° 






I:- s X >. 


a •.C • ^ 'C • 


d 


^ 


'^^^-E''^ d 


■c 


■^ 


"=1 i?-=^i~ 


00 4, "^4, 


«' ><" si > 5 ^ > S >?■ "• T i!" i'' 1^ >r "E ?r.2 - l'''E = = 7 5 7 l'''E ' ^ 






=!llls 


^jioioS '-'''« 


^^lO"*!^ " tC ♦-'^ O S*'''w:"S'C''5'« "?'««' ~— i-'~ ",-'„- .--r- Iff 5 lOlSlQirf 


IS occ J^irf 




Si o .- _- ~rx _ _ !C a _ m £ S ^ -o •-= •o -.T ir " - — -r ■- ^; 'I ;: ■— a -i 2 




•« 


•^ X •— -.s •c •.= to 


g X aC' ^;X X 


~ =^ S £ S '^ S S 00 o g a a a X X X X X ■'• = x r ■■■! 7 r '-t - X c X X X 


X 


X-^i X X X X X 


3 ^"^'S „"■„' 




'"' 






^„^__„„ 


t:"=^=tr--^'-5''^'-^ :-;-:-"""■ =-^^=^»"2.'"^"^"" 


" 


" 


—■ j; " "^ .-: "'^ 


»— IJ So; 


i^^«Sfc,V^^ — -'C^r.**'^ ^.'^ ^^'-''i^Cjj^- c;a;-— ij 






"S ai y cj 


Diec 
Jun 

Kill 
Jun 








Mar 
Jun 

Mar 
Juni 


^( M M M ?< ri 


>< rj ?( ?j f J M rj ti M (N ?< ■* -t< •*< r» ^ >>( M rj -N ^ i^ r( oj r< N N ^ -ti CI M C-) 


W M C^ (M Oi M r* C-l OJ 


» :o O -O cc » 


p 


pC:tOO?C«£?C(fi 


"^"^•^^^ " •^ 








'"'-"'_». 


icioioiowoirtouiooin'usoininio-*! X"^^ 



Ci^<^ 



a a 

>.b£) t->M 

■5 3 5S a 
iris's 



s-»; 









a; ^ 01^ 3^ 



a «z .^;z : -2* • i:^'-7.5f 









£'.'=■3 



ei OS 

a; c; a; 



3^2J*>^ii^-? = ^-r5-?2-5^'^r-'?£sT'5V"sSj:'ni^^'ESj 



t£ S 5 . Jt_M.ii; r z : 2 






. .a i i S .; : s£ ai » • « ^1^^ 

- -- — "^ "^ 'C o 'E ~ - 
£3 ^ St'Sffii;: =■ 



"S "7 a S 



mSia^;Zx^Sa^PiOK'<o>5S-rxi;^!^;f^s:paocz;S;H;2;;2itHO»j;z;2;Z;Sz^2i-:;:ia<z; 



0sl0OOOXC^Is.»0'.0XX-<'HXr^O«3i?!-Hi0O31OXMr-. •tl«X?)lO'-— i-tl'Hr!0 35X'3: 



rHC^e^M«rt^(rHCOCO'-li-l-»<I^rt?<I^««r<>(«r^r^-fC-^ 



M n CO -H -tl M M 0( ?( ri 



i X >o 10 rs. 



< " -N -I ?( -fi rj n 



o o 

CO 



or. 



-P-<!! 



ca ^ 



<» 



. p .. 03 a ^ _ ■ . 
sfiS>-;S 5fe la-- ■^ ^'■^ 










■ - - ;5 1 






H 

t-H 

H 
H 

a: 

-^ 

!:/3 
<*5 



P 
Pi 

t-H 

K 

H 

I 

H 

t— t 

H 



































































•3 




















0. 


5 -3 - 








•c 


o 






5: 




aj 






s 


t^ 05 e - 
^ be S * 

= >/ j2 e 

rt C b OS c . 


3" 




a 




03 




. - . c . 


. 4 . >w 


. c -S a 1 OS .H a . 






£3? g<2 S 


2 1 « ^l-J^ I 

3 1 ^>^ 1 

£ ^ -k" ■? 5 - ^ 


r^a) 0* 3 -i; .05 aji:a;,a>a> 
. ..a .2 2 "s .3:s.H>.a.2 


c5 




a;>- oi'TS ^ 


".a^ S i, - -Tj a;^a.''3$a3 


o 






3 1 i 1 > J ^ ^ 2' ^ ^ f ^1 x'.2 II 1 >. 


o 




■lilti'l 


"^lllll-^'^'lfl 


. "" —'5. — ■:: 7 Ti.Ti.''- 'uTt - ~ — ~ — _j— — ^ 
'■ ^ -i •T^ '' " .^ .- /.z .- 5 ''- ^ ■/ ^ CO £ ^ 2 


Is 
a 




o^'^s; oj s li 




:i "^ ;f - '.2 I' ^' •^ ^ g -3 -^ ~ Sa 5 ^Z-'-'^^^n 


c 










u 




5fNI^- 


==!-■"" 5 5 rr rn f ^ o " * '^ - 2 






^ ;^ 0^ OJ e 0) 
C= g - 35 5 




-OiOjai^ 4,ua)^a^ajg:3aj-^a)~n 
os a >■ a ^*^ ■r^ocTc'os^raa^ai^a ^ 














-=5;2-2i.^ 


f- fe -: «S r- S ;s< iS r- 2; - 


H'^z;-:-:;i:z;2;2z;zH<-=3-:a>^ ^ 






c* 7* •*< r* -t» ?* ?^ ^* ^i ^J ^* ^* ri r* r^ rt ro r 


rt M ^( -ii rj -M ^( -f< -K m tc ti ■n r< ■M r* ^< r* m m r* 


1) 




!C --O p tp ^ p X 


jc p CO CO p p i> p jp ^ p -o -^ -i » -Ci ■-; -J ■-: -^ J » !C :o -^ -o s to .^ 












icio'x 'O ^Fo ai'ioio iOiOio»o u5'o »rt "^i^ o o o ^o o o 


3 




t— I T-« 


e^ 


l-» W 1-1 ^-H f-l 






u 


S. h h 


o 




*. *^ « 


^^- 


a; oj 4/ ^ 


ft 




S S3 
tc >> tat ^. Sfi 

S 05 3^ 3 


£2 52 EiSgg 




-«; S-1^-:-^ 


Q< 


Q-i* QS<ijaS'T<!) 


















* u 


























u 




























So 






0/ 

■ii 






i 


1 








■3 

ci: _ 










c 
t 


£■? 


•■3 -3 
IcScS 


■3 I'd 

c2 "cS 




a) D 




3_if _ 


^ _ 


£ 0. 


5^^= Sif^S g i £ £.i 


t ar'S> ?" oif _ 


',' S •- * - 3^ i' H 3^ -^ 5 




S3 ; 


5 o"'" 


^.x5:£.= a9o3p;xj 


— "; — S ^ ^ ■? I 


^2— ^HrQ^EH^C^^QO? 


!H o 




f e c 


■^ - s s 


OS -osa; . a t. ii ^ ^ ~ 


:..:'5.i:.o;a/ .jzTs^^a-oc^siSOJ^o 


1 




ci • X. 


J' ? 0; 1 




w z: o X C ^ z 


;5;sz;2:fe.Z;z;^Ci;;S:;s;iZ;z;az;:iz;2ii 


oJ 




QQ Xi — « ^H Ci X) -— ' 


^ CO p r» )0 r^ x X CO 


t>. 3! r( >) =5 -ti — ( ?! rt M X -H CO C5 X 00 


so 

< 








.-0 .-0 « ?< ?< -t< ^( r< M ?< ^( ?< — ^ >( '^ M « ?( * -t< 




■s 








































































w 


V 








































































;?; 


.s 








































































<! 


>^ 








































































« 


o 











































































o 
1 








































































^ 


1 








































































<«^ 


L^ 








































































g 


■r. 








































































s 
-< 
!i?i 


O 






^ 


: i'' 


a 
'. a 


s 


c 

1 




■/ 


fc 










a. 


■^i 




■j 




= 






: 


C 




£ 






: 


> 


t. 










S d 3-:= 5 >". : 


■/-2 i^s-=oc ^ ,_ 


Tax-" *'^2 £\K 5-5 aP='^ OJ3 =■> 

.2||5i|Mli1^IKieiii! 








3;: 


a 


:a 


ii 


ia 


S 


a 


i 


i 


i 


i 


= 


i 


i 


-^ 


'^ 


;:: 


5^^ 


V 


? 


<- 


? 


<^< 


< 


% 


? 


S 


z 


C 


c 


fL. 


^ 


»: 


K 


?: 


tf 





3:3 



i:-3 = 



73 > 



3:5 







K i- ^ ^ ^ i- ~* *^ "( — X . t- 



. • . i^ c o , , s 

■? = > "; £ ^ > 2 f^ ■> -S =5 ': 



O ^ . 



a; aor 
•sir! 



s = 






s S * 

3r| 



= it,-^-s ^= b 2 s S- — V 






c^P. a -sR-r-s-s 



i *' *- ™ 



'-* JO 13 O iO 
"x X 55 X 



JLXOx" y O 



„ „ „ „ •-.„ 3 rt 






§1 






« 3 3 



V 3 






...2 5.2:,^._, 

Ji i> S o c X i 
O X X >.x X « X ' 



■35 



'X';^^??^^ W-; a-= 



X S -^ 

X ^ 



£J 2J 2J 2.' ?i 7H S! .^ .'5J 2J S 2J 2J Si S S! ?' 



«f «f o" ^ 10 x" o" o i« ?r irT iO :o 10 o o" 



01 r; M r( M ^ M s<< i^ ?i ?! ?^ c^ ?J M ■*! M M ?» N rj M rj ?j ?f u; r> 
jc jp — — — ■ ■" 

00 X 



: P5PP to 4s : 

rx'^od X 00 X c 



rotToooosTooooooaooooooooo 



6Pp 






^.< 



£ i i "^ '"' 









& 



3 : j;^ 



: - •^■5 



I o r: X ^. t^ r^ o X — ' r^ c> o X 



o r! X 7* r* ^>' X »r3 x ; 



lX-^X'^^t-t^X — — X-f< 
„ -,J J, „^ 




p^ 

I— I 
;/: 

H 
W 

a 

W 

H 
1 

H 
t— I 

H 



pm2 



cc o -*^ oi 
«c x S t. 
ao " ••- 'S 



.si.?!' 



^ u u S ZJ 

^ ^H ^^^ r^ HH ^ "^ 
« r» » r> J> j; ^ -.r 

'-'^^^ «»'"'•" :r^ir_ir _• 



t2 ~ ^ 




■£ 'Ex' 



<i ~.~ ^^B "xs < ^' § 



C-*-"?-" 



-:-5;Z<< 



S 3 S s 
5 SdS be 

1-5 •<-:-< 



>^^ 



> bo 

o s 



^'-^ 









;^ 






















"S 


































:>■ 




aj ". 


















:^ 


































• ■a 




Oi . 
















































■ '■ it 


:i 
















a 


^1 

0- 


a 


• H 

; OS 

. p 










. 


















:. 


-2 =-^ 


= 


■^ s S 


s 


"i 


e 


c 


5 


1 






• »; 




s 


j« 


c 


1 


c 


c 


c 


a. 




^ 


1 


o 






o >a -t; •-< re -J o o X ?: Ci X -< rv o — ' o X -X o T( ri o X' X o !» o o -H t^ o rr o X o -H X w 

ec , . CQ CC ?( ?( M C^ rt CI CO r^ T< --I Ot ?i 71 M ^ ?; M ?; rj « « 7< Ti ?( M M M •*< -»1 r( —I M r( CC M 



^=i 



" Q C-3 t« — 






=^l 



b'^ 



W^o- 



■^ 03 S 04 J= =s£ 

aS ^ r= i^ a :^ 



i .^ — rt a — - ^ 






.2 « 2 
■j; o a 



^ 



&X3 






E-2 



■^ " ~ 03 '3 5" 



3 S rt i siii o'E 2^ssa^Joo^ = = s 5 3. 2 



■!-.>. -E 



>q uv: M 



' SB~>-' ^'3 — 



»o" 






*2g 



S 1^ l-S-^rrl^^^W^.^-d 



=" ST o o •*; 
!.2 Sgj5.2 



l-H ^ . < 
T^ I- . 

-^ o -*- 



r= " ■* 





















I S I S S '-5 g 5 j:-;ii 5- !2i 



'5 tCl^ 



oj ^ rttj;^ 









y 0) oi ; 






= s ^ 



s « s 

C 1' S 



Oj o 

•2 t:^3? 

.-■3 — ^.-7 

""- -^ ° .2 

— '-3 -J o ~ 



CJ CO 












53 CM 

Oj +- 

Oj^ — f, 

^- t- p . 



>aM 









a ^i^-S 






r-i^^ H'tH-s -«1i^H Hir:f 



r ^ ■£ .t: ^ '^i * ■£' 

M 5 *'~— .OS'S 
— "T u-^ -M t- i^o-s - 

■^ 's T r"?, !?^ "a w 

OJ — O J-* o; OJ fl * 

;<E-f^SPPH!2; 



C^ C<1(N « C^ M n •« ^» 0-) (M !M IM M C^ N «5 (N Jll^ ?» u? Ol 

pppppppppppp;ipppppppp_p 




7t 

p 


5; 


■M r( -ti c 

pop p 


^ 


?( « r* r( -t< 

ppppp 


:3 


.5? 


*-So 


.%.' 


?1 M ?! ?1 


X GO 00 {N 00 C^ OC ^- 00 C^ X XC> O X> X tN. CC C-l -M X 


— X 


X-ti 


X 


X 


X X "O X 


-^ 


■M o X X ri 


'-' 


?< 


ti-* X 


X 


xoox » 






-=-1 



•-:-< f^<| 



^-^ 



OS — s oj S ^ 




M«5ri«xor}i--XTt(ooxaomom=sr>.c»mcao35i^Mr{£^mio2j(-Hrj2sri5,j5rHjijjr^ 




aKSKSKKa£'2h?WWWW52-jjgSSgSSSgSS^«^SSS2;Z'; 



;h 






H 
W 



p 
P5 



I 

>^ 
H 

I— I 
H 






'^ ►.," -^ 



5 5J S 

'-' a. 









~ 3.2 



'l^^ii.^l-i^^i'li 






<i •■? -^ o 

5 5'^'- 

=i oS « S 






.i: r i~-.ts o« 












x'S-i: ?";2-i 



- s o o g .£ c 

-• s X >.§ • • • .2 S" S '2 .2 

^r'^"- ' "s ^ 3 .^ V •^^' S "." 'a. 
:^ ^ ^ /. X oj 2 ^ >< >";S se X 

■n" ^-s "^ .vr«5 «f ^. ^'S.o^ 2 *^ «5 

r-*^ - J- ."^^r^ "3 "^ .r ^ S s- _" 

0, aj - . u 



1, i 1) - 0) c a) 
" " = 3i — c5 3 



5j^-5 






SJ i2 .^ v' v' tj v! il' t ^' 'ii 'J '> '^ ^' '•'' ■^' '* ^' '» ■^l 7' -" ■^' *» ^' ^' ■> 






ooaTx 



rod GO 






S 0) 3 



-^^ 



1 I A-)i I -a I 
I I £ ■/.' I X I 



Zl '^ 



HQ 



tipjipji-j^i 
rj ?( .-I r< -H M .) 



a 5 3 .^ 3 a, -^ 3 
3 = =3 s art 3 



^2 





? 















































































































_ 


<y 






C 


























^ 3 






























^ rtj= D : 
■2QO-2 : 


— t: -*;o 




' ^ 




• Oj 




^ 


J 








^o-s.i > 




: "i* '^ 2 -: ti as _ 


;-. 


c 








t 


on - 


"t; • 


c 


3 :: 


X ? 






s. 


— ■ 


,-t: i 


;r 






?( ^J « « CO 7^ ?< >i c^ M CO r( M T( ^< ?< co^ ^^ -h ;< 



— >^ a* '- 

- 0; 



3 o*-3 5 =.| ir 5 g 5 



.-J'^-^ 3 



3 -»- n . 0; — 3 =■ .^ C a 
-S3 . X3 - ij O "^ j: <f< *l "^ 



OU/;, 



3 "3 ? 



S >.ai 3 
3 a;.iD o 






3 3 So'^ 



' M ■/; X r. '/; x 



0. o S y^^'aZ^Z 05- 

3rtOO^>t>t->-t*>.i» 



bofc; fco 

3 »5 3 



= 11 S S E 



I 









-^ n-^ 






H Q__ 

ta tC » O O -J3 to tc O O O <i2 » o -o O -^ -^ C;^ "i -i O J IJ O ;_ o 



iO<r**c^ow'+<w5-^JOWO'-<oso-ti ^a:c;o»oto:oc^csC'*' 



r( rj T-> -^ N r< ri 7^ ci co co -- r 



w n iM ^< (M w >-i « 



lb 



0-= 



22 ^5cSii2 ~ ^ >.'^ 't. 'Z 'i % i' - >-ti 
rt H §5555 5 § = 5 =S S5 =^ Ss = 



i) ^ ^| 



- ^ - - a 1* 



x;^w^5fi£25^5^Hos5rtaHxj 



i'. :d ^H oC' OS 00 M o ^H 00 r 



■ «5«50fo«'^!'M'HcortO(^^'-lco^ 



rJCMW-HCOi-H(MMM'H[MMI-(O<O3O(CMHOJ0MCOO)I><m?le^CC 




ca-^-^-^Z^PiPi^ 



5SSffi'~^SSSS;i?;5^Xr-HP^^ 



V^ 



simoj. 



•aoiAjgg 
-"■BJitlxa 






JOuoqsiQ 



■AiqB 

-JOUOJJ 



•pajoiu 

-OJJ 



•joj 
pajunooDBUfi 



•J3iitssij\[ 



•lM.i.i^.fsiit;.ij^ 



•p3}.tasdQ 



■043 '3S138 

^<\ 'spuno^^v 
■ JO paiQ * 

■IIOIJ 

-ay HI paiiiM 






o s 



o's: 



H 



80 ^ 



